Top

Published in:

13-11-2021

Employment Loss as a Result of COVID-19: a Nationwide Survey at the Onset of COVID-19 in US LGBTQ+ Populations

Authors: Richard J. Martino, Kristen D. Krause, Marybec Griffin, Caleb LoSchiavo, Camilla Comer-Carruthers, Perry N. Halkitis

Published in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy | Issue 4/2022

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Introduction

The unemployment rate in the US reached record highs during the COVID-19 pandemic, but little is known about the job loss experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals, who are already economically disadvantaged due to structural and social inequities.

Methods

Cross-sectional data on unemployment due to COVID-19 were collected between May and July 2020 among 1090 individuals across the US through an online survey.

Results

Respondents who had been employed prior to COVID-19 formed the analytic sample (n = 990). Of these, 298 (27.3%) reported job loss or being furloughed due to COVID-19. When controlling for all other factors, we found statistically significant higher rates of unemployment among younger participants, HIV-positive individuals, men, Black and White non-Hispanic participants, those with less educational attainment, and those in multi-person homes.

Conclusions

The employment of LGBTQ+ people has been undermined by COVID-19, but as with all populations, those with multiple minority identities, such as Black or HIV+ and LGBTQ+, have been most severely affected.

Policy Implications

LGBTQ+ populations in the US have experienced high levels of unemployment due to COVID-19. This study highlights the need for national data collection on sexual orientation and gender identity for unemployment as well as the need for substantive policies, such as expanding unemployment to assist in the economic recovery for populations most affected by COVID-19 and the Equality Act to offer further workplace protections.

previous article Inclusive Psychotherapy for Sexual Minority Adults: the Role of the Therapeutic Alliance

next article Putting the “Comprehensive” in Comprehensive Sexuality Education: a Review Exploring Young Adult Literature as a School-based Intervention

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Abuelgasim, E., Saw, L. J., Shirke, M., Zeinah, M., & Harky, A. (2020). COVID-19: Unique public health issues facing Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities. Current Problems in Cardiology, 45(8), 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100621CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ahmad, K., Erqou, S., Shah, N., Nazir, U., Morrison, A. R., Choudhary, G., & Wu, W. C. (2020). Association of poor housing conditions with COVID-19 incidence and mortality across US counties. PLoS One, 15(11), e0241327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241327CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Badgett, M. V., Choi, S. K., & Wilson, B. D. (2019). LGBT poverty in the United States. The Williams Institute. Retrieved Oct 23 from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-poverty-us/

Cahill, S., Grasso, C., Keuroghlian, A., Sciortino, C., & Mayer, K. (2020). Sexual and gender minority health in the COVID-19 pandemic: Why data collection and combatting discrimination matter now more than ever. American Journal of Public Health, 110(9), 1360–1361. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305829CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Carpenter, C. S., Eppink, S. T., & Gonzales, G. (2020). Transgender status, gender identity, and socioeconomic outcomes in the United States. ILR Review, 73(3), 573–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793920902776CrossRef

Castellanos, H. D. (2016). The role of institutional placement, family conflict, and homosexuality in homelessness pathways among Latino LGBT youth in New York City. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(5), 601–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1111108CrossRefPubMed

CBS News. (2020). Patients getting slammed by surprise costs related to COVID-19. CBS News. Retrieved Dec 23 from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/patients-getting-slammed-by-surprise-costs-related-to-covid-19/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a). COVID-19 case surveillance public use data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://data.cdc.gov/Case-Surveillance/COVID-19-Case-Surveillance-Public-Use-Data/vbim-akqf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b). Loss of work due to illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/rands/work.htm

Charlton, B. M., Gordon, A. R., Reisner, S. L., Sarda, V., Samnaliev, M., & Austin, S. B. (2018). Sexual orientation-related disparities in employment, health insurance, healthcare access and health-related quality of life: A cohort study of US male and female adolescents and young adults. BMJ Open, 8(6), e020418. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020418CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen, Y. H., Glymour, M., Riley, A., Balmes, J., Duchowny, K., Harrison, R., Matthay, E., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2021). Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18–65 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through Oct 2020. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.21.21250266

Clark, E., Fredricks, K., Woc-Colburn, L., Bottazzi, M. E., & Weatherhead, J. (2020). Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrant communities in the United States. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(7), e0008484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008484CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Collins, S. R., Gunja, M. Z., & Aboulafia, G. N. (2020). US health insurance coverage in 2020: A looming crisis in affordability. Retrieved Oct 23 from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2020/aug/looming-crisis-health-coverage-2020-biennial

Dickler, J. (2020). Nearly 14% of Americans have wiped out their emergency savings during the pandemic: CNBC + Acorns survey. CNBC. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/01/nearly-14percent-of-americans-have-wiped-out-emergency-savings-during-pandemic.html

Ecker, J., Aubry, T., & Sylvestre, J. (2019). A review of the literature on LGBTQ adults who experience homelessness. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(3), 297–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1413277CrossRefPubMed

Fairlie, R. W., Couch, K., & Xu, H. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment: First evidence from April 2020 CPS microdata (0898–2937).

