Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition
Cost, Sustainability, and Performance Analysis
- Open Access
- 2024
- Open Access
- Book
- Editors
- Stefano Passerini
- Linda Barelli
- Manuel Baumann
- Jens Peters
- Marcel Weil
- Book Series
- The Materials Research Society Series
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
About this book
This open access book provides a totally new perspective on the rapidly developing sector of electrochemical energy storage, putting a spotlight on their sustainability under consideration of the latest developments and emerging future technologies. A number of selected, high-level authors from different disciplines discuss the potential contribution of batteries to a cleaner society, the need for new battery concepts, necessary new chemistries and their sustainability. These include not only analyses of the most relevant technological developments in the field, but also the latest state of knowledge in terms of their applicative functionalities in transport and stationary applications within the clean energy transition framework, their potential environmental impacts, resource demands and social impacts, and the corresponding methodological advances. All these aspects are analyzed on micro-level (i.e., for the specific technology), but also on macro-scale i.e., from a systemic perspective, providing a glimpse on how emerging battery systems might cover future energy storage demand. By taking a prospective and interdisciplinary viewpoint, this book will be of interest for a broad field of readers interested in electrochemistry, engineering with particular focus on electric grids and on-board systems and energy system analysis, but also those worried about the sustainability and societal challenges related with the energy transition(s).
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Table of Contents
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Part I
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Mobility and Future Trends
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the rapidly evolving landscape of mobility, emphasizing the transition towards sustainability and the significant role of technology. It discusses the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and the factors driving their adoption, such as government policies, technological advancements, and increased charging infrastructure. Additionally, the chapter explores the impact of ride-sharing services and the challenges they present, as well as the potential of 5G technology to revolutionize mobility through connected and autonomous vehicles. Future trends such as autonomous vehicles, micromobility, and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) are also highlighted, offering a glimpse into a more efficient and sustainable future of transportation.AI Generated
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AbstractThe transportation and mobility sector are witnessing a significant transformation, with a growing focus on sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of transportation. One of the most notable trends in the industry is the shift toward electric vehicles (EVs), which produce zero emissions and are becoming a more viable option due to the reduction in battery costs and advancements in charging infrastructure. Another trend is the rise of ride-sharing services, which offer convenient transportation options, particularly in urban areas. Additionally, 5G technology is set to play a crucial role in shaping the future of mobility by enabling connected and autonomous vehicles, improving transportation efficiency and safety, and providing new opportunities for innovation and growth in the industry. The continued development and expansion of electric vehicles and ride-sharing services are expected, along with the integration of autonomous and connected vehicle technologies. Other trends like micromobility options, mobility as a service (MaaS), and the possibility of hyperloop technology are also likely to shape the future. This chapter will discuss the electrification of mobility, e-mobility, and future trends, the importance of 5G technology, and the future of mobility. -
Chapter 2. Principles of a Circular Economy for Batteries
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the principles and implementation of a circular economy for batteries, a sector crucial for mobility and stationary applications. It defines the circular economy as a system that minimizes waste and maximizes resource efficiency, highlighting the environmental and economic benefits of this approach. The text explores various R-imperatives, such as refuse, reuse, and recycle, and their application in the battery lifecycle. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in battery design, recycling processes, and regulatory frameworks, such as the EU Battery Regulation. The chapter concludes with an outlook on the future of battery circularity, emphasizing the need for a holistic sustainability strategy. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights for professionals seeking to reduce the environmental footprint of battery production and use.AI Generated
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AbstractThe global market for batteries is rapidly growing, leading to significant material requirements to build up an in-use stock of batteries for mobility and stationary applications. One strategy to secure the material supply for batteries and simultaneously reduce the life cycle environmental impacts of batteries is the implementation of a circular economy for batteries, chiefly lithium-ion battery materials. In a circular economy, material cycles are narrowed, slowed, and closed to form cyclical or cascading material flows instead of linear take-make-waste schemes. The most common measures to implement a circular economy are so-called R-imperatives: refuse, rethink, reduce, reuse, repair, remanufacture, refurbish, repurpose, recycle, and recover. By implementing these R-imperatives, batteries can be designed to provide the highest functional value with the lowest material requirements. Their life is prolonged by repair and remanufacturing activities, and the valuable materials can be recycled through various processes. Legislative initiatives like the EU Battery Regulation and technological development foster the implementation of such a circular economy for batteries.
