Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

22. Effect of Environment

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Test methods used to assess the effect of environment on rubbers include swelling and degradation by liquids, including water, ozone resistance, weathering, both accelerated and natural, biological, fire and radiation.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Soden A L and Wake W C. Trans. IRI, 27, 223, 1951. Soden A L and Wake W C. Trans. IRI, 27, 223, 1951.
2.
go back to reference ASTM D3137, 1981 (2013). Hydrolytic stability. ASTM D3137, 1981 (2013). Hydrolytic stability.
3.
go back to reference Flory P J. Journal of Chem. Phys., 18, 108, 1950. Flory P J. Journal of Chem. Phys., 18, 108, 1950.
4.
go back to reference Flory P J and Rehner J. Journal of Chem. Phys., 11, 521, 1943. Flory P J and Rehner J. Journal of Chem. Phys., 11, 521, 1943.
5.
6.
go back to reference Murgic Z H, Jelencic J, Bravar M. Kaut. u. Gummi Kunst., 45, 11, 1992, p939. Murgic Z H, Jelencic J, Bravar M. Kaut. u. Gummi Kunst., 45, 11, 1992, p939.
7.
go back to reference Cholinska M, Glijer T. Int. Polym. Sci. Tech., 5, 5, 1978, pT77. Cholinska M, Glijer T. Int. Polym. Sci. Tech., 5, 5, 1978, pT77.
8.
go back to reference Faridah H A H, Tinker A J, Farid A S. J. of Rubber Research, 7, 4, 2004, p248. Faridah H A H, Tinker A J, Farid A S. J. of Rubber Research, 7, 4, 2004, p248.
9.
go back to reference Pazur R J, Walker F J. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 64, 1-2, 2011, p 16. Pazur R J, Walker F J. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 64, 1-2, 2011, p 16.
10.
go back to reference ISO TC 45 SC2, Unpublished committee document, 2016. ISO TC 45 SC2, Unpublished committee document, 2016.
11.
go back to reference Martin J W, Peterson E R and McCormick H E. ACS Meeting, Cleveland, Oct. 13-16 1981, Paper 3. Martin J W, Peterson E R and McCormick H E. ACS Meeting, Cleveland, Oct. 13-16 1981, Paper 3.
12.
go back to reference Zeng N, O’Brian C L, Wolfe C M, O’Brian C. SAE Int. J. of Mats. and Manufacturing, 6, 2, 2013, p 163.CrossRef Zeng N, O’Brian C L, Wolfe C M, O’Brian C. SAE Int. J. of Mats. and Manufacturing, 6, 2, 2013, p 163.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference ISO 1817, 2015. Determination of the effect of liquids. ISO 1817, 2015. Determination of the effect of liquids.
14.
go back to reference Brown R P. RAPRA Research Report No. 191, 1970. Brown R P. RAPRA Research Report No. 191, 1970.
15.
16.
go back to reference ASTM D1460, 1986 (2014). Change in length during liquid immersion. ASTM D1460, 1986 (2014). Change in length during liquid immersion.
17.
go back to reference ASTM D5964, 2016. Rubber IRM901, IRM 902 and IRM 903 replacement oils for ASTM N01, No 2 and No 3 oils. ASTM D5964, 2016. Rubber IRM901, IRM 902 and IRM 903 replacement oils for ASTM N01, No 2 and No 3 oils.
18.
go back to reference ASTM 6284, 2009 Effect of aqueous solutions with available chlorine and chloramine. ASTM 6284, 2009 Effect of aqueous solutions with available chlorine and chloramine.
19.
go back to reference ISO 13226, 2011. Standard reference elastomers (SREs) for characterizing the effect of liquids on vulcanized rubbers. ISO 13226, 2011. Standard reference elastomers (SREs) for characterizing the effect of liquids on vulcanized rubbers.
20.
go back to reference Brown R P and Jones W L. RAPRA Bulletin, 42, February 1972. Brown R P and Jones W L. RAPRA Bulletin, 42, February 1972.
