Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Read chapter Read first chapter

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

11. Diffusion Flames

Author : Ali S. Rangwala

Published in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Publisher: Springer New York

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Fires involve reactants, usually fuel and air, not intimately mixed at a molecular level before combustion. Usually, the fuel is in the solid or liquid state so transfer of material across a phase boundary (phase change) must also occur. The vaporized fuel must combine with oxygen from air to form a flammable mixture, which when ignited forms the flame zone. In most fire problems, this mixing of fuel vapor and oxygen takes place mostly by diffusion and takes orders of magnitude longer time compared with that of a chemical reaction. Therefore, diffusion of species is the primary controlling process during such burning behavior. A fundamental understanding of diffusion flames then involves exploring the mechanisms associated with the transport of the reactants and the resulting flame structure.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Chemical Kinetics and Fire
next chapter Fundamentals of Premixed Flames
Literature
1.
Arias-Zugasti, M. and Rosner, D.E., Soret transport, unequal diffusivity, and dilution effects on laminar diffusion flame temperatures and positions. Combustion and flame, 2008. 153(1): p. 33–44.CrossRef
2.
Smyth, K.C., Miller, J.H., Dorfman, R.C., Mallard, W.G., and Santoro, R.J., Soot inception in a methane/air diffusion flame as characterized by detailed species profiles. Combustion and flame, 1985. 62(2): p. 157–181.CrossRef
3.
Spalding, D.B., Combustion of liquid fuel in gas stream. Fuel, 1950. 29: p. 2–7.
4.
Spalding, D.B., Some fundamentals of combustion. Gas turbine series vol. 2. 1955, London: Academic Press, Butterworths Scientific Publications.
5.
Chakrabarty, R.K., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W.P., Garro, M.A., Tian, G., Slowik, J.G., Cross, E.S., Han, J.-H., Davidovits, P., and Onasch, T.B., Low fractal dimension cluster-dilute soot aggregates from a premixed flame. Physical review letters, 2009. 102(23): p. 235504.CrossRef
6.
Frenklach, M. and Wang, H. Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth. in Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1991. Elsevier.
7.
Sunderland, P. and Faeth, G., Soot formation in hydrocarbon/air laminar jet diffusion flames. Combustion and flame, 1996. 105(1): p. 132–146.CrossRef
8.
Lautenberger, C.W., De Ris, J.L., Dembsey, N.A., Barnett, J.R., and Baum, H.R., A simplified model for soot formation and oxidation in cfd simulation of non-premixed hydrocarbon flames. Fire Safety Journal, 2005. 40(2): p. 141–176.CrossRef
9.
Vander Wal, R.L. and Tomasek, A.J., Soot oxidation: Dependence upon initial nanostructure. Combustion and flame, 2003. 134(1): p. 1–9.CrossRef
10.
Rangwala, A.S. Flame spread analysis using a variable b-number. in Proc. Fire Safety Sci. 2008. Karlsruhe, Germany.
11.
Kent, J. and Wagner, H.G., Who do diffusion flames emit smoke. Combustion Science and Technology, 1984. 41(5–6): p. 245–269.CrossRef
12.
De Ris, J. and Cheng, X.F., The role of smoke point in material flammability testing. Proc. Fire Safety Sci., 1994. 4: p. 301–312.CrossRef
13.
Markstein, G.H. Correlations for smoke points and radiant emission of laminar hydrocarbon diffusion flames. in Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1989. Elsevier.
14.
Delichatsios, M., Smoke yields from turbulent buoyant jet flames. Fire Safety Journal, 1993. 20(4): p. 299–311.CrossRef
15.
Lautenberger, C.W., Cfd simulation of soot formation and flame radiation, 2002, WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.
16.
Zeldovich, I., Barenblatt, G.I., Librovich, V., and Makhviladze, G., Mathematical theory of combustion and explosions. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.CrossRef
17.
Shvab, V.A., Goz. Energ. izd. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948.
18.
Zel'dovich, Y.B., Zhur. Tekhn. Fiz. English translation: NACA Tech. Memo No. 1296 (1950), 1949. 19: p. 1199.
19.
Burke, S.P.a.S., T. E. W.,, Diffusion flames. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 1928. 20(10): p. 998–1004.
20.
Rangwala, A.S., Raghavan, V., Sipe, J.E., and Okano, T., A new property evaluation scheme for mass transfer analysis in fire problems. Fire Safety Journal, 2009. 44(4): p. 652–658.CrossRef
21.
Law, C.K. and Williams, F.A., Kinetics and convection in the combustion of alkane droplets. Comb. Flame, 1972. 19: p. 393–405.CrossRef
22.
Quintiere, J.G., Fundamentals of fire phenomena. 2006: John Wiley & Sons, New York.
23.
Drysdale, D., An introduction to fire dynamics. 1998: John Wiley & Sons, New York.
24.