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Part II
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 3. Projected Global Demand for Energy Storage
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the long-term projections of the global energy system, highlighting the dramatic increase in the relevance of battery storage due to the rise of electric vehicles and the need for electricity storage with the growth of variable renewables. It draws primarily on the International Energy Agency's World Energy Outlook 2022, which foresees a significant expansion of variable wind and solar PV-based electricity generation and a rising share of electricity in total final energy consumption. The analysis covers the development of demand for battery energy storage in both the electricity and transport sectors, driven by the need for system flexibility and capacity adequacy. The chapter also explores the critical minerals required for battery production and the potential impacts on mineral demand. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of scaling up the production of these minerals in a sustainable manner to achieve the projected deployment rates and cost reductions.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter describes recent projections for the development of global and European demand for battery storage out to 2050 and analyzes the underlying drivers, drawing primarily on the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2022. The WEO 2022 projects a dramatic increase in the relevance of battery storage for the energy system. Battery electric vehicles become the dominant technology in the light-duty vehicle segment in all scenarios. In the electricity sector, battery energy storage emerges as one of the key solutions to provide flexibility to a power system that sees sharply rising flexibility needs, driven by the fast-rising share of variable renewables.The ongoing decline in the cost of battery packs is crucial to this. It enables electric vehicles to compete on cost with their internal combustion engine counterparts in more and more use cases while making stationary battery energy storage a cost-competitive choice for the provision of flexibility and secure capacity.The projected rise in battery production leads to a strong increase in demand for critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, copper, or manganese. Increasing the supply of these critical minerals in lockstep with demand is essential in order for battery costs to continue to decline. -
Chapter 4. Overview of Energy Storage Technologies Besides Batteries
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the diverse landscape of energy storage technologies, classifying them into mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, and thermal systems. It highlights the critical role of these technologies in the energy transition, particularly in enabling sector coupling and integrating renewable electricity into various economic sectors. The discussion includes the categorization of these systems based on their storage capacity and duration, with a focus on long-term and short-term storage applications. Additionally, the chapter explores the concept of power-to-X technologies, which facilitate the integration of renewable electricity into different sectors. The ecological footprint of these technologies is also examined, considering life cycle stages from production to operation and the associated environmental impacts. This comprehensive overview is essential for understanding the current state and future potential of energy storage technologies in the context of a sustainable energy system.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of energy storage technologies besides what is commonly referred to as batteries, namely, pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel storage, flow batteries, and power-to-X technologies. The operating principle of each technology is described briefly along with typical applications of the technology. Additionally, insights into the ecological footprint of the different energy storage systems are presented. -
Chapter 5. Batteries: Advantages and Importance in the Energy Transition
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter begins by highlighting the crucial role of batteries in facilitating the energy transition, particularly in managing the variability of renewable energy sources. It delves into the composition of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), explaining the different types of batteries such as lithium-ion, lead-acid, and flow batteries. The text then explores the applications of BESS in grid integration, including peak shaving, load leveling, and frequency regulation. Additionally, it discusses the integration of BESS in the transportation sector, focusing on electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. The chapter also addresses the lifespan and degradation of batteries, emphasizing the importance of optimizing battery usage and exploring second life applications for used batteries. Finally, it touches on the challenges and future directions in the development and deployment of BESS, making it a valuable resource for those interested in the energy storage landscape.AI Generated
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AbstractWith the growing push toward decarbonization of the electricity generation sector, more attention is paid to storage systems that can assist renewable energy sources (RES). Due to their variability, intermittent RES (such as wind or solar radiation) do not allow a power production distributed uniformly over the short term up to the mid- and long term. Storage of renewable electricity can significantly contribute to mitigate these issues, enhancing power system reliability and, thus, RES penetration. Among energy storage technologies, the potential applications of battery are discussed in this chapter. Focus is placed on applications related to battery energy systems integration in both power systems and electric transportation means.For grid integration, bulk energy services, transmission and distribution network support, and capacity firming coupled to highly variable RES plants are addressed. Regarding transportation applications, electric mobility and perspectives on the interaction of electric vehicles (EVs) with the electric infrastructure are presented and discussed. Finally, this chapter addresses issues related to EVs’ battery aging and their dismission and exploitation as second life batteries in stationary applications.