21.
go back to reference Brown R P and Hughes R C. RAPRA Members Journal, 194, August 1973. Brown R P and Hughes R C. RAPRA Members Journal, 194, August 1973.
22.
go back to reference Pope D S, Koros W J, Fleming G K. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys., 27, 5, 1989, p1173. Pope D S, Koros W J, Fleming G K. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys., 27, 5, 1989, p1173.
23.
go back to reference Spieglberg S H. SPOE Polymer Analysis Division, Newark, 2nd November 1999, Proceedings p73. Spieglberg S H. SPOE Polymer Analysis Division, Newark, 2nd November 1999, Proceedings p73.
24.
go back to reference Ustinova T A, Baranova G A, Romanenko N S. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol., 1, 8, 1974, pT87. Ustinova T A, Baranova G A, Romanenko N S. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol., 1, 8, 1974, pT87.
26.
go back to reference Piccinini E, Bacshettin M G, Sarti G C. Journal of Membrane Science, 234, 1-2, 2004, p95.CrossRef Piccinini E, Bacshettin M G, Sarti G C. Journal of Membrane Science, 234, 1-2, 2004, p95.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Knoergen M, Heuert U, Schneider H, Kuckling D, Richter S, Arndt K F. Macromolecular Symposia, 145, October 1999, p83.CrossRef Knoergen M, Heuert U, Schneider H, Kuckling D, Richter S, Arndt K F. Macromolecular Symposia, 145, October 1999, p83.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Babitskii B L. Int. Polym.Sci. Technol., 4, 12, 1877, pT11. Babitskii B L. Int. Polym.Sci. Technol., 4, 12, 1877, pT11.
30.
go back to reference Pazur R J, Cormier J G, Korhan-Taymaz K. Rubb. Chem. and Tech., 87, 2, 2014, p 239. Pazur R J, Cormier J G, Korhan-Taymaz K. Rubb. Chem. and Tech., 87, 2, 2014, p 239.
31.
go back to reference ASTM D8015, 2015. Dimensional changes of eleastomer and rubber materials due to exposure to gaseous hydrocarbon environments. ASTM D8015, 2015. Dimensional changes of eleastomer and rubber materials due to exposure to gaseous hydrocarbon environments.
32.
go back to reference Briscoe B J, Savvas T, Kelly C T. Rubb. Chem. Technol., 67, 3, 1994, p384. Briscoe B J, Savvas T, Kelly C T. Rubb. Chem. Technol., 67, 3, 1994, p384.
33.
34.
go back to reference ISO 1431:Part 1, 2012. Resistance to ozone cracking - Static and dynamic strain testing. ISO 1431:Part 1, 2012. Resistance to ozone cracking - Static and dynamic strain testing.
35.
go back to reference ISO 1431:Part 3, 2017. Resistance to ozone cracking – Reference and alternative methods for determining the ozone concentration in laboratory test chambers. ISO 1431:Part 3, 2017. Resistance to ozone cracking – Reference and alternative methods for determining the ozone concentration in laboratory test chambers.
36.
go back to reference ASTM D1149, 2016. Cracking in an Ozone Controlled Environment. ASTM D1149, 2016. Cracking in an Ozone Controlled Environment.
37.
go back to reference ASTM D1171, 2016. Surface ozone cracking outdoors (Triangular specimens). ASTM D1171, 2016. Surface ozone cracking outdoors (Triangular specimens).
38.
go back to reference ASTM D4575, 2009. Reference and alternative methods for determining ozone level in laboratory test chambers. ASTM D4575, 2009. Reference and alternative methods for determining ozone level in laboratory test chambers.
39.
go back to reference Suga S, Mitsuhashi K, Abe Y, Tanno H. Polym. Test., 8, 2, 1988/9, p131. Suga S, Mitsuhashi K, Abe Y, Tanno H. Polym. Test., 8, 2, 1988/9, p131.
40.
go back to reference Cheetham K and Gurney W A. Trans. IRI, 37, 35, 1961. Cheetham K and Gurney W A. Trans. IRI, 37, 35, 1961.