Farmer, B. (2020). Hospital bills for uninsured COVID patients are covered, but no one tells them. Kaiser Health News. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://khn.org/news/hospital-bills-for-uninsured-covid-patients-are-covered-but-no-one-tells-them/

Florida, R. (2019). The real powerhouses that drive the world’s economy. Bloomberg CityLab. Retrieved Oct 18 from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-28/mapping-the-mega-regions-powering-the-world-s-economy

Foster, S. (2020). Survey: As coronavirus spreads, nearly 1 in 3 Americans admit to not seeking medical care due to cost. Bankrate. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.bankrate.com/surveys/health-care-costs/

Ganson, K. T., Tsai, A. C., Weiser, S. D., Benabou, S. E., & Nagata, J. M. (2021). Job insecurity and symptoms of anxiety and depression among U.S. young adults during COVID-19. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(1), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.008

Garfield, R., Orgera, K., & Damico, A. (2021). The coverage gap: Uninsured poor adults in states that do not expand Medicaid. KFF Health System. Retrieved Oct 23 from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-coverage-gap-uninsured-poor-adults-in-states-that-do-not-expand-medicaid/

Google. (2020). reCAPTCHA v3. Google. Retrieved Oct 18 from https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3

Griffin-Tomas, M., Cahill, S., Kapadia, F., & Halkitis, P. N. (2018). Access to health services among young adult gay men in New York City. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(1), 1557988318818683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318818683CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Griffin, M., Cahill, S., Kapadia, F., & Halkitis, P. N. (2020a). Healthcare usage and satisfaction among young adult gay men in New York city. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(4), 531–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2020.1799474CrossRef

Griffin, M., Jaiswal, J., Krytusa, D., Krause, K. D., Kapadia, F., & Halkitis, P. N. (2020b). Healthcare experiences of urban young adult lesbians. Women’s Health, 16, 1745506519899820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506519899820CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Griffin, M., Krause, K. D., Kapadia, F., & Halkitis, P. N. (2018). A qualitative investigation of healthcare engagement among young adult gay men in New York City: A P18 Cohort Substudy. LGBT Health, 5(6), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2017.0015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Griffin, M., Martino, R. J., LoSchiavo, C., Comer-Carruthers, C., Krause, K. D., Stults, C. B., & Halkitis, P. N. (2021). Ensuring survey research data integrity in the era of internet bots. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01252-1CrossRef

Heck, J. E., Sell, R. L., & Gorin, S. S. (2006). Health care access among individuals involved in same-sex relationships. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 1111–1118. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.062661CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hsu, H. E., Ashe, E. M., Silverstein, M., Hofman, M., Lange, S. J., Razzaghi, H., Mishuris, R. G., Davidoff, R., Parker, E. M., & Penman-Aguilar, A. (2020). Race/ethnicity, underlying medical conditions, homelessness, and hospitalization status of adult patients with COVID-19 at an urban safety-net medical center—Boston, Massachusetts, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(27), 864–869.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Human Rights Campaign Foundation, & PSB. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on LGBTQ communities of color. Human Rights Campaign Foundation. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/COVID_19_EconImpact-CommunitiesColor052020d.pdf

Jean, G. (1957). Megalopolis or the urbanization of the northeastern seaboard. Economic Geography, 33(3), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.2307/142307CrossRef

Jones, J. M. (2017). In U.S., 10.2% of LGBT adults now married to same-sex spouse. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://news.gallup.com/poll/212702/lgbt-adults-married-sex-spouse.aspx

King, J. S. (2020). Covid-19 and the need for health care reform. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(26), e104. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000821CrossRefPubMed

Kochhar, R., & Barroso, A. (2020). Young workers likely to be hard hit as COVID-19 strikes a blow to restaurants and other service sector jobs. Pew Research Center. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/27/young-workers-likely-to-be-hard-hit-as-covid-19-strikes-a-blow-to-restaurants-and-other-service-sector-jobs/

Krause, K. D. (2021). Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBTQ communities. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 27. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001273

Krause, K. D., Kapadia, F., Ompad, D. C., D’Avanzo, P. A., Duncan, D. T., & Halkitis, P. N. (2016). Early life psychosocial stressors and housing instability among young sexual minority men: The P18 cohort study. Journal of Urban Health, 93(3), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0049-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Laurencin, C. T., & McClinton, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. Journal of Racial Ethnic Health Disparities, 7(3), 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lee, J. G. L., Boynton, M. H., Shook-Sa, B. E., & Wimark, T. (2020). Is where same-sex couples live a valid measure for where single lesbian, gay, and bisexual people live in population health research? Results from a National Probability Phone Survey, 2017, United States. Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health(2), 96-114. https://doi.org/10.1891/LGBTQ-2019-0009