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Part III
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 6. Battery Market Segmentation
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter begins by introducing the wide-ranging applications of batteries, from stationary storage systems to portable devices. It discusses the trade-offs between cost and application requirements, emphasizing the importance of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in selecting the appropriate battery technology. The market is segmented into stationary, mobile, and portable applications, with each segment having distinct requirements and market volumes. Stationary storage systems are crucial for grid stability and renewable energy integration, while home storage systems optimize self-consumption and provide backup power. Industrial and commercial storage focuses on peakshaving and uninterruptible power supply, with grid-integrated utility-scale storage playing a significant role in ancillary services and grid relief. The chapter also explores non-battery stationary storage technologies and their applications. In the mobile segment, batteries power various vehicles, from micromobility to aviation, each with specific technological requirements. The chapter concludes by discussing the portable battery market, highlighting the diversity of applications and the potential for new battery technologies. Throughout, the chapter provides insights into the key drivers and future trends shaping the battery market, making it an essential read for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractBatteries play a key role in the electrification of many applications, covering a wide range from mobility to stationary (including grid-integrated utility) and portable batteries in consumer electronics. As different as these application areas are, the suitable battery technologies are also very different. It is hence not surprising that the battery market is highly fragmented into segments with different technological requirements and growth dynamics. This chapter provides an overview of the growing battery market and its segments and outlines the specific requirements for battery technology in each segment, including cost parameters. Also, the current technological advances and driving forces for market development (most of them connected to transformation of energy systems toward renewable-based electricity) in each segment are discussed. -
Chapter 7. Future Battery Market
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe global battery market has experienced significant growth since the 2010s, with Li-ion batteries emerging as a key player. The market is projected to reach substantial production capacities by 2030 and 2040, driven primarily by the shift to battery-electric vehicles. The chapter explores regional market shares, highlighting Asia's dominance and Europe's increasing self-sufficiency. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in the market, including supply chain bottlenecks, political support, and the need for skilled labor. Additionally, the text examines future battery technologies such as sodium-ion batteries and solid-state batteries, and their potential impact on the market. The analysis is based on various market reports and provides a detailed look at key performance indicators and technological advancements, making it a valuable resource for understanding the future of the battery market.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter explores the future trends in the battery market and analyzes the mutual interdependence of market demands and technological advances. First, most recent market volume projections are summarized, and the related uncertainties are described. Next, the interaction of foreseeable developments in battery technologies and demand scenarios is discussed along most relevant battery use cases. It turns out that current KPI expectations on the demand side and projected KPI on the supply side do not fully coincide yet. However, the market introduction of novel cell chemistries as well as improvements in cell design, manufacturing processes, and advanced material recycling concepts bears large potential for improving the efficiency of the overall battery supply chain and reducing costs. This chapter concludes that technological research and development, collaboration within the battery industry, public funding, and a stringent strategic research agenda are essential to secure the accelerating market growth for batteries.