41.
go back to reference Seeberger D. Gummi Fas. Kunst., 40, 2, 1987, p64. Seeberger D. Gummi Fas. Kunst., 40, 2, 1987, p64.
42.
go back to reference Crabtree J and Kemp A R. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 18, 769, 1946. Crabtree J and Kemp A R. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 18, 769, 1946.
43.
go back to reference Brewer A W and Milford J R. Proc. Roy. Soc., A256, (1287), 470, 1960. Brewer A W and Milford J R. Proc. Roy. Soc., A256, (1287), 470, 1960.
44.
go back to reference Bonell P and Brown R P. Rubb. J., September 1971, p.64. Bonell P and Brown R P. Rubb. J., September 1971, p.64.
45.
go back to reference Brown R P and Peppiatt A. RAPRA Members Report No. 13, 1978. Brown R P and Peppiatt A. RAPRA Members Report No. 13, 1978.
46.
47.
go back to reference Wundrich K and Hentrick H. Polym. Test., 6, No. 3, 1986. Wundrich K and Hentrick H. Polym. Test., 6, No. 3, 1986.
48.
go back to reference ISO 13964, 1998. Air quality – Determination of ozone in ambient air – Ultraviolet photometric method. ISO 13964, 1998. Air quality – Determination of ozone in ambient air – Ultraviolet photometric method.
49.
go back to reference ISO 10313, 1993. Ambient air – Determination of the mass concentration of ozone – Chemiluminescence method. ISO 10313, 1993. Ambient air – Determination of the mass concentration of ozone – Chemiluminescence method.
50.
go back to reference Amsden C S. ‘The Annulus Ozone Test’, ICI Ltd., Dyestuffs Div., 1967. Amsden C S. ‘The Annulus Ozone Test’, ICI Ltd., Dyestuffs Div., 1967.
51.
go back to reference Dlab J. Plasty a Kaucuk, 12, 8, 1975, p253. Dlab J. Plasty a Kaucuk, 12, 8, 1975, p253.
52.
go back to reference Hill M and Jowett F. Polym. Test., 1, No. 4, 1980. Hill M and Jowett F. Polym. Test., 1, No. 4, 1980.
53.
go back to reference Veith A G and Evans P L. Polym. Test., 1, No. 1, 1980. Veith A G and Evans P L. Polym. Test., 1, No. 1, 1980.
54.
go back to reference Lake G J, Mente P G. Polymers in Extreme Environments, Nottingham, 1991, Paper 2.93. Lake G J, Mente P G. Polymers in Extreme Environments, Nottingham, 1991, Paper 2.93.
55.
56.
go back to reference Zephichal F. Rev. Gen. Caout. Plast., 49, 11, 1972, p1047. Zephichal F. Rev. Gen. Caout. Plast., 49, 11, 1972, p1047.
57.
58.
go back to reference Lamm G and Thelamon C. LRCC Tech. Bull., No. 85, 1970. Lamm G and Thelamon C. LRCC Tech. Bull., No. 85, 1970.
59.
60.
go back to reference Ehrhardt D. Int.Polym. Sci. and Tech., 24, 5, 1997, pT1. Ehrhardt D. Int.Polym. Sci. and Tech., 24, 5, 1997, pT1.
61.
go back to reference Emin G. Rev. Gen. Caout. Plast., 48, 2, 1971, p145. Emin G. Rev. Gen. Caout. Plast., 48, 2, 1971, p145.
62.
go back to reference Bertrand G and Sebonc J. Rev. Gen. Caout. Plast., 50, 9, 1973, p719. Bertrand G and Sebonc J. Rev. Gen. Caout. Plast., 50, 9, 1973, p719.
63.
go back to reference Zuev Yu S and Postorskaya A F. Kauch i Rezina, No. 5, 26, 1974. Zuev Yu S and Postorskaya A F. Kauch i Rezina, No. 5, 26, 1974.
64.
65.
go back to reference Ganslandt E and Svensson, S. Polym. Test., 1, No. 2, 1980. Ganslandt E and Svensson, S. Polym. Test., 1, No. 2, 1980.
