Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Introduction

Excerpt

Energy access, affordability and security, climate change and air pollutant emissions are among the major challenges for industry and governments considering the long-term sustainability of transportation and mobility systems. The global transportation sector energy consumption in 2018 was 120 quadrillion Btu, and is expected to increase by 77% from 2018 to 2050 (Energy Information Agency (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2019). The corresponding global transportation sector GHG emission in 2018 was 8 Billion metric tons of CO ₂-equivalent (CO _2e) (IEA). The US transportation sector consumed 25 quadrillion Btu of primary energy sources in 2020, representing 27% of United States’ total national energy consumption (EIA 2021). In 2020, petroleum supplied 91% of US transportation energy consumption and 20% of the US petroleum consumption was imported (EIA 2021). Currently, the transportation sector contributes to more than half of the US total NOx emission, which is the primary precursor for smog formation. The US GHG emissions attributed to the transportation sector in 2019 were 1.9 billion metric tons of CO _2e, representing 29% of the total US gross GHG emissions (Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2021). …