Top

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Published in:

14-07-2023 | Original Paper

Experimental Study of True Triaxial Loading Effect on Ultrasonic Properties of Rock Salt

Authors: Abbas Maadikhah, Hamed Molladavoodi, Ali Mortazavi, Hadi Atapour

Published in: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering | Issue 10/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Because of low permeability and porosity as well as rock salt healing, salt domes are considered suitable sites for the storage of hydrocarbon, natural gas, compressed air, and nuclear waste. Applying high deviatoric stresses on rock salt leads to initiation and propagation of microcracks, and results in an increase of the permeability and reduction of the velocity of the ultrasonic wave in it. Therefore, one of the methods to determine the damage degree in rock salt is to measure ultrasonic wave velocities. In this study, initially, the degree of anisotropy and inhomogeneity of rock salt samples are investigated using the measurement of ultrasonic wave propagation velocities in three directions along the sides of the cubic samples. Then, the anisotropy degree of rock salt samples is reevaluated after true triaxial compression tests under different loading conditions. The results show that the most decrease in ultrasonic wave velocities is along the minimum principal stress, indicating that the dominant extension of micro cracks is perpendicular to the minimum principal stress direction. Also, enforcing deviatoric stresses on isotropic rock salt samples has led to anisotropy in rock samples. Therefore, in the design of storage caverns in salt domes, it should be noted that despite the basic assumption of the isotropic host rock, the deviatoric loading caused by the construction and operation of the cavern may lead to anisotropy in host rock.

previous article Fracture Toughness Anisotropy in Shale Under Deep In Situ Stress Conditions

next article Thermal Impact on the Excavation Damage Zone Around a Supported Drift Using the 2nd Gradient Model

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Arson C, Xu H, Chester FM (2012) On the definition of damage in time-dependent healing models for salt rock. Géotechn Lett 2(2):67–71. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.12.00013CrossRef

ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock (2008) Standard test method for laboratory determination of pulse velocities and ultrasonic elastic constants of rock. ASTM International

Atapour H, Mortazavi A (2020) Reservoir depletion/injection simulation under true triaxial stress conditions. U.S. Patent 10,712,252, issued July 14, 2020.

Atapour H, Mortazavi A (2019) Performance evaluation of newly developed true triaxial stress loading and pore pressure applying system to simulate the reservoir depletion and injection. Geotech Test J 43(3):701–719. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20180161CrossRef

Basu A, Aydin A (2006) Evaluation of ultrasonic testing in rock material characterization. Geotech Test J 29(2):117–125. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ12652CrossRef

Brodsky NS (1990) Crack closure and healing studies in WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) salt using compressional wave velocity and attenuation measurements: Test methods and results. Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM (USA); RE/SPEC, Inc., No. SAND-90-7076, Rapid City, SD (USA).

Chan KS, Bodner SR, Munson DE, Fossum AF (1996) Inelastic flow behavior of argillaceous salt. Int J Damage Mech 5(3):292–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/105678959600500305CrossRef

Chan KS, Bodner SR, Munson DE (1998) Recovery and healing of damage in WIPP salt. Int J Damage Mech 7(2):143–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/105678959800700204CrossRef

Chen J, Ren S, Yang C, Jiang D, Li L (2013) Self-healing characteristics of damaged rock salt under different healing conditions. Materials 6(8):3438–3450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6083438CrossRef

DeVries KL, Mellegard K D, Callahan GD, Goodman WM (2005) Cavern roof stability for natural gas storage in bedded salt. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Topical Report RSI-1829. DE-FG26-02NT41651, United States

Elhami Nejad Z, Taghi Pour N, Hassan Nejad AA (2016) Mineralogy of Garmsar salt mines using XRD and FT-IR. In 23rd Symposium of Crystallography and Mineralogy of Iran, Damghan, Damghan University (in Persian)

Evans DJ (2007) An appraisal of Underground Gas Storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology. British Geological Survey to the Health & Safety Executive (HSE). HSE Research Report Series, Number RR605

Gorbatsevich FF, Golovataya OS, Il’chenko VL, Smirnov YP, Kern H, Popp T, Christensen N (2002) Elastic properties of Kola overdeep borehole (SG-3) samples determined under atmospheric and in situ conditions. Izvestiya-Phys Solid Earth 38(7):576–584