66.
go back to reference Prokopchuk N R, Kudinova G D, Aslovskaya O A, Gugovich S A. Int. Polym Sci. and Tech., 25, 7, 1998, pT45. Prokopchuk N R, Kudinova G D, Aslovskaya O A, Gugovich S A. Int. Polym Sci. and Tech., 25, 7, 1998, pT45.
67.
go back to reference Ehrhardt D. Int. Polym. Sci. and Tech., 24, 10, 1997, pT13. Ehrhardt D. Int. Polym. Sci. and Tech., 24, 10, 1997, pT13.
68.
go back to reference Ehrhardt D. Int. Polym. Sci. and Tech., 25, 7, 1998, pT11. Ehrhardt D. Int. Polym. Sci. and Tech., 25, 7, 1998, pT11.
69.
go back to reference Ehrhardt D. Int. Polym. Sci. and Tech., 25, 5, 1998, pT1. Ehrhardt D. Int. Polym. Sci. and Tech., 25, 5, 1998, pT1.
70.
go back to reference Angert L G, Dubok N N. Soviet Rubber Technology, 1970, 11 (November), 29. Angert L G, Dubok N N. Soviet Rubber Technology, 1970, 11 (November), 29.
71.
go back to reference Brown R P, Butler T, Hawley S W. Ageing of Rubber, Accelerated Weathering and Ozone Test Results, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury, 2001. Brown R P, Butler T, Hawley S W. Ageing of Rubber, Accelerated Weathering and Ozone Test Results, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury, 2001.
72.
go back to reference Marcos Maillo C, White J R. Plast. and Rubb. Composites., 28, 6, 1999, p277.CrossRef Marcos Maillo C, White J R. Plast. and Rubb. Composites., 28, 6, 1999, p277.CrossRef
73.
74.
go back to reference ISO 877-1, 2009. Plastics. Methods of exposure to solar radiation. Part 1 General guidance. ISO 877-1, 2009. Plastics. Methods of exposure to solar radiation. Part 1 General guidance.
75.
go back to reference ISO 877-2, 2009. Plastics. Methods of exposure to solar radiation. Part 2 Direct weathering and exposure behind window glass. ISO 877-2, 2009. Plastics. Methods of exposure to solar radiation. Part 2 Direct weathering and exposure behind window glass.
76.
go back to reference ISO 877-3, 2009. Plastics. Methods of exposure to solar radiation. Part 3 Intensified weathering using concentrated solar radiation. ISO 877-3, 2009. Plastics. Methods of exposure to solar radiation. Part 3 Intensified weathering using concentrated solar radiation.
77.
go back to reference ISO 4892-1, 2016. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. General guidance. ISO 4892-1, 2016. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. General guidance.
78.
go back to reference ISO 4892-2, 2013. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. Xenon Arc lamps. ISO 4892-2, 2013. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. Xenon Arc lamps.
79.
go back to reference ISO 4892-3, 2016. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. Fluorescent UV lamps. ISO 4892-3, 2016. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. Fluorescent UV lamps.
80.
go back to reference ISO 4892 Part 4 2013. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. Open flame carbon arc lamps. ISO 4892 Part 4 2013. Plastics. Methods of exposure to artificial light sources. Open flame carbon arc lamps.
81.
go back to reference ASTM D750, 2012. Rubber deterioration using artificial weathering apparatus ASTM D750, 2012. Rubber deterioration using artificial weathering apparatus
82.
go back to reference ASTM D1148, 2013. Discoloration from UV or UV/visible light and heat exposure of light colored surfaces. ASTM D1148, 2013. Discoloration from UV or UV/visible light and heat exposure of light colored surfaces.
83.
go back to reference ISO 9370, 2009. Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests – General guidance and basic test method. ISO 9370, 2009. Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests – General guidance and basic test method.
84.
go back to reference BS 2782 Method 540C 1988. Determination of UV radiation intensity using polysulphone film. BS 2782 Method 540C 1988. Determination of UV radiation intensity using polysulphone film.