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Part IV
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 8. Performance and Cost
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the diverse landscape of electrochemical storage systems, emphasizing the unique features and tailored performance characteristics of each technology. It discusses the market dominance and historical significance of lead-acid batteries, particularly their construction designs and positive electrode types. The text also explores the factors driving technology substitution, such as performance limits and economic or environmental considerations. Furthermore, it provides a detailed comparison of the main performance criteria and costs associated with different electrochemical storage technologies, making it a valuable resource for professionals seeking to understand the intricacies and future trends in this field.AI Generated
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AbstractBatteries are central to the global push for electrification and decarbonization of our transportation and energy infrastructures. Innovations in battery technologies, being the key enablers, are indispensable in addressing the surging demand for electromobility and seamless integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. For this cause, we need sustainable batteries that consistently deliver competitive performance throughout their life cycle.Presently, mainstream battery technologies encompass a variety of chemistries—lead, lithium, nickel, and sodium based. These have a considerable potential for further advancement, driven by a range of application requirements. Yet, it’s clear that no single battery chemistry or technology can meet all the diverse challenges posed by different end-user applications. These challenges span across attributes like high power and energy density, longevity, cost-efficiency, excellent safety standards, and minimal environmental impact. It is through innovative materials, cell component design, and cutting-edge battery management systems that we can enhance service life, performance, and safety.In the ensuing subchapter, we will emphasize how electrochemical storage systems are typically tailored to match the unique requirements of each application. In essence, there’s no “one-size-fits-all” solution when it comes to battery technology. -
Chapter 9. Raw Materials and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the intricate value chain of lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the critical raw materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, and the supply risks associated with them. It examines the various recycling processes, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling, and their respective material yields. Additionally, the chapter addresses the pressing safety concerns related to battery disposal and recycling, emphasizing the need for robust safety measures and regulations. It also discusses the legislative frameworks governing battery recycling and the potential for second-life applications of these batteries, providing a holistic view of the battery lifecycle and its environmental implications.AI Generated
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AbstractThe growth in the electric vehicle (EV) and the associated lithium-ion battery (LIB) market globally has been both exponential and inevitable. This is mainly due to the drive toward sustainability through the electrification of transport. This chapter briefly reviews and analyzes the value chain of LIBs, as well as the supply risks of the raw material provisions. It illustrates some of the global environmental and economic impacts of using materials such as cobalt, lithium, and nickel, in both their original and secondary usage and final disposal. To assist in the understanding of the supply and safety risks associated with the materials used in LIBs, this chapter explains in detail the various active cathode chemistries of the numerous LIBs currently available, including the specific battery contents, how the batteries are grouped into families, and the supply risks associated with the materials used. A detailed description of the three existing recycling processes and material yields from each recycling process is given. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities that come with each of these recycling processes. There is an overview of battery recycling regulation in the three major markets, China, the EU, and the USA; and how they impact one another. Finally, we highlight the safety issues associated with the transportation, processing, and recycling of LIBs with a focus on the primary risks of LIB fires and how to prevent them. This chapter concludes by summarizing the key findings of this work.
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Part V
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 10. Closed Battery Systems
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the advantages and challenges of lithium metal batteries, highlighting the superior theoretical capacity and energy density compared to traditional Li-ion intercalation electrodes. However, significant hurdles such as dendrite formation and SEI inhomogeneity hinder their commercial feasibility. The text explores various strategies to mitigate these issues, including optimization of electrolyte formulations, pre-deposition of artificial SEIs, and the use of three-dimensional scaffolds. Additionally, the chapter discusses the promising potential of solid-state electrolytes to address safety concerns and enhance overall battery performance. The detailed analysis of these approaches offers valuable insights into the future of lithium metal battery technology.AI Generated
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AbstractBattery technologies are expected to strongly contribute to the global energy storage industry and market. Among the several promising battery technologies, Li-metal batteries, all-solid-state Li batteries, and beyond-lithium systems are discussed in this chapter. Li metal represents a key anode material for boosting the energy density of batteries, but the formation of Li dendrites limits a safe and stable function of the system. The use of solid-state electrolytes allows a safer battery operation, by limiting the electrolyte flammability and dendrite formation, yet the performance is insufficient because of slower kinetics of the lithium ion. Possible solutions against these critical problems, especially through the discovery of new materials, are here discussed. Moreover, other innovative technologies based on Na, Ca, and Mg, so-called beyond-lithium batteries, are presented. Insights into these emerging battery systems, as well as a series of issues that came up with the replacement of lithium, are described in this chapter. Focus is particularly placed on development of battery materials with different perspectives, including performance, stability, and sustainability. -
Chapter 11. Open Battery Systems
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the architecture and advantages of open battery systems, with a focus on Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) and Air-Breathing Metal-Air Batteries (MABs). RFBs allow for decoupling of power and energy, enabling easy maintenance and scale-up, but face challenges with energy density due to the solubility of active materials. The chapter explores various chemistries, including vanadium-based RFBs and hybrid systems, and discusses the irruption of organic active materials. MABs, on the other hand, offer high energy density by using oxygen as a cathode material, but face issues with sluggish kinetics and electrode passivation. The chapter introduces flow MABs as a solution to these challenges, highlighting the promising future of these technologies in stationary energy storage applications.AI Generated
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AbstractGlobal battery demand for stationary storage is expected to increase up to more than 2500 GWh in the next 10 years. In this scenario, the redox flow batteries (RFBs) and metal–oxygen (air) batteries (MABs) represent a strategic alternative to LIBs.RFBs and MABs share a unique feature: unlike conventional LIBs and conventional batteries that are made by two solid electrodes, separated by an electrolyte/separator assembly, and that are hermetically sealed, RFBs and MABs can be considered as “open systems.” Besides the specific electrochemical processes that drive RFB and MAB operation and that will be discussed in the next sections, the open architecture of RFBs and MABs provides an inherent advantage vs. the closed batteries in terms of safety. Indeed, dangerous internal pressure and/or temperature rise that accidentally take place in case of battery failure can be mitigated.In the following, the most recent developments of novel open battery architectures are presented, while promises and challenges of these open systems are discussed.
