Top

Journal of Happiness Studies

Published in:

01-06-2015 | Research Paper

Do Social Resources Explain the Relationship Between Optimism and Life Satisfaction in Community-Dwelling Older People? Testing a Multiple Mediation Model

Authors: Cristina G. Dumitrache, Gill Windle, Ramona Rubio Herrera

Published in: Journal of Happiness Studies | Issue 3/2015

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Psychosocial resources such as optimism and social resources are associated with adaptation, age-related changes and life satisfaction (LS) maintenance. The relationship between optimism, social resources and LS is unclear as this issue has not been addressed by many studies. The present study analyzes the direct and indirect effect of optimism on LS in older people among older people with and without restrictions due to illness. The indirect effect was tested using a multiple mediation model of network size, emotional, instrumental and affectionate support, subjective evaluation of social relations and satisfaction with family life for each group while controlling for variables that have been found to have an impact on LS (age, self-rated health and the number of illnesses). The sample comprised 406 community-dwelling older adults (M = 74.88, SD = 6.75) from urban areas in Granada, southern Spain. Health status was modestly related to LS while optimism and social relations variables were positively and strongly associated with LS. Among the proposed mediators network size, tangible support and satisfaction with family life mediated the relationship between optimism and LS in the group of people without restrictions due to illness, while for the participants who reported restrictions due to illness only network size and satisfaction with family life mediated the relation between optimism and LS. Optimism and social resources are important factors that are linked to well-being in old age. Network size, tangible support and satisfaction with family life partially explain the relationship between optimism and LS.

previous article Strengths Use and Life Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Approach

next article The Genetic Overlap and Distinctiveness of Flourishing and the Big Five Personality Traits

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Angelini, V., Cavapozzi, D., Corazzini, L., & Paccagnella, O. (2012). Age, health and life satisfaction among older Europeans. Social Indicators Research, 105(2), 293–308.CrossRef

Baldwin, D. R., Jackson, D., Okoh, I., & Cannon, R. L. (2011). Resiliency and optimism: An African American senior Citizen’s perspective. Journal of Black Psychology, 37(1), 24–41. doi:10.1177/0095798410364394.CrossRef

Bazo, M. T. (2008). Personas mayores y solidaridad familiar [Old people and family solidarity]. Política y Sociedad, 45(2), 73–85.

Bellón Saameño, J., Delgado Sánchez, A., Luna del Castillo, J., & Lardelli Claret, P. (1996). Validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de función familiar APGAR-familiar [Validity and internal consistency of the family function questionaire Apgar]. Atención Primaria, 18(6), 289–296.

Benyamini, Y. (2005). Can high optimism and high pessimism co-exist? Findings from arthritis patients coping with pain. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1463–1473. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.020.CrossRef

Berg, A. I., Hassing, L. B., McClearn, G. E., & Johansson, B. (2006). What matters for life satisfaction in the oldest-old? Aging Mental Health, 10(3), 257–264. doi:10.1080/13607860500409435.CrossRef

Bishop, A., Martin, P., & Poon, L. (2006). Happiness and congruence in older adulthood: A structural model of life satisfaction. Aging and Mental Health, 10(5), 445–453. doi:10.1080/13607860600638388.CrossRef

Borg, C., Hallberg, I. R., & Blomqvist, K. (2006). Life satisfaction among older people (65+) with reduced self-care capacity: The relationship to social, health and financial aspects. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15(5), 607–618.CrossRef

Bowling, A., Farquhar, M., & Grundy, E. (1996). Associations with changes in life satisfaction among three samples of elderly people living at home. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(12), 1077–1087.CrossRef

Bowling, A., Farquhar, M., Grundy, E., & Formby, J. (1993). Changes in life satisfaction over a two and a half year period among very elderly people living in London. Social Science and Medicine, 36(5), 641–655. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90061-8.CrossRef

Bozo, Ö., Toksabay, N. E., & Kürüm, O. (2009). Activities of daily living, depression and social support among elderly Turkish people. The Journal of Psychology, 143(2), 193–205.CrossRef

Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 102–111. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.102.CrossRef

Buz, J., Mayoral, P., Bueno, B., & Vega, J. L. (2004). Factores sociales del bienestar subjetivo en la vejez. [Social factores related with subjective well-being in old age] Revista Española De Geriatría y Gerontología, 39(Supl 3), 38–45.

