Top

Population and Environment

Published in:

01-03-2024 | Original Paper

Environmental correlates of mortality: How does air pollution contribute to geographic disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality?

Author: Yue Sun

Published in: Population and Environment | Issue 1/2024

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, but CVD mortality rates vary substantially across U.S. counties. Recent explanations about geographic disparities in CVD mortality focus mainly on differences in demographic composition, socioeconomic conditions, health care access, and health behaviors. It is unclear what role air pollution plays in explaining geographic disparities in CVD mortality. In this study, I examine the associations between air pollution and county-level CVD mortality for the years 2016 to 2018 and how these associations vary across rural and urban counties. To answer these questions, I merge county-level data from multiple sources and apply spatial models. I find that higher concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) are associated with higher CVD mortality rates, net of important county-level confounders such as socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Moreover, PM 2.5 concentration is more strongly associated with CVD mortality in rural than in urban areas. These findings reveal the importance of air quality for reducing the CVD burden in the United States. Reducing PM 2.5 concentration could not only reduce geographic disparities in CVD deaths but could also reduce the rural mortality penalty.

next article Climate (im)mobilities in the Eastern Hindu Kush: The case of Lotkuh Valley, Pakistan

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705CrossRef

Al-Kindi, S. G., Brook, R. D., Biswal, S., & Rajagopalan, S. (2020). Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: Lessons learned from air pollution. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 17, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0371-2

Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial econometrics: Methods and models (Vol. 4). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7799-1

Anselin, L. (1990a). Spatial dependence and spatial structural instability in applied regression analysis. Journal of Regional Science, 30(2), 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1990.tb00092.xCrossRef

Anselin, L. (1990b). What is special about spatial data? Alternative perspectives on spatial data analysis. In D. A. Griffith (Ed.), Spatial Statistics: Past, Present, and Future (pp. 63–77). Institute of Mathematical Geography. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/58237

Anselin, L., & Bera, A. K. (1998). Spatial dependence in linear regression models with an introduction to spatial econornetrics. In A. Ullah & D. E. A. Giles (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics (pp. 237–289). Marcel Dekker.

Azimi, P., & Stephens, B. (2020). A framework for estimating the US mortality burden of fine particulate matter exposure attributable to indoor and outdoor microenvironments. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 30(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0103-4

Basith, S., Manavalan, B., Shin, T. H., Park, C. B., Lee, W. -S., Kim, J., & Lee, G. (2022). The impact of fine particulate matter 2.5 on the cardiovascular system: A review of the invisible killer. Nanomaterials, 12(15), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152656

BEA. (2022a). GDP by county, metro, and other areas. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-county-metro-and-other-areas

BEA. (2022b). Gross domestic product. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/resources/learning-center/what-to-know-gdp

Bevan, G. H., Freedman, D. A., Lee, E. K., Rajagopalan, S., & Al-Kindi, S. G. (2021). Association between ambient air pollution and county-level cardiovascular mortality in the United States by social deprivation index. American Heart Journal, 235, 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2021.02.005CrossRef

Bowe, B., Xie, Y., Yan, Y., & Al-Aly, Z. (2019). Burden of cause-specific mortality associated with PM2.5 air pollution in the United States. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1915834. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15834

Breslow, R. A., & Graubard, B. I. (2008). Prospective study of alcohol consumption in the United States: Quantity, frequency, and cause-specific mortality. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00595.x

Brook, R. D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope, C. A., Brook, J. R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A. V., Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R. V., Mittleman, M. A., Peters, A., Siscovick, D., Smith, S. C., Whitsel, L., & Kaufman, J. D. (2010). Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 121(21), 2331–2378. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1CrossRef

Brulle, R. J., & Pellow, D. N. (2006). Environmental justice: Human health and environmental inequalities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102124CrossRef

Bullard, R. D. (2000). Dumping in dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality (3rd ed.). Westview Press.

