Introduction
Methods
Geometry
Governing equations
Continuous fluid
Discrete fluid (nanoparticles)
Validation
Results
Effect of respiratory flow rates at chlorine mass fraction 2%
Effect of chlorine particle diameter
Effects of chlorine mass fraction
Conclusions
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The chlorine velocity rises in the pharynx/larynx at low chlorine mass fractions (2%) and inhalation rates of Q = 15 l/min and Q = 30 l/min.
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The volume fraction of chlorine reduces as the chlorine concentration (2%) falls and the breathing rate lowers.
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At a low breathing rate (Q = 15 l/min), lower chlorine particle diameter (10 nm), and lower chlorine mass fraction (2%), the maximum chlorine transmission distance approaches the oral cavity.
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The particles are accelerated to escape into the bronchial tubes at a high respiratory flow rate of 60 l/min, depending on the diameter of the chlorine particles (10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, and 50 nm) and the chlorine mass fraction (2%).
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At Q = 15 l/min and a diameter of 10 nm, the high chlorine mass fraction generates high velocity of chlorine particles, with average velocities of 2.7 m/s, 0.62 m/s, and 0.31 m/s, respectively, when the chlorine mass fraction is 20%, 15%, and 10%.
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As the mass fraction of chlorine increases, the turbulent kinetic energy in the outlet airway increases. The mean turbulent kinetic energy at the airway’s exit is 14.4% and 2.2% greater at 20% chlorine than at 10% and 15% chlorine, respectively.
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When compared to Q = 15 l/min at a chlorine mass fraction of 20%, the deposition efficiency of Q = 60 l/min and Q = 30 l/min increases by around 21.8% and 4.1%, respectively.