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006.CrossRef

Chan, Y., & Lee, R. P. (2006). Network size, social support and happiness in later life: A comparative study of Beijing and Hong Kong. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(1), 87–112.CrossRef

Chang, E., & Sanna, L. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity in middle-aged adults: A test of a cognitive-affective model of psychological adjustment. Psychology and Aging, 16(3), 524–531.CrossRef

Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B., & Duberstein, P. (2011). Personality and longevity: Knowns, unknowns, and implications for public health and personalized medicine. Journal of Aging Research,. doi:10.4061/2011/759170.

Dai, B., Zhang, B., & Li, J. (2013). Protective factors for subjective well-being in Chinese older adults: The roles of resources and activity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1225–1239. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9378-7.CrossRef

Daukantaitė, D., & Zukauskiene, R. (2012). Optimism and subjective well-being: Affectivity plays a secondary role in the relationship between optimism and global life satisfaction in the middle-aged women. Longitudinal and cross-cultural findings. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(1), 1–16.CrossRef

Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., et al. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff [Spanish adaptation of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales]. Psicothema, 18(3), 572–577.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.CrossRef

Dougall, A. L., Hyman, K. B., Hayward, M. C., McFeeley, S., & Baum, A. (2001). Optimism and traumatic stress: The importance of social support and coping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(2), 223–245. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00195.x.CrossRef

Duke, J., Leventhal, H., Brownlee, S., & Leventhal, E. A. (2002). Giving up and replacing activities in response to illness. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(4), P367–P376. doi:10.1093/geronb/57.4.P367.CrossRef

Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall.CrossRef

Ekström, H., Ivanoff, S. D., & Elmståhl, S. (2008). Restriction in social participation and lower life satisfaction among fractured in pain: Results from the population study “Good aging in Skåne”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 46(3), 409–424. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2007.06.001.CrossRef

Enkvist, A. A., Ekström, H. H., & Elmståhl, S. S. (2012). What factors affect life satisfaction (LS) among the oldest-old? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(1), 140–145.CrossRef

Ferguson, S., & Goodwin, A. (2010). Optimism and well-being in older adults: The mediating role of social support and perceived control. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 71(1), 43–68.CrossRef

Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using using R. London: Sage.

Fiori, K. L., Smith, J., & Antonucci, T. C. (2007). Social network types among older adults: A multidimensional approach. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(6), P322–P330.CrossRef

Friedman, E. M., & Ryff, C. D. (2012). Living well with medical comorbidities: A biopsychosocial perspective. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(5), 535–544. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr152.CrossRef

Fry, P. S. (2001). The unique contribution of key existential factors to the prediction of psychological well-being of older adults following spousal loss. The Gerontologist, 41(1), 69–81.CrossRef

Geers, A. L., Reilley, S. P., & Dember, W. N. (1998). Optimism, pessimism, and friendship. Current Psychology, 17(1), 3–19.CrossRef

Gleicher, Y., Croxford, R., Hochman, J., & Hawker, G. (2011). A prospective study of mental health care for comorbid depressed mood in older adults with painful osteoarthritis. BMC Psychiatry, 11. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-147.

Goodwin, R., & Hernandez Plaza, S. (2000). Perceived and received social support in two cultures: Collectivism and support among British and Spanish students. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(2), 282–291. doi:10.1177/0265407500172007.CrossRef

Greve, W., & Staudinger, U. M. (2006). Resilience in later adulthood and old age: Resources and potential for successful aging. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 796–840). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Gwozdz, W., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2010). Ageing, health and life satisfaction of the oldest old: An analysis for Germany. Social Indicators Research, 97(3), 397–417. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9508-8.CrossRef

Heo, J., & Lee, Y. (2010). Serious leisure, health perception, dispositional optimism, and life satisfaction among senior games participants. Educational Gerontology, 36(2), 112–126. doi:10.1080/03601270903058523.CrossRef

Herero, V. G., & Extremera, N. (2010). Daily life activities as mediators of the relationship between personality variables and subjective well-being among older adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(2), 124–129. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.019.CrossRef

Hooker, K., Monahan, D. J., Bowman, S. R., Frazier, L. D., & Shifren, K. (1998). Personality counts for a lot: Predictors of mental and physical health of spouse caregivers in two disease groups. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53B(2), P73–P85. doi:10.1093/geronb/53B.2.P73.CrossRef

Hsu, H. (2009). Physical function trajectories, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction among the elderly in Taiwan. Aging and Mental Health, 13(2), 202–212. doi:10.1080/13607860802342201.CrossRef

Hsu, H., & Tung, H. (2010). What makes you good and happy? Effects of internal and external resources to adaptation and psychological well-being for the disabled elderly in Taiwan. Aging & Mental Health, 14(7), 851–860. doi:10.1080/13607861003800997.CrossRef

Huxhold, O., Fiori, K. L., & Windsor, T. D. (2013). The dynamic interplay of social network characteristics, subjective well-being, and health: The costs and benefits of socio-emotional selectivity. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 3–16. doi:10.1037/a0030170.CrossRef

IMSERSO. (2012). Informe 2010. Las personas mayores en España [Report 2010. Older people in Spain]. Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.

