1 Introduction
2 Overview of sucralose production process and LCA
2.1 Functional unit, goal, and scope
2.2 Allocation of impacts
3 Life cycle inventory data
Sucrose-6-acetate synthesis | |||
---|---|---|---|
Inputs | Inputs per 1 kg | Outputs per 1 kg | Notes |
Sugar | 899.1 g | 8.36 g | Reagent (source material) |
Acetic acid | 156.5 g | 95.00 mg | Reagent |
DMF | 12.41 g | 12.41 g | Facilitator |
DCC | 285.7 mg | 285.7 mg | Facilitator |
Water | 285.7 g | 332.6 g | Facilitator & reaction product |
Acetone | 730.9 g | 730.9 g | Facilitator |
Transport | 202.6 kg.km | Sugar transport | |
Transport | 677.9 kg.km | Chemicals transport | |
Sucralose-6-acetate synthesis | |||
Inputs | Inputs per 1 kg | Outputs per 1 kg | Notes |
Sucrose-6-acetate | 918.7 g | 44.66 g | Reagent |
PCl3 | 4.20 kg | Reagent | |
Water | 11.07 kg | 87.07 kg | Facilitator & reaction product |
Sodium bicarbonate | 14.84 kg | Reagent | |
DMF | 21.62 g | 21.62 g | Facilitator |
TCA | 480.9 g | 480.9 g | Facilitator |
DCM | 1.13 kg | 1.13 kg | Facilitator |
CO2 | 7.77 kg | Reaction product | |
Sodium chloride | 4.96 kg | Reaction product | |
Transport | 26.74 t.km | Chemicals transport | |
Sucralose-6-acetate purification | |||
Inputs | Inputs per 1 kg | Outputs per 1 kg | Notes |
Sucralose-6-acetate | 1.00 kg | Reagent | |
Methanol | 5.94 g | 5.94 g | Facilitator |
Water | 1.35 kg | 1.35 kg | Facilitator |
Transport | 4.47 kg.km | Chemicals transport | |
Sucralose synthesis | |||
Inputs | Inputs per 1 kg | Outputs per 1 kg | Notes |
Sucralose-6-acetate | 1.16 kg | 50.3 g | Reagent |
Methanol | 595.5 g | 478.9 g | Reagent |
Water | 487.8 g | 487.8 g | Facilitator |
Potassium hydroxide | 4.88 g | 4.88 g | Facilitator |
Activated carbon | 128.0 g | 128.0 g | Facilitator and reactivation process |
Methyl acetate | 1.86 g | Reaction product | |
Trisodium phosphite | 8.71 kg | Reaction product | |
Transport | 521.5 kg.km | Chemicals transport | |
Electricity | 1.00 kWh | ||
Heat | 2.00 kWh | ||
Sucralose factory | 4.00 × 10–10 | Proxy process: organic chemicals factory (Facilitator) |
Main products | ||
---|---|---|
Sucrose | 90.33% | Assumed same as sucrose-6-acetate |
Sucrose-6-acetate | 90.33% | Chen et al. (2022) |
Sucralose-6-acetate | 90.33% | Assumed same as sucrose-6-acetate |
Solvents/catalysts | ||
DMF | 99.80% | Dou et al. (2019) |
DCC | 99.80% | Assumed same as DMF |
Water | 0.00% | Assumed |
Acetone | 67.37% | Nemeth et al. (2020) |
TCA | 82.00% | Assumed same a DCM |
KOH | 0.00% | Assumed |
Methanol | 95.00% | Dhar and Kirtania (2010) |
DCM | 82.00% | Ramalingam et al. (2011) |
Reagents | ||
Acetic acid | 99.90% | Fang et al. (2020) |
By-products | ||
Trisodium phosphite | 0.00% | Assumed |
Carbon dioxide | 0.00% | Assumed |
Sodium chloride | 0.00% | Assumed |
Methyl acetate | 99.00% | Zheng et al. (2015) |
3.1 Assumptions
3.2 Production steps
4 Results
Sugar | Energy | Transport | Reagents | Facilitators | Emissions | Total | Sugar from sugarcane | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GWP (kgCO2-eq) | 2.14 | 7.84 × 10–1 | 2.91 | 46.19 | 10.81 | 8.99 | 71.83 | 7.67 × 10–1 |