Raghavan, V., Rangwala, A., and Torero, J., Laminar flame propagation on a horizontal fuel surface: Verification of classical emmons solution. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2009. 13(1): p. 121–141.CrossRefMATH
25.
Annamalai, K. and Sibulkin, M., Flame spread over combustible surfaces for laminar flow systems part i: Excess fuel and heat flux. Combustion Science and Technology, 1979. 19(5): p. 167–183.CrossRef
26.
Ali, S.M., Raghavan, V., and Rangwala, A.S., A numerical study of quasi-steady burning characteristics of a condensed fuel: Effect of angular orientation of fuel surface. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2010. 14(4): p. 495–518.CrossRefMATH
27.
Roper, F., The prediction of laminar jet diffusion flame sizes: Part i. Theoretical model. Combustion and flame, 1977. 29: p. 219–226.
28.
Roper, F., Laminar diffusion flame sizes for curved slot burners giving fan-shaped flames. Combustion and flame, 1978. 31: p. 251–258.CrossRef
29.
Turns, S.R., An introduction to combustion, 2000, McGraw-Hill, New York.
30.
Sunderland, P., Quintiere, J., Tabaka, G., Lian, D., and Chiu, C.-W., Analysis and measurement of candle flame shapes. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2011. 33(2): p. 2489–2496.CrossRef
31.
32.
Bilger, R. The structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames. in Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1989. Elsevier.
33.
Peters, N., Turbulent combustion. 2000: Cambridge university press.
34.
Libby, P.A. and Williams, F.A., Turbulent reacting flows. Turbulent Reacting Flows, 1980. 1.
35.
Dahm, W. and Dimotakis, P., Measurements of entrainment and mixing in turbulent jets. AIAA journal, 1987. 25(9): p. 1216–1223.CrossRef
36.
Takeno, T. and Kotani, Y. Transition and structure of turbulent jet diffusion flame. in AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting. 1977.
37.
Pope, S.B., Turbulent flows. 2000: Cambridge university press.
38.
Peters, N., Laminar diffusion flamelet models in non-premixed turbulent combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 10(3): p. 319–339.
39.
Tamanini, F. A numerical model for the prediction of radiation-controlled turbulent wall fires. in Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1979. Elsevier.
40.
Delichatsios, M. and Orloff, L. Effects of turbulence on flame radiation from diffusion flames. in Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1989. Elsevier.
41.
Williams, F., Recent advances in theoretical descriptions of turbulent diffusion flames. Turbulent mixing in nonreactive and reactive flows, p. 202–208.
42.
Kuznetsov, V., The effect of turbulence on the formation of large superequilibrium concentrations of atoms and free radicals in diffusion flames. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Izvestiia, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, p. 3–9.
43.
Gore, J. and Faeth, G. Structure and spectral radiation properties of turbulent ethylene/air diffusion flames. in Proc. Combust. Instit. 1988. Elsevier.
44.
Faeth, G., Gore, J., Chuech, S., and Jeng, S.-M., Radiation from turbulent diffusion flames. Annual Review of Heat Transfer, 1989. 2(2).
45.
De Ris, J.a.O., L.,, The role of buoyancy direction and radiation in turbulent diffusion flames on surfaces. Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1974. 15: p. 175–182.
46.
Orloff, L., De Ris, J., and Delichatsios, M., Radiation from buoyant turbulent diffusion flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 84(1–6): p. 177–186.CrossRef
47.
Delichatsios, M., De Ris, J., and Orloff, L. An enhanced flame radiation burner. in Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1992. Elsevier.
48.
Williams, F., A review of flame extinction. Fire Safety Journal, 1981. 3(3): p. 163–175.CrossRef
49.
Damköhler, G., The effect of turbulence on the flame velocity in gas mixtures. 1947.
50.
Roberts, A. and Wuince, B., A limiting condition for the burning of flammable liquids. Combustion and flame, 1973. 20(2): p. 245–251.CrossRef
51.
Torero, J.L., Vietoris, T., Legros, G. And Joulain, P.,, Estimation of a total mass transfer number from the standoff distance of a spreading flame. Combustion Science and Technology, 2002. 174(11): p. 187–203.CrossRef
52.
53.
Linan, A., The asymptotic structure of counterflow diffusion flames for large activation energies. Acta Astronautica, 1974. 1(7): p. 1007–1039.CrossRef
54.
Rasbash, D.J., The extinction of fires by water sprays. Fire Res. Abst. Rev., 1962. 4(1)(28–53).
55.
Quintiere, J. and Rangwala, A., A theory for flame extinction based on flame temperature. Fire and Materials, 2004. 28(5): p. 387–402.CrossRef
56.
T'ien, J.S. and Endo, M., Material flammability: A combustion science perspective. Proceedia Eng., 2013. 62: p. 120–129.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Diffusion Flames
Author
Ali S. Rangwala
Copyright Year
2016
Publisher
Springer New York
Book
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_11