Ju, H., Shin, J. W., Kim, C., Hyun, M., & Park, J. (2013). Mediational effect of meaning in life on the relationship between optimism and well-being in community elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56(2), 309–313. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.08.008.CrossRef

Kapikiran, N. (2012). Positive and negative affectivity as mediator and moderator of the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction in Turkish university students. Social Indicators Research, 106(2), 333–345. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9807-8.CrossRef

Karademas, E. C. (2006). Self-efficacy, social support and well-being: The mediating role of optimism. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1281–1290. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.019.CrossRef

Karatas, K., & Duyan, V. (2008). Difficulties that elderly people encounter and their life satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(8), 1073–1083.CrossRef

Keyes, C. L., Michalec, B., Kobau, R., Zahran, H., Zack, M. M., & Simoes, E. J. (2005). Social support and health-related quality of life among older adults Missouri, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54(17), 433–437.

Khan, H. T. A. (2013). Factors associated with intergenerational social support among older adults across the world. Ageing International, 1-38. doi:10.1007/s12126-013-9191-6.

Kim, S. Y., & Sok, S. R. (2012). Relationships among the perceived health status, family support and life satisfaction of older Korean adults. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18(4), 325–331.CrossRef

Krause, N. (2006). Social relationships in late life. In R. H. Binstock, L. K. George S. J. Cutler, J. Hendricks & J. H. Schulz (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (6th ed., pp. 181–200). Burlington: Academic Press.

Kunzmann, U., Little, T. D., & Smith, J. (2000). Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 511–526. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511.CrossRef

Leung, B. W., Moneta, G. B., & McBride-Chang, C. (2005). Think positively and feel positively: Optimism and life satisfaction in late life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 61(4), 335–365.CrossRef

Litwin, H., & Shiovitz-Ezra, S. (2006). The association between activity and wellbeing in later life: What really matters? Ageing and Society, 26(02), 225. doi:10.1017/S0144686X05004538.CrossRef

Luger, T., Cotter, K. A., & Sherman, A. M. (2009). It’s all in how you view it: Pessimism, social relations, and life satisfaction in older adults with osteoarthritis. Aging & Mental Health, 13(5), 635–647. doi:10.1080/13607860802534633.CrossRef

Marrero, R. J., & Carballeira Abella, M. (2010). El papel del optimismo y del apoyo social en el bienestar subjetivo [The role of optimism and social support on subjective well–being]. Salud Mental, 33(1), 39–46.

Martin, P. (2002). Individual and social resources predicting well-being and functioning in the later years: Conceptual models, research and practice. Ageing International, 27(2), 3–29. doi:10.1007/s12126-002-1000-6.CrossRef

Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 23–44. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23.CrossRef

Maxwell, S. E., Cole, D. A., & Mitchell, M. A. (2011). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(5), 816–841. doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.606716.CrossRef

Minton, M. E., Hertzog, M., Barron, C. R., French, J. A., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2009). The first anniversary: Stress, well-being, and optimism in older widows. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(8), 1035–1056. doi:10.1177/0193945909339497.CrossRef

Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 993–1001. doi:10.1002/jclp.10094.CrossRef

O’Rourke, N. (2004). Cognitive adaptation and women’s adjustment to conjugal bereavement. Journal of Women & Aging, 16(1–2), 87–104.CrossRef

Otero-López, J. M., Luengo, A., Romero, E., Gómez, J. A., & Castro, C. (1998). Optimismo y salud: Una relación a explorar [Optimism and health: A relationship worth exploring]. In J. M. Otero-López, A. Luengo, E. Romero, J. A. Gómez, & C. Castro (Eds.), Psicología de la personalidad: Manual de prácticas [Personality pshychology. Practical issues] (pp. 219–242). Barcelona, SA: Editorial Ariel.

Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55(1), 44–55. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.44.CrossRef

Piazza, J. R., Charles, S. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2007). Living with chronic health conditions: Age differences in affective well-being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(6), P313–P321.CrossRef

Pons, D., Atienza, F. L., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. (2000). Satisfaction with life scale: Analysis of factorial invariance for adolescents and elderly persons. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91(1), 62–68. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.62.CrossRef

Preacher, K., & Hayes, A. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. New York: Springer. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.