SOD (kgCFC11-eq) | 1.42 × 10–5 | 3.01 × 10–7 | 2.07 × 10–6 | 1.79 × 10–5 | 8.1 × 10–5 | - | 1.20 × 10–4 | 8.76 × 10–6 |
IR (kBqCo-60-eq) | 1.28 × 10–2 | 1.52 × 10–1 | 5.34 × 10–2 | 3.55 | 1.82 × 10–1 | - | 3.95 | 1.34 × 10–2 |
OF,HH (kgNOx-eq) | 5.52 × 10–3 | 8.32 × 10–4 | 5.85 × 10–3 | 1.18 × 10–1 | 3.21 × 10–2 | - | 1.63 × 10–1 | 5.78 × 10–3 |
FPM (kgPM2.5-eq) | 1.19 × 10–3 | 1.36 × 10–3 | 3.15 × 10–3 | 1.10 × 10–1 | 1.90 × 10–2 | - | 1.35 × 10–1 | 1.24 × 10–3 |
OF,T (kgNOx-eq) | 5.55 × 10–3 | 8.58 × 10–4 | 6.20 × 10–3 | 1.20 × 10–1 | 3.27 × 10–2 | - | 1.65 × 10–1 | 5.82 × 10–3 |
TA (kgSO2-eq) | 4.83 × 10–3 | 1.38 × 10–3 | 6.15 × 10–3 | 2.84 × 10–1 | 4.73 × 10–2 | - | 3.43 × 10–1 | 5.06 × 10–3 |
FWEu( kgP-eq) | 4.00 × 10–4 | 3.96 × 10–4 | 6.02 × 10–4 | 8.67 × 10–2 | 2.20 × 10–3 | - | 9.03 × 10–2 | 4.19 × 10–4 |
MEu (kgN-eq) | 1.24 × 10–3 | 2.72 × 10–5 | 1.87 × 10–5 | 1.84 × 10–3 | 2.49 × 10–4 | - | 3.38 × 10–3 | 1.30 × 10–3 |
TE (kg1,4-DCB) | 2.26 | 4.39 × 10–1 | 71.69 | 272.49 | 5.34 | 1.71 × 10–1 | 352.42 | 2.37 |
FWEc (kg1,4-DCB) | 1.22 × 10–1 | 1.73 × 10–2 | 4.75 × 10–2 | 3.37 | 1.14 × 10–1 | 4.22 × 10–2 | 3.74 | 1.27 × 10–1 |
MEc (kg1,4-DCB) | 3.04 × 10–2 | 2.29 × 10–2 | 1.01 × 10–1 | 4.47 | 1.54 × 10–1 | 1.13 × 10–2 | 4.79 | 3.18 × 10–2 |
HCT (kg1,4-DCB) | 8.43 × 10–3 | 2.72 × 10–2 | 1.04 × 10–1 | 3.47 | 3.68 × 10–1 | 2.46 × 10–1 | 4.23 | 8.83 × 10–3 |
HnCT (kg1,4-DCB) | -2.22 × 10–1 | 5.02 × 10–1 | 1.94 | 74.41 | 3.61 | 9.22 | 89.46 | -2.32 × 10–1 |
LU (m2a-crop-eq) | 8.65 × 10–1 | 1.31 × 10–2 | 2.51 × 10–1 | 3.31 | 6.67 × 10–2 | - | 4.50 | 9.06 × 10–1 |
MRS (kgCu-eq) | 1.14 × 10–3 | 5.30 × 10–4 | 5.06 × 10–3 | 1.10 | 4.60 × 10–3 | - | 1.11 | 1.19 × 10–3 |
FRS (kgoil-eq) | 1.56 × 10–1 | 2.42 × 10–1 | 1.06 | 11.77 | 3.05 | - | 16.29 | 1.63 × 10–1 |
WC (m3) | 1.07 × 10–1 | 3.40 × 10–3 | 5.82 × 10–3 | 1.09 | 9.82 × 10–2 | -1.53 × 10–2 | 1.29 | 1.12 × 10–1 |
4.1 Sweetness equivalence of sucralose
5 Discussion
5.1 Uncertainty modelling
Baseline | Mean | Standard Deviation | Relative Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GWP (kgCO2-eq) | 71.83 | 71.82 | 5.23 | 7.28 |
SOD (kgCFC11-eq) | 1.20 × 10–4 | 1.19 × 10–4 | 1.28 × 10–5 | 10.75 |
IR (kBqCo-60-eq) | 3.95 | 3.88 | 5.17 | 133.08 |
OF,HH (kgNOx-eq) | 1.63 × 10–1 | 1.63 × 10–1 | 1.43 × 10–2 | 8.75 |
FPM (kgPM2.5-eq) | 1.35 × 10–1 | 1.35 × 10–1 | 1.31 × 10–2 | 9.69 |
OF,T (kgNOx-eq) | 1.65 × 10–1 | 1.66 × 10–1 | 1.44 × 10–2 | 8.71 |
TA (kgSO2-eq) | 3.43 × 10–1 | 3.43 × 10–1 | 3.63 × 10–2 | 10.57 |
FWEu( kgP-eq) | 9.03 × 10–2 | 9.02 × 10–2 | 1.14 × 10–2 | 12.63 |
MEu (kgN-eq) | 3.38 × 10–3 | 3.38 × 10–3 | 2.36 × 10–4 | 6.69 |
TE (kg1,4-DCB) | 352.42 | 352.05 | 149.51 | 42.47 |
FWEc (kg1,4-DCB) | 3.74 | 3.74 | 1.95 | 52.09 |
MEc (kg1,4-DCB) | 4.79 | 4.79 | 2.51 | 52.34 |
HCT (kg1,4-DCB) | 4.23 | 4.24 | 3.55 | 83.79 |
HnCT (kg1,4-DCB) | 89.46 | 89.80 | 39.78 | 44.35 |
LU (m2a-crop-eq) | 4.50 | 4.51 | 7.82 × 10–1 | 17.35 |
MRS (kgCu-eq) | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.58 × 10–1 | 14.33 |
FRS (kgoil-eq) | 16.29 | 16.30 | 1.06 | 6.48 |
WC (m3) | 1.29 | 1.31 | 16.49 | 1263.21 |