85.
go back to reference ISO TR 19032, 2006. Use of polyethylene reference specimens (PERS) for monitoring laboratory and outdoor weathering conditions. ISO TR 19032, 2006. Use of polyethylene reference specimens (PERS) for monitoring laboratory and outdoor weathering conditions.
86.
go back to reference Aimura Y, Wada N. Polym. Test., 25, 2, 2006, p 166. Aimura Y, Wada N. Polym. Test., 25, 2, 2006, p 166.
87.
go back to reference BS EN 16465, 2015. Methods for calibration of black standard and white standard thermometers and black panel and white panel thermometers for use in natural and artificial ageing. BS EN 16465, 2015. Methods for calibration of black standard and white standard thermometers and black panel and white panel thermometers for use in natural and artificial ageing.
88.
go back to reference Brown R P. Polym. Test., 12, 5, 1993, p459. Brown R P. Polym. Test., 12, 5, 1993, p459.
89.
go back to reference Brown R P (Editor). Handbook of Polymer Testing, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999. Brown R P (Editor). Handbook of Polymer Testing, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999.
90.
go back to reference Minematsu Y. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol., 14, 7, 1987, pT/34. Minematsu Y. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol., 14, 7, 1987, pT/34.
91.
go back to reference Spetz G. IRC86, Goteborg, 1986, Proceedings, Vol. 2, p524. Spetz G. IRC86, Goteborg, 1986, Proceedings, Vol. 2, p524.
92.
go back to reference Huang D, LaCount B J, Castro J M, Ignatz-Hoover F. Polym. Degrad. and Stab., 74, 2001, p353.CrossRef Huang D, LaCount B J, Castro J M, Ignatz-Hoover F. Polym. Degrad. and Stab., 74, 2001, p353.CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Prokopchuk N R, Kudinova G D, Aslovskaya O A, Gugovich S A. Int. Polym. Sci. Tech., 23, 11, 1996, pT54. Prokopchuk N R, Kudinova G D, Aslovskaya O A, Gugovich S A. Int. Polym. Sci. Tech., 23, 11, 1996, pT54.
94.
go back to reference Gijsman P, Sampers J. De Angewanddte Makromolekulare Chemie, 261/262, 1998, p 77. Gijsman P, Sampers J. De Angewanddte Makromolekulare Chemie, 261/262, 1998, p 77.
95.
go back to reference Chin J W, Martin J, Enbree E, Byrd E. ACS Polymer Materials: Science and Engineering Meeting, Washington DC, 20-24th August 2000, volume 83, p145. Chin J W, Martin J, Enbree E, Byrd E. ACS Polymer Materials: Science and Engineering Meeting, Washington DC, 20-24th August 2000, volume 83, p145.
96.
go back to reference Chin J W, Martin J, Nguyen T, Enbree E, Byrd E, Tate J D. ANTEC 2002, San Francisco, 5-9th May 2002, Proceedings, Paper 75. Chin J W, Martin J, Nguyen T, Enbree E, Byrd E, Tate J D. ANTEC 2002, San Francisco, 5-9th May 2002, Proceedings, Paper 75.
97.
98.
go back to reference Brown R P. Practical Guide to the Assessment of the Useful Life of Rubbers, Rapra Technology, Shawbury, 2001. Brown R P. Practical Guide to the Assessment of the Useful Life of Rubbers, Rapra Technology, Shawbury, 2001.
99.
go back to reference ISO 4611, 2010. Plastics – Determination of the effects of exposure to damp heat, water spray and salt mist. ISO 4611, 2010. Plastics – Determination of the effects of exposure to damp heat, water spray and salt mist.
100.
go back to reference ISO 29664, 2010. Artificial weathering including acidic deposition. ISO 29664, 2010. Artificial weathering including acidic deposition.
101.
go back to reference Austin M J. Polym. Paint Col. J., 182, No.4317, 1992, p570. Austin M J. Polym. Paint Col. J., 182, No.4317, 1992, p570.
102.
go back to reference Brennan P J. Paint and Ink Int., 7, 4, 1994, p24. Brennan P J. Paint and Ink Int., 7, 4, 1994, p24.
