Epilogue: Institutions, Learning and Technological Change

However disparate in content and method, the contributions in this book have all interpreted technological change as a process of institutionally structured learning. Supportive institutions — firms, occupations, patenting systems, governments and universities — foster the acquisition of knowledge in ways that lead to changing techniques. Learning is thus the medium of ongoing productivity increase. Not all institutions support such learning; indeed, some obstruct it. The presence, type and outcome of technological change therefore vary with the structure and activities of institutions. It is thus fitting to conclude by considering the ways institutions, learning and technological change are connected.