CDC. (2023). National center for health statistics mortality data on CDC WONDER. CDC WONDER. https://wonder.cdc.gov/Deaths-by-Underlying-Cause.html

Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Feigin, V., Freedman, G., Hubbell, B., Jobling, A., Kan, H., Knibbs, L., Liu, Y., Martin, R., Morawska, L., … Forouzanfar, M. H. (2017). Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. The Lancet, 389(10082), 1907–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6

Coleman, N. C., Burnett, R. T., Higbee, J. D., Lefler, J. S., Merrill, R. M., Ezzati, M., Marshall, J. D., Kim, S.-Y., Bechle, M., Robinson, A. L., & Pope, C. A. (2020). Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. Cancer Causes & Control, 31, 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01317-wCrossRef

Colmer, J., Hardman, I., Shimshack, J., & Voorheis, J. (2020). Disparities in PM2.5 air pollution in the United States. Science, 369(6503), 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9353

Corrigan, A. E., Becker, M. M., Neas, L. M., Cascio, W. E., & Rappold, A. G. (2018). Fine particulate matters: The impact of air quality standards on cardiovascular mortality. Environmental Research, 161, 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.025CrossRef

Cosby, A. G., McDoom-Echebiri, M. M., James, W., Khandekar, H., Brown, W., & Hanna, H. L. (2019). Growth and persistence of place-based mortality in the United States: The rural mortality penalty. American Journal of Public Health, 109(1), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304787CrossRef

Cossman, J. S., Cossman, R. E., James, W. L., Campbell, C. R., Blanchard, T. C., & Cosby, A. G. (2007). Persistent clusters of mortality in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 97(12), 2148–2150. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093112CrossRef

Cutler, D., Deaton, A., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). The Determinants of mortality. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(3), 97–120.CrossRef

Datta, S. K., & De, T. (2021). Chapter 5—linkage between energy use, pollution, and economic growth—a cross-country analysis. In P. Singh, P. Verma, D. Perrotti, & K. K. Srivastava (Eds.), Environmental Sustainability and Economy (pp. 85–110). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822188-4.00001-4

Dong, W., Motairek, I., Nasir, K., Chen, Z., Kim, U., Khalifa, Y., Freedman, D., Griggs, S., Rajagopalan, S., & Al-Kindi, S. G. (2023). Risk factors and geographic disparities in premature cardiovascular mortality in US Counties: A machine learning approach. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30188-9

Downey, L. (2005). The unintended significance of race: Environmental racial inequality in Detroit. Social Forces, 83(3), 971–1008. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0026CrossRef

Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Stubbs, R. W., Morozoff, C., Kutz, M. J., Huynh, C., Barber, R. M., Shackelford, K. A., Mackenbach, J. P., van Lenthe, F. J., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Mokdad, A. H., & Murray, C. J. L. (2016). US county-level trends in mortality rates for major causes of death, 1980–2014. JAMA, 316(22), 2385–2401. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.13645CrossRef

Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Flaxman, A. D., Ng, M., Hansen, G. M., Murray, C. J. L., & Mokdad, A. H. (2015). Drinking patterns in US counties from 2002 to 2012. American Journal of Public Health, 105(6), 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302313CrossRef

Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Mokdad, A. H., Srebotnjak, T., Flaxman, A. D., Hansen, G. M., & Murray, C. J. L. (2014). Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996–2012. Population Health Metrics, 12, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-12-5CrossRef

Elo, I. T., Hendi, A. S., Ho, J. Y., Vierboom, Y. C., & Preston, S. H. (2019). Trends in non-hispanic white mortality in the United States by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan status and region, 1990–2016. Population and Development Review, 45(3), 549–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12249CrossRef

Gaglioti, A. H., Xu, J., Rollins, L., Baltrus, P., O’Connell, L. K., Cooper, D. L., Hopkins, J., Botchwey, N. D., & Akintobi, T. H. (2018). Neighborhood environmental health and premature death from cardiovascular disease. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15, 170220. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.170220CrossRef

Garcia, C. A., Yap, P. -S., Park, H.-Y., & Weller, B. L. (2016). Association of long-term PM2.5 exposure with mortality using different air pollution exposure models: Impacts in rural and urban California. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 26(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2015.1061113

Ghazipura, M., Garshick, E., & Cromar, K. (2019). Ambient PM2.5 exposure and risk of lung cancer incidence in North America and Europe. Environmental Research Communications, 1, 015004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab06e9

Graetz, N., & Elo, I. T. (2021). Decomposing county-level working-age mortality trends in the United States between 1999–2001 and 2015–2017. Spatial Demography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-021-00095-6CrossRef

Greer, S., Schieb, L. J., Ritchey, M., George, M., & Casper, M. (2016). County health factors associated with avoidable deaths from cardiovascular disease in the United States, 2006–2010. Public Health Reports, 131(3), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491613100310CrossRef

Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (Working Paper No. 3914). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914

Harper, S., Riddell, C. A., & King, N. B. (2021). Declining life expectancy in the United States: Missing the trees for the forest. Annual Review of Public Health, 42, 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231CrossRef

Hayes, R. B., Lim, C., Zhang, Y., Cromar, K., Shao, Y., Reynolds, H. R., Silverman, D. T., Jones, R. R., Park, Y., Jerrett, M., Ahn, J., & Thurston, G. D. (2020). PM2.5 air pollution and cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz114

HHS. (2020). Healthy people 2030. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://health.gov/healthypeople

Hipp, J. R., & Lakon, C. M. (2010). Social disparities in health: Disproportionate toxicity proximity in minority communities over a decade. Health & Place, 16(4), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.02.005CrossRef

HRSA. (2020). Area health resources files. Health Resources & Services Administration. https://data.hrsa.gov/data/download

Irwin, M. D. (2007). Territories of inequality: An essay on the measurement and analysis of inequality in grounded place settings. In L. M. Lobao, G. Hooks, & A. R. Tickamyer (Eds.), The Sociology of Spatial Inequality (pp. 85–109). State University of New York Press.

James, W. L. (2014). All rural places are not created equal: Revisiting the rural mortality penalty in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11), 2122–2129. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301989CrossRef

James, W. L., Cossman, J., & Wolf, J. K. (2018). Persistence of death in the United States: The remarkably different mortality patterns between America’s Heartland and Dixieland. Demographic Research, 39(33), 897–910. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.33CrossRef

Jayachandran, S. (2021). How economic development influences the environment (Working Paper No. 29191). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w29191

Jbaily, A., Zhou, X., Liu, J., Lee, T.-H., Kamareddine, L., Verguet, S., & Dominici, F. (2022). Air Pollution Exposure Disparities across US population and income groups. Nature, 601(7892), 7892. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04190-y

Jerrett, M., Buzzelli, M., Burnett, R. T., & DeLuca, P. F. (2005). Particulate air pollution, social confounders, and mortality in small aeas of an industrial city. Social Science & Medicine, 60(12), 2845–2863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.006CrossRef

Keene, A., & Deller, S. C. (2013). Evidence of the environmental Kuznets’ Curve among US counties and the impact of social capital. International Regional Science Review, 38(4), 358–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017613496633CrossRef

Kim, S. -Y., Bechle, M., Hankey, S., Sheppard, L., Szpiro, A. A., & Marshall, J. D. (2020). Concentrations of criteria pollutants in the contiguous U.S., 1979 – 2015: Role of prediction model parsimony in integrated empirical geographic regression. PLoS One, 15(2), e0228535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228535

Kloog, I., Ridgway, B., Koutrakis, P., Coull, B. A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2013). Long- and short-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality: Using novel exposure models. Epidemiology, 24(4), 555. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318294beaa

Lamas, G. A., Ujueta, F., & Navas-Acien, A. (2021). Lead and cadmium as cardiovascular risk factors: The burden of proof has been met. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(10), e018692. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018692CrossRef

Lariscy, J. T., Hummer, R. A., & Rogers, R. G. (2018). Cigarette smoking and all-cause and cause-specific adult mortality in the United States. Demography, 55(5), 1855–1885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0707-2CrossRef

Lobao, L. M., & Hooks, G. (2007). Advancing the sociology of spatial inequality: Spaces, places, and the subnational scale. In L. M. Lobao, G. Hooks, & A. R. Tickamyer (Eds.), The Sociology of Spatial Inequality (pp. 29–61). State University of New York Press.CrossRef

Lobao, L. M., & Kraybill, D. S. (2005). The emerging roles of county governments in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas: Findings from a national survey. Economic Development Quarterly, 19(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242405276514CrossRef

Matz, C. J., Stieb, D. M., & Brion, O. (2015). Urban-rural differences in daily time-activity patterns, occupational activity and housing characteristics. Environmental Health, 14(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0075-yCrossRef

Meneguzzi, A., Fava, C., Castelli, M., & Minuz, P. (2021). Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and cardiovascular disease: experimental and epidemiological evidence. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 706352.CrossRef

Mennis, J. L., & Jordan, L. (2005). The distribution of environmental equity: Exploring spatial nonstationarity in multivariate models of air toxic releases. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00459.xCrossRef