Leifheit, K. M., Linton, S. L., Raifman, J., Schwartz, G., Benfer, E. A., Zimmerman, F. J., & Pollack, C. (2020). Expiring eviction moratoriums and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Available at SSRN 3739576.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739576

Martino, R. J., Krause, K. D., Griffin, M., LoSchiavo, C., Comer-Carruthers, C., Karr, A. G., Bullock, A. F., & Halkitis, P. N. (2021). A nationwide survey of COVID-19 testing in LGBTQ+ populations in the United States. Public Health Reports, 136(4), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549211018190CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mehta, J., & Chang, A. (2020). For hungry Americans across the country, food insecurity crisis deepens. NPR. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946420784/u-s-faces-food-insecurity-crisis-as-several-federal-aid-programs-set-to-run-out-

Mirza, S. A., Zessoules, D., Hendricks, G., Madowitz, M., & Durso, L. E. (2018). The state of the LGBTQ community in the labor market: Pre-June 2018 jobs day release. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2018/07/05/453094/state-lgbtq-community-labor-market-pre-june-2018-jobs-day-release/

Mojtabai, R. (2019). Insurance loss in the era of the affordable care act: Association with access to health services. Medical Care, 57(8), 567–573. https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001150CrossRefPubMed

Mottola, G. R. (2014). The financial capability of young adults—A generational view. FINRA Foundation Financial Capability Insights.

Movement Advancement Project. (2020). The disproportionate impacts of COVID-19 on LGBTQ households in the U.S. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.lgbtmap.org/2020-covid-lgbtq-households

Nguyen, K. H., Trivedi, A. N., & Shireman, T. I. (2018). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults report continued problems affording care despite coverage gains. Health Affairs, 37(8), 1306–1312. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0281CrossRefPubMed

Qualtrics. (2005). Qualtrics. In Provo, UT, USA (Version May-June 2020) https://www.qualtrics.com

Rader, B., Astley, C. M., Sy, K. T. L., Sewalk, K., Hswen, Y., Brownstein, J. S., & Kraemer, M. U. G. (2020). Geographic access to United States SARS-CoV-2 testing sites highlights healthcare disparities and may bias transmission estimates. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa076

Riley, E. D., Hickey, M. D., Imbert, E., Clemenzi-Allen, A. A., & Gandhi, M. (2020). COVID-19 and HIV spotlight the U.S. imperative for permanent affordable housing. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1327

Rodriguez-Diaz, C. E., Guilamo-Ramos, V., Mena, L., Hall, E., Honermann, B., Crowley, J. S., Baral, S., Prado, G. J., Marzan-Rodriguez, M., Beyrer, C., Sullivan, P. S., & Millett, G. A. (2020). Risk for COVID-19 infection and death among Latinos in the United States: examining heterogeneity in transmission dynamics. Annals of Epidemiology, 52(46–53), e42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.07.007CrossRef

Rodriguez, C. H. (2020). COVID tests are free, except when they’re not. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved Dec 23 from https://khn.org/news/bill-of-the-month-covid19-tests-are-free-except-when-theyre-not/

Rossen, L. M., Branum, A. M., Ahmad, F. B., Sutton, P., & Anderson, R. N. (2020). Excess deaths associated with COVID-19, by age and race and ethnicity—United States, 26 Jan–3 Oct 3, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(42), 1522.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Royal, J. (2020). Survey: Nearly 3 times as many Americans say they have less emergency savings versus more since pandemic. Bankrate. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.bankrate.com/banking/savings/emergency-savings-survey-2020/

Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sanchez, T. H., Zlotorzynska, M., Rai, M., & Baral, S. D. (2020). Characterizing the impact of COVID-19 on men who have sex with men across the United States in April, 2020. AIDS and Behavior, 24(7), 2024–2032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02894-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Santos, G. M., Ackerman, B., Rao, A., Wallach, S., Ayala, G., Lamontage, E., Garner, A., Holloway, I. W., Arreola, S., Silenzio, V., Strömdahl, S., Yu, L., Strong, C., Adamson, T., Yakusik, A., Doan, T. T., Huang, P., Cerasuolo, D., Bishop, A., Noori, T., Pharris, A., Aung, M., Dara, M., Chung, S. Y., Hanley, M., Baral, S., Beyrer, C., & Howell, S. (2020). Economic, mental health, HIV prevention and HIV treatment impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response on a global sample of cisgender gay men and other men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02969-0

SAS Institute Inc. (2016). SAS 9.4 (Version TS1M5). In. Cary, NC.