Green RE (1991) Introduction to ultrasonic testing. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Metals Park, Ohio, pp 1–21

Hatzor YH, Heyman EP (1997) Dilation of anisotropic rock salt: evidence from Mount Sedom diapir. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 102(B7):14853–14868. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00958CrossRef

Hunsche UE (1993) Failure behaviour of rock salt around underground cavities. In: Proceedings of the 7th symposium on salt (vol 1, pp 59–65)

ISRM (1985) Commission on Testing Methods. Suggested method for determining Point Load Strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts (Vol 22, No 2, pp 51–60). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)92327-7

Jackson MPA, Cornelius RR, Craig CH, Gansser A, Stöcklin J, Talbot CJ (1990) Salt diapirs of the Great Kavir, central Iran. Geol Soc Am. https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM177-p1CrossRef

Labuz JF, Bridell JM (1993) Reducing frictional constraint in compression testing through lubrication. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr (Vol 30, No 4, pp 451–455). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)91726-Y

Lee MY, Bronowski DR, Ehgartner BL, Park BY (2004) Laboratory evaluation of damage criteria and permeability of big hill salt. Department of Energy, United States

Li Y, Zhang K, Wu X (2018) Study of ultrasonic wave characteristics of shale in triaxial compression tests. J Geophys Eng 15(5):2183–2193. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2140/aac995CrossRef

Li H, Dong Z, Ouyang Z, Liu B, Yuan W, Yin H (2019) Experimental investigation on the deformability, ultrasonic wave propagation, and acoustic emission of rock salt under triaxial compression. Appl Sci 9(4):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040635CrossRef

Li X, Si G, Oh J, Canbulat I, Xiang Z, Zhang X (2021) Laboratory characterisation of anisotropic and heterogeneous damage of rock sample using acoustic emission and ultrasonic monitoring technologies. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 861, No. 2, p. 022040, IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/861/2/022040

Ma L, Yang F, Xu H, Xie Z (2017) Post-yield properties of rock salt using the concept of mobilized strength components and the dilation angle. Geotech Geol Eng 35(6):2841–2849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0283-zCrossRef

Mahmoudi E, Khaledi K, von Blumenthal A, König D, Schanz T (2016) Concept for an integral approach to explore the behavior of rock salt caverns under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading in energy storage systems. Environ Earth Sci 75(14):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5850-8CrossRef

Mortazavi A, Atapour H (2018) An experimental study of stress changes induced by reservoir depletion under true triaxial stress loading conditions. J Petrol Sci Eng 171:1366–1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.08.047CrossRef

Pellet F, Hajdu A, Deleruyelle F, Besnus F (2005) A viscoplastic model including anisotropic damage for the time dependent behaviour of rock. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 29(9):941–970. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.450CrossRef

Petružálek M, Vilhelm J, Lokajíček T, Rudajev V (2008) Changes of anisotropy of p-wave velocity propagation during deformation process of rock samples. In 28-European Conf. AE Testing, Ewgae 2008, Cracow UT

Popp T, Kern H (2000) Monitoring the state of microfracturing in rock salt during deformation by combined measurements of permeability and P-and S-wave velocities. Phys Chem Earth Part A 25(2):149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(00)00024-7CrossRef

Popp T, Salzer K (2007) Anisotropy of seismic and mechanical properties of Opalinus clay during triaxial deformation in a multi-anvil apparatus. Phys Chem Earth, Parts a/b/c 32(8–14):879–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.022CrossRef

Ramamurthy T (1993) Strength and modulus responses of anisotropic rocks. Compreh Rock Eng 1(13): 313–329

Ratigan JL, Van Sambeek LL, DeVries KL, Nieland JD (1991) The influence of seal design on the development of the disturbed rock zone in the WIPP alcove seal tests. RSI-0400, prepared by RE/SPEC Inc., Rapid City, SD, for Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

Sayers CM, Van Munster JG, King MS (1990) Stress-induced ultrasonic anisotropy in Berea sandstone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr (Vol 27, No 5, pp