103.
go back to reference ISO 15314, 2004. Plastics – Methods for marine exposure. ISO 15314, 2004. Plastics – Methods for marine exposure.
104.
go back to reference Carbary L D, Bull E D, Mishra S S. J. of ASTM Int., 4, 1, 2007, p 10. Carbary L D, Bull E D, Mishra S S. J. of ASTM Int., 4, 1, 2007, p 10.
105.
go back to reference BS 7874 1998. Method of test for microbiological deterioration of elastomeric seals for joints in pipework and pipelines. BS 7874 1998. Method of test for microbiological deterioration of elastomeric seals for joints in pipework and pipelines.
106.
go back to reference Barton A J, Sagers R D, Pitt W G. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 32, 2, 1996, p271. Barton A J, Sagers R D, Pitt W G. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 32, 2, 1996, p271.
107.
go back to reference Eastwood I M, Kneale C J, Ogden G. Polymer Testing ’97, Shawbury, 7th-11th April 1997, Proceedings, Paper 2. Eastwood I M, Kneale C J, Ogden G. Polymer Testing ’97, Shawbury, 7th-11th April 1997, Proceedings, Paper 2.
108.
109.
go back to reference ISO 846 1997. Evaluation of the action of microorganisms. ISO 846 1997. Evaluation of the action of microorganisms.
110.
go back to reference ISO 16869, 2008. Assessment of the effectiveness of fungistatic compounds in plastics formulations. ISO 16869, 2008. Assessment of the effectiveness of fungistatic compounds in plastics formulations.
111.
go back to reference ISO 22196, 2011. Measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces. ISO 22196, 2011. Measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces.
112.
113.
go back to reference Sareena C, Sreejith M P, Ramesan M T, Purushothaman E. J. of Reinforced Plastics and Composite, 33, 5, 2014, p 412.CrossRef Sareena C, Sreejith M P, Ramesan M T, Purushothaman E. J. of Reinforced Plastics and Composite, 33, 5, 2014, p 412.CrossRef
114.
115.
116.
go back to reference IEC 60544 Electrical insulating materials. Determination of ionising radiation. Part 1 2013. Radiation interactiony and dosimetry. IEC 60544 Electrical insulating materials. Determination of ionising radiation. Part 1 2013. Radiation interactiony and dosimetry.
117.
go back to reference IEC 60544 Part2, 2012. Procedures for irradiation and test. IEC 60544 Part2, 2012. Procedures for irradiation and test.
118.
go back to reference IEC 60544 Part 4 2003. Classification system for service in radiation environments. IEC 60544 Part 4 2003. Classification system for service in radiation environments.
119.
go back to reference IEC 60544 Part 5 2011. Procedures for assessment of ageing in service. IEC 60544 Part 5 2011. Procedures for assessment of ageing in service.
120.
go back to reference Ito M. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol., 14, 7, 1987, pT38. Ito M. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol., 14, 7, 1987, pT38.
121.
go back to reference IEC TS 61244-1, 2014. Determination of long term ageing in polymers. Part 1: Techniques for monitoring diffusion limited oxidation. IEC TS 61244-1, 2014. Determination of long term ageing in polymers. Part 1: Techniques for monitoring diffusion limited oxidation.
122.
go back to reference Burney S G. OPERA 89 Conference, Lyon, France, 1989, Proceedings Volume 2, p561. Burney S G. OPERA 89 Conference, Lyon, France, 1989, Proceedings Volume 2, p561.
124.
go back to reference IEC TS 61244-2, 2014. Determination of long term ageing in polymers. Part 2: Procedures for predicting ageing at low dose rates. IEC TS 61244-2, 2014. Determination of long term ageing in polymers. Part 2: Procedures for predicting ageing at low dose rates.
125.
go back to reference Clough R L, Gillen K T. Journal of Polymer Science Part A, 27, 1989, p2313. Clough R L, Gillen K T. Journal of Polymer Science Part A, 27, 1989, p2313.
Metadata
Title
Effect of Environment
Author
Roger Brown
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66727-0_22

Premium Partners