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Part VI
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 12. Methodological Challenges of Prospective Assessments
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the methodological challenges of prospective assessments, emphasizing their importance for guiding innovations towards sustainability. It focuses on emerging technologies, such as battery technologies, and discusses key challenges including data availability and quality, scaling issues, uncertainty management, and comparability. The text highlights the need for robust and transparent methods to address these challenges, ensuring reliable results for decision-makers. It also underscores the lack of standardized methods and the interconnected nature of these challenges, making it essential for stakeholders to understand and report them transparently. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the potential of prospective assessments to provide valuable insights into the future development of emerging technologies, supporting decision-makers in steering these technologies towards a preferred future state.AI Generated
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AbstractTraditionally, environmental, economic, and social impact assessments of technological innovations have been conducted retrospectively, which means assessing the present or past impacts of products and services. However, for the evaluation of future aspects of technological developments, alternative assessment methods are needed. Prospective assessment is a future-oriented method that can be used to assess environmental, economic, and social impacts. Prospective assessments, like retrospective assessments, provide guidance to decision-makers, including technology developers, policymakers, and manufacturers. Despite the benefits offered by such assessments, a standard method to follow when conducting a prospective assessment presently does not exist.This section focuses on the methodological challenges of prospective assessments for the evaluation of the impacts of emerging technologies, with a particular focus on emerging battery technologies. Four key challenges of prospective assessments are defined and discussed, being data availability and quality, scaling issues, uncertainty management and variability, and comparability. Each of these challenges is described, and existing methods are suggested to mitigate the challenges. The section concludes by emphasising the need for harmonised and standardised methods when communicating results related to prospective LCAs. In addition, studies need to address the key challenges identified to improve the wider acceptance of results amongst stakeholders and decision-makers. -
Chapter 13. Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Battery Systems
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter 'Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Battery Systems' delves into the environmental impacts of various battery technologies, emphasizing the need for minimizing these impacts to meet clean energy goals. It explores the life cycle of batteries, from material extraction and manufacturing to use and end-of-life management, and highlights the importance of life cycle assessment (LCA) in understanding these impacts. The chapter discusses LCAs of solid-state lithium batteries, metal anode-based lithium batteries, and non-lithium chemistries like sodium, magnesium, and aluminum batteries. It also covers open battery systems, including redox flow batteries and metal-air batteries. The study reveals that while some emerging technologies show promise, others still face challenges in terms of environmental impacts and resource depletion. The chapter concludes by stressing the need for further research and optimization to fully realize the potential benefits of these technologies.AI Generated
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AbstractThe large-scale deployment of battery energy storage systems is critical for enabling the electrification of transport and the integration of renewable energy resources into regional electricity systems. Producing these systems, however, can impose various types and extents of environmental impacts and resource requirements. For relatively mature battery technologies, such as lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and certain variations of lithium-ion batteries, a robust life cycle assessment (LCA) literature exists that characterizes the environmental impacts and material requirements for these systems. Newer battery technologies, however, are constantly being explored, developed, and refined to improve upon the cost, durability, efficiency, or other performance parameters of relatively mature battery technologies. These newer technologies, including but not limited to solid-state lithium batteries, metal anode-based lithium batteries, non-lithium-based chemistries, flow batteries of different chemistries, and metal-air batteries, show promise from an in-use performance standpoint but do not yet have as robust of an LCA literature that characterizes their environmental impacts and resource requirements at scale. Here, we provide an overview of the present state of the art in the research literature of LCAs that characterize the potential environmental impacts and resource requirements of these emerging technologies as a basis for outlining needs for future research. -
Chapter 14. Techno-economics Analysis on Sodium-Ion Batteries: Overview and Prospective
