Dynamic Response and Energy Evolution of Sandstone Under Coupled Static–Dynamic Compression: Insights from Experimental Study into Deep Rock Engineering Applications

To deeply understand the rock failure characteristics under actual engineering condition, in which static geo-stress and dynamic disturbance usually act simultaneously, impact tests were conducted on sandstone subjected to axial static pre-stresses varying from 0 to 75 MPa by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar. The fracturing process of specimens was recorded by a high speed camera. Dynamic parameters of sandstone, such as strain rate, dynamic strength and energy partition were acquired. Fracture mechanisms of pulverized specimens were identified by the method combining the displacement trend line and digital image correlation technique. Moreover, fragments of failed specimens were sieved to obtain the fragment size distribution. Test results revealed that, under the same incident energy, the dynamic compressive strength increases first, then decreases slowly and at last drops rapidly with the increase of pre-stress, and reaches the maximum under 24.4% of uniaxial compressive strength due to the closure of initial defects. Four final patterns were observed, namely intact, axial split, rock burst, and pulverization. The rock burst only occurs when the pre-stress lies in the elastic deformation stage or initial stable crack growth stage and the incident energy is intermediate. For pulverized specimens, the fracture mechanism is transformed into shear/tensile equivalent from tensile-dominated mixed mode as the pre-stress increases. Specimens with 75 MPa pre-stress release strain energy during failure process, contrary to specimens with lower pre-stresses absorbing energy from outside. The crushing degree of pulverized specimens exhibits a positive correlation with the pre-stress as a consequence of higher damage development in rock.