Mohai, P., Pellow, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2009). Environmental justice. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34, 405–430. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348CrossRef

Monnat, S. M. (2020). Trends in U.S. working‑age non‑hispanic white mortality: Rural–urban and within‑rural differences. Population Research and Policy Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09607-6

Montez, J. K., Beckfield, J., Cooney, J. K., Grumbach, J. M., Hayward, M. D., Koytak, H. Z., Woolf, S. H., & Zajacova, A. (2020). US state policies, politics, and life expectancy. The Milbank Quarterly, 98(3), 668–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12469CrossRef

Moran, P. A. P. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1/2), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332142CrossRef

Mukamal, K. J., Chen, C. M., Rao, S. R., & Breslow, R. A. (2010). Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular mortality among U.S. adults, 1987 to 2002. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(13), 1328–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.056

Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., … Lim, S. S. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2

Murray, C. J. L., Kulkarni, S. C., Michaud, C., Tomijima, N., Bulzacchelli, M. T., Iandiorio, T. J., & Ezzati, M. (2006). Eight Americas: Investigating mortality disparities across races, counties, and race-counties in the United States. PLoS Medicine, 3(9), e260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030260CrossRef

NASEM. (2021). High and rising mortality rates among working-age adults (p. 25976). The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25976

NVSS. (2016). About the national vital statistics system. National Vital Statistics System. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/about_nvss.htm

Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F., & Cigu, E. (2022). The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions in EU countries: A cointegration analysis. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 934885.CrossRef

Pais, J., Crowder, K., & Downey, L. (2014). Unequal trajectories: Racial and class differences in residential exposure to industrial hazard. Social Forces, 92(3), 1189–1215. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot099CrossRef

Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (Working Paper WEP 2–22/WP. 238). International Labour Organization. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24245-0_2

Patel, S. A., Ali, M. K., Narayan, K. M. V., & Mehta, N. K. (2016). County-level variation in cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States in 2009–2013: Comparative assessment of contributing factors. American Journal of Epidemiology, 184(12), 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww081CrossRef

Peterson, G. C. L., Hogrefe, C., Corrigan, A. E., Neas, L. M., Mathur, R., & Rappold, A. G. (2020). Impact of reductions in emissions from major source sectors on fine particulate matter-related cardiovascular mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 128(1), 017005. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5692CrossRef

Pope, C. A., Ezzati, M., & Dockery, D. W. (2015). Tradeoffs between income, air pollution and life expectancy: Brief report on the US experience, 1980–2000. Environmental Research, 142, 591–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.014CrossRef

Probst, J. C., Bellinger, J. D., Walsemann, K. M., Hardin, J., & Glover, S. H. (2011). Higher risk of death in rural blacks and whites than urbanites is related to lower incomes, education, and health coverage. Health Affairs, 30(10), 1872–1879. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0668CrossRef

Probst, J. C., Crouch, E. L., & Eberth, J. M. (2021). COVID-19 risk mitigation behaviors among rural and urban community-dwelling older adults in summer, 2020. The Journal of Rural Health, 37(3), 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12600CrossRef

Rau, A., Abadi, A., Fiecas, M. B., Gwon, Y., Bell, J. E., & Berman, J. D. (2023). Nationwide assessment of ambient monthly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the associations with total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in the United States. Environmental Research: Health, 1, 025001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5309/ac9b7e

Roth, G. A., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Stubbs, R. W., Morozoff, C., Naghavi, M., Mokdad, A. H., & Murray, C. J. L. (2017). Trends and patterns of geographic variation in cardiovascular mortality among US counties, 1980–2014. JAMA, 317(19), 1976–1992. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.4150CrossRef

Sarkodie, S. A., Strezov, V., Jiang, Y., & Evans, T. (2019). Proximate determinants of particulate matter (PM2.5) emission, mortality and life expectancy in Europe, Central Asia, Australia, Canada and the US. Science of the Total Environment, 683, 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.278CrossRef

Schulz, A. J., Omari, A., Ward, M., Mentz, G. B., Demajo, R., Sampson, N., Israel, B. A., Reyes, A. G., & Wilkins, D. (2020). Independent and joint contributions of economic, social and physical environmental characteristics to mortality in the detroit metropolitan area: A study of cumulative effects and pathways. Health & Place, 65, 102391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102391CrossRef