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the techno-economic analysis of sodium-ion batteries, emphasizing their potential as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries. With the global battery demand expected to reach 2600 GWh by 2030, the scarcity of lithium minerals has become a significant concern. Sodium-ion batteries, with their abundant resources and high cost-effectiveness, offer a promising solution. The chapter explores the basic raw materials required for sodium-ion batteries and compares their costs with those of lithium-ion batteries. It also discusses the potential for cost reduction through the use of low-cost precursors for anode materials. Furthermore, the chapter provides a detailed cost analysis using the Argonne National Lab’s BatPaC model, suggesting that sodium-ion batteries could be cost-competitive with the most inexpensive lithium technologies. The chapter concludes by highlighting the potential of sodium-ion batteries for various applications, including e-bikes, e-scooters, and stationary energy storage systems, and discusses the efforts of several companies in developing commercial sodium-ion batteries.AI Generated
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AbstractSodium-ion batteries are considered compelling electrochemical energy storage systems considering its abundant resources, high cost-effectiveness, and high safety. Therefore, sodium-ion batteries might become an economically promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, while there are several works available in the literature on the costs of lithium-ion battery materials, cells, and modules, there is relatively little available analysis of these for sodium ion. Moreover, most of the works on sodium ion focus on costs of material preparation and the electrodes/electrolytes taken in isolation, without considering the costs of the whole cell or battery system. Therefore, the lack of a cost analysis makes it hard to evaluate the long-term feasibility of this storage technology. In this context, this focus chapter presents a preliminary techno-economics analysis on sodium-ion batteries, based on the review of the recent literature. The main materials/components contributing to the price of the sodium-ion batteries are investigated, along with core challenges presently limiting their development and benefits of their practical deployment. The results are also compared with those of competing lithium-ion technology. -
Chapter 15. Techno-economics of Open Battery Systems
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the techno-economics of open battery systems, emphasizing the necessity of a bottom-up approach. It begins by outlining the three interlinked modeling levels: electrochemical, component, and system. The electrochemical level involves calculating battery performance considering thermodynamic constraints and losses. The component level focuses on key element costs, while the system level encompasses technical system design and power electronics. The chapter also highlights the significance of component costs, particularly membranes, bipolar plates, and electrodes, and discusses the impact of raw material prices on overall system costs. Additionally, it covers the importance of data quality and input data for accurate techno-economic assessments. The chapter concludes by presenting economic modeling approaches for capital costs, total cost of storage, and levelized cost of storage, providing a thorough analysis of the techno-economics of open battery systems.AI Generated
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AbstractIn the design of open battery systems, especially flow batteries (FBs), power (P) and energy (E) may be scaled independently. Thus, the battery design is characterized by the E/P ratio. The resulting wide variety of battery systems requires a close linkage of technical and economic aspects in cost assessment. This subchapter provides an assessment framework for techno-economics of open battery systems designed as FBs. -
Chapter 16. Social Implications
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the social implications and vulnerabilities within the battery industry, emphasizing the need for a more inclusive and equitable approach to energy transitions. It highlights the historical focus on battery performance and cost, while neglecting the afterlife of batteries and the social implications of their production and usage. The adoption of a circular battery value chain, as envisioned by the Paris Agreement 2°C scenario, holds significant promise for creating safe, fair, and quality job opportunities while driving economic development and promoting just energy transitions. However, the exploitation of critical raw materials raises environmental concerns and poses risks such as resource depletion, human toxicity, and child labor. Addressing these challenges necessitates incorporating social aspects into materials research and engineering to ensure inclusive and equitable technological developments. The chapter also explores gender-specific research, social acceptance of battery technologies, and the importance of understanding local community attitudes in the successful implementation of renewable energy initiatives. By fostering an inclusive approach and embracing social innovation, the battery industry can become a powerful driver of positive change, leading us towards a greener, more resilient, and socially responsible energy landscape.AI Generated