Pretzer, J. L., & Walsh, C. A. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychotherapy: Implications for clinical practice. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 321–346). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Revilla Ahumada, L., Luna del Castillo, J., Bailón Muñoz, E., & Medina Moruno, I. (2005). Validación del cuestionario MOS de apoyo social en atención primaria [Validation of the MOS social support questionaire in primary care]. Medicina De Familia, 6(10), 10–18.

Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review, 6(2), 135–147. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001.CrossRef

Rius-Ottenheim, N., Kromhout, D., Van Der Mast, R. C., Zitman, F. G., Geleijnse, J. M., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Dispositional optimism and loneliness in older men. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(2), 151–159.CrossRef

Rodríguez-Rodríguez, P. (2005). El apoyo informal a las personas mayores en España y la protección social a la dependencia. Del familismo a los derechos de ciudadanía [Informal formal support for the elderly in Spain and. From familism to social rights of the citizens]. Revista Española De Geriatría y Gerontología, 40(Supplement 2), 5–15. doi:10.1016/S0211-139X(05)75068-X.

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219.CrossRef

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201–228. doi:10.1007/BF01173489.CrossRef

Schilling, O. K., Wahl, H., & Oswald, F. (2013). Change in life satisfaction under chronic physical multi-morbidity in advanced old age: Potential and limits of adaptation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 19–36. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9313-3.CrossRef

Schöllgen, I., Huxhold, O., Schüz, B., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2011). Resources for health: Differential effects of optimistic self-beliefs and social support according to socioeconomic status. Health Psychology, 30(3), 326–335.

Segerstrom, S. C. (2007). Optimism and resources: Effects on each other and on health over 10 years. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 772–786. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.09.004.CrossRef

Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32(6), 705–714. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B.CrossRef

Sherman, A. M., & Cotter, K. A. (2013). Well-being among older adults with OA: Direct and mediated patterns of control beliefs, optimism and pessimism. Aging & Mental Health, 17(5), 595–608. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.765831.CrossRef

Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422.CrossRef

Smilkstein, G. (1978). The family APGAR: A proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. Journal of Family Practice, 6(6), 1231–1239.

Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K. M., Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Optimism in close relationships: How seeing things in a positive light makes them so. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 143–153. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.143.CrossRef

Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Kim, H. S., Jarcho, J., Takagi, K., & Dunagan, M. S. (2004). Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 354–362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.354.CrossRef

Trunzo, J. J., & Pinto, B. M. (2003). Social support as a mediator of optimism and distress in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 805–811. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.805.CrossRef

Vollmann, M., Antoniw, K., Hartung, F., & Renner, B. (2011). Social support as mediator of the stress buffering effect of optimism: The importance of differentiating the recipients’ and providers’ perspective. European Journal of Personality, 25(2), 146–154. doi:10.1002/per.803.CrossRef

von Faber, M., Bootsma-van der Wiel, A., van Exel, E., Jacobijn, G., et al. (2001). Successful aging in the oldest old: Who can be characterized as successfully aged? Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(22), 2694–2700.CrossRef

VonDras, D. D., Pouliot, G. S., Malcore, S. A., & Iwahashi, S. (2008). Effects of culture and age on the perceived exchange of social support resources. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67(1), 63–100.CrossRef

Wenglert, L., & Rosén, A. (1995). Optimism, self-esteem, mood and subjective health. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(5), 653–661. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00193-V.CrossRef

Title: Do Social Resources Explain the Relationship Between Optimism and Life Satisfaction in Community-Dwelling Older People? Testing a Multiple Mediation Model
Authors: Cristina G. Dumitrache
Gill Windle
Ramona Rubio Herrera
Publication date: 01-06-2015
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Journal of Happiness Studies / Issue 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1389-4978
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7780
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9526-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 3/2015

Economic Freedom and Life Satisfaction: Mediation by Income per Capita and Generalized Trust

Associations Between Women’s Body Image and Happiness: Results of the YouBeauty.com Body Image Survey (YBIS)

The Changing Happiness-Enhancing Effect of a College Degree Under Higher Education Expansion: Evidence from China

Is Happiness Contagious? Separating Spillover Externalities from the Group-Level Social Context

The Genetic Overlap and Distinctiveness of Flourishing and the Big Five Personality Traits

Strengths Use and Life Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Approach