Southerland, V. A., Brauer, M., Mohegh, A., Hammer, M. S., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Apte, J. S., & Anenberg, S. C. (2022). Global urban temporal trends in fine particulate matter (PM2·5) and attributable health burdens: Estimates from global datasets. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(2), e139–e146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00350-8CrossRef

Spiteri, J., & von Brockdorff, P. (2019). Economic development and health outcomes: Evidence from cardiovascular disease mortality in Europe. Social Science & Medicine, 224, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.050CrossRef

Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004CrossRef

Strosnider, H., Kennedy, C., Monti, M., & Yip, F. (2017). Rural and urban differences in air quality, 2008–2012, and community drinking water quality, 2010–2015—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66(13), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6613a1

Tessum, C. W., Paolella, D. A., Chambliss, S. E., Apte, J. S., Hill, J. D., & Marshall, J. D. (2021). PM2.5 Polluters disproportionately and systemically affect people of color in the United States. Science Advances, 7(18), eabf4491. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf4491

University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. (2010). County health rankings & roadmaps. www.countyhealthrankings.org

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). About the American community survey. The United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/about.html

US EPA. (2023, January 6). EPA proposes to strengthen air quality standards to protect the public from harmful effects of soot [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposes-strengthen-air-quality-standards-protect-public-harmful-effects-soot

USDA ERS. (2020). Rural-urban continuum codes. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes.aspx

Vierboom, Y. C., Preston, S. H., & Hendi, A. S. (2019). Rising geographic inequality in mortality in the United States. SSM-Population Health, 9, 100478.CrossRef

Voss, P. R. (2007). Demography as a spatial social science. Population Research and Policy Review, 26, 457–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9047-4CrossRef

Wang, S., Ren, Z., Liu, X., & Yin, Q. (2022). Spatiotemporal trends in life expectancy and impacts of economic growth and air pollution in 134 countries: A Bayesian modeling study. Social Science & Medicine, 293, 114660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114660CrossRef

WHO. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/345329/9789240034228-eng.pdf

Williams, R. (2015). Multicollinearity. https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/stats2/l11.pdf

Wilmoth, J. R., Boe, C., & Barbieri, M. (2011). Geographic differences in life expectancy at age 50 in the United States compared with other high-income countries. In E. M. Crimmins, S. H. Preston, & B. Cohen (Eds.), International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources (pp. 333–366). The National Academies Press.

Wyatt, L. H., Peterson, G. C. L., Wade, T. J., Neas, L. M., & Rappold, A. G. (2020). The contribution of improved air quality to reduced cardiovascular mortality: Declines in socioeconomic differences over time. Environment International, 136, 105430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105430CrossRef

Xepapadeas, A. (2005). Chapter 23 economic growth and the environment. In K. -G. Mäler & J. R. Vincent (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Economics (Vol. 3, pp. 1219–1271). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03023-8

Yang, T. -C., Chen, V. Y. -J., Shoff, C., & Matthews, S. A. (2012). Using quantile regression to examine the effects of inequality across the mortality distribution in the U.S. counties. Social Science & Medicine, 74(12), 1900–1910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.029

Yitshak-Sade, M., Lane, K. J., Fabian, M. P., Kloog, I., Hart, J. E., Davis, B., Fong, K. C., Schwartz, J. D., Laden, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2020). Race or racial segregation? Modification of the PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality association. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236479

Zanobetti, A., & Schwartz, J. (2009). The effect of fine and coarse particulate air pollution on mortality: A national analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(6), 898–903. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800108CrossRef

Zuma, B. Z., Parizo, J. T., Valencia, A., Spencer-Bonilla, G., Blum, M. R., Scheinker, D., & Rodriguez, F. (2021). County-level factors associated with cardiovascular mortality by race/ethnicity. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(6), e018835. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018835CrossRef

Title: Environmental correlates of mortality: How does air pollution contribute to geographic disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality?
Author: Yue Sun
Publication date: 01-03-2024
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Population and Environment / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0199-0039
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7810
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-023-00442-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

Temperature and school absences: evidence from England

The effect of temperature on birth rates in Europe

A framework to link climate change, food security, and migration: unpacking the agricultural pathway

Acquisition of disability after age 50 following extreme urban coastal flooding events in India

The effects of environmental and non-environmental shocks on livelihoods and migration in Tanzania

Extended families and demographic explanations for land use-cover change in the Brazilian Amazon