Sheckter, C. C., Singh, P., Angelos, P., & Offodile, A. C. (2020). Surprise billing in surgical care episodes — Overview, ethical concerns, and policy solutions in light of COVID-19. Annals of Surgery, 272(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004152

Shiau, S., Krause, K. D., Valera, P., Swaminathan, S., & Halkitis, P. N. (2020). The burden of COVID-19 in people living with HIV: A syndemic perspective. AIDS and Behavior, 24(8), 2244–2249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02871-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Stettner, A., & Pancotta, E. (2020). 12 million workers facing jobless benefit cliff on December 26. The Century Foundation. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://tcf.org/content/report/12-million-workers-facing-jobless-benefit-cliff-december-26/?agreed=1

Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016). Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

The Associated Press. (2020). Highlights of $900 billion COVID-19 relief, wrapup bills. Associated Press. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://apnews.com/article/health-care-reform-health-legislation-coronavirus-pandemic-762f84e4da11d350d8b5be5680ab01c4

The White House. (2021). American rescue plan. Retrieved Mar 30 from https://www.whitehouse.gov/american-rescue-plan/

The Williams Institute. (2019). LGBT demographic data interactive. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Retrieved Jan 27 from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/visualization/lgbt-stats/?topic=LGBT#about-the-data

Threet, D., Aurand, A., Pish, M., Allen, K., & Carrol, S. (2020). Costs of COVID-19 evictions. National Low Income Housing Coalition. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/costs-of-covid19-evictions.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021a). Week 26 household pulse survey: March 3 – November 15. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Mar 30 from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/hhp/hhp26.html

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021b). Week 34 household pulse survey: July 21 - August 2 U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 30 from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/hhp/hhp34.html

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). CARES act provider relief fund: For patients. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved Dec 23 from https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/cares-act-provider-relief-fund/for-patients/index.html

U.S. Department of Labor. (2020a). The employment situation - May 2020. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved Jul 25 from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_06052020.pdf

U.S. Department of Labor. (2020b). Unemployment insurance weekly claims. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://www.dol.gov/ui/data.pdf

U.S. Department of Treasury. (2020). The Treasury Department is delivering COVID-19 relief for all Americans. U.S. Department of Treasury. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares

U.S. Department of Treasury. (2021). FACT SHEET: The American rescue plan will deliver immediate economic relief to families. Retrieved Mar 30 from https://home.treasury.gov/news/featured-stories/fact-sheet-the-american-rescue-plan-will-deliver-immediate-economic-relief-to-families

United States Congess, 2019-2020 (2021). H.R.133 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133

Vahidy, F. S., Nicolas, J. C., Meeks, J. R., Khan, O., Pan, A., Jones, S. L., Masud, F., Sostman, H. D., Phillips, R., Andrieni, J. D., Kash, B. A., & Nasir, K. (2020). Racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: analysis of a COVID-19 observational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population. BMJ Open, 10(8), e039849. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039849CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Walters, M., Chen, J., & Breiding, M. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey 2010: Findings on victimization by sexual orientation.

Whittington, C., Hadfield, K., & Calderón, C. (2020). The lives & livelihoods of many in the LGBTQ community are at risk amidst COVID-19 crisis. Human Rights Campaign Foundation. Retrieved Jan 29 from https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/COVID19-IssueBrief-032020-FINAL.pdf

Woolhandler, S., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2020). Intersecting U.S. epidemics: COVID-19 and lack of health insurance. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(1), 63–64. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-1491

Title: Employment Loss as a Result of COVID-19: a Nationwide Survey at the Onset of COVID-19 in US LGBTQ+ Populations
Authors: Richard J. Martino
Kristen D. Krause
Marybec Griffin
Caleb LoSchiavo
Camilla Comer-Carruthers
Perry N. Halkitis
Publication date: 13-11-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy / Issue 4/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-9884
Electronic ISSN: 1553-6610
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00665-9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Policy Implications

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 4/2022

“I Don’t Even Want to Come Out”: the Suppressed Voices of Our Future and Opening the Lid on Sexual and Gender Minority Youth Workplace Discrimination in Europe: a Qualitative Study

Towards a Transnational Sexual Health Research and Policy Agenda: the European Sexual Medicine Network Delphi Study

Self-Compassion Contributes to Decreased Hopelessness in Young Gay Men: Two Types of Maladaptive Coping Strategies as Mediators

Uptake of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination by HIV Status and HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Care Engagement Among Young Sexual Minority Men 17–24 Years Old in the USA

The Effect of an Education Program on Iranian Mothers’ Self-efficacy in Child Sex Education: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

“Wait, What Is That? A Man or Woman or What?”: Trans Microaggressions from Gynecological Healthcare Providers