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AbstractThe book chapter addresses the vulnerabilities and sustainability challenges in the battery industry, emphasising the importance of social acceptance in the context of a variety of applications. The battery industry’s environmental impacts, supply chain issues and geopolitical concerns are discussed, along with the need for just energy transitions and human rights safeguards. The role of batteries in energy storage, e-mobility and grid storage is explored, including the phenomenon of range anxiety in electric vehicles. The chapter underscores the significance of combining technical advancements with social factors for successful energy technology transitions and achieving sustainable battery value chain. Social innovation and acceptance issues related to battery technologies are highlighted, considering factors like socio-political, market and community acceptance. Overall, the text advocates for a balanced approach between societal needs, environmental conservation and technological advancements in the battery industry. -
Chapter 17. Social Life Cycle Assessment of Batteries
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the Social Life Cycle Assessment (s-LCA) of batteries, a methodology specifically designed to evaluate the social impacts of products and services across their entire life cycle. It draws parallels with environmental LCA, emphasizing the need for a standardized framework to assess social impacts effectively. The chapter discusses two main impact assessment approaches: the Reference Scale Approach (Type I) and the Impact Pathway Approach (Type II). Type I focuses on comparing company behavior to norms, while Type II predicts social impacts through causal relationships. The chapter also reviews existing databases and methodologies, such as the Social Hotspots Database and the Preston pathway, which quantify social impacts. It concludes by highlighting the need for further standardization and research to enhance the applicability and interpretability of s-LCA results in the battery industry.AI Generated
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AbstractAs the demand for batteries is continuously increasing, understanding their social implications becomes increasingly important.This chapter points out the relevance of the social life cycle assessment (SLCA) to evaluate the effects on social issues of battery throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.In the first two paragraphs, the authors describe the main SLCA methodological tools and highlight that further efforts should be made on standardisation possibilities and the alignment to other life cycle methodologies, and testing of methods is necessary to overcome present obstacles and increase the applicability and interpretability results.In the third paragraph, a literature review is carried out to highlight the main critical hotspots in s-LCA studies. There are many studies on the environmental impacts of battery production in the literature, but the social aspects have not been adequately explored or they are limited to social acceptance. Moreover, indicators related to social aspects are not standardised, due to the obstacles to collect data from the specific production sector for all life cycle phases. Identifying the social impacts of battery supply chain must necessarily include all life cycle phases, such as the extraction and processing of raw materials, the production of intermediates, the production of battery cells, the assembly of the battery pack as final product and the disposal or recycling. Further, the literature review highlights the necessity of more research to clearly define the possible social impacts of batteries, especially objective analyses that can clearly quantify the impacts deriving from the life cycle phases and that allow comparisons among different scenarios, which can be highly variegated. -
Chapter 18. Multicriteria Decision Analysis for Sustainability Assessment for Emerging Batteries
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the complexities of sustainability assessment for emerging batteries, emphasizing the use of Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. It provides an overview of MCDA techniques, their application in the battery industry, and a detailed use case for cathode material selection in sodium ion batteries. The chapter also discusses the challenges and importance of stakeholder integration, criterion selection, and method selection in sustainability assessment. Additionally, it highlights the role of software tools in facilitating MCDA processes and the need for further research in handling uncertainty and expanding stakeholder involvement.AI Generated
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AbstractMulticriteria decision-making theory has been widely used for sustainability assessment in the context of energy management. Although it is not a simple task, requirements are available in the literature to guide analysts performing this type of assessments. When it comes to emerging technologies, specific conditions such unknown impacts, lack of data, high uncertainty, etc., can increase the complexity of the task. Here we present an overview of the concepts of MCDA sustainability assessment, examples of existing studies in the field of energy storage, and a use case for the sustainability assessment of early-stage cathode materials for sodium ion batteries using PROMETHEE II. The results in this type of assessment serve as an indicative for further research and development of specific technologies/materials. Factors such as the availability of data and dynamic social contexts (e.g., political priorities) make sustainability assessments an iterative process. Systematic approaches and specialized MCDA software are necessary to support this task.
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- Title
- Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition
- Editors
-
Stefano Passerini
Linda Barelli
Manuel Baumann
Jens Peters
Marcel Weil
- Copyright Year
- 2024
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-48359-2
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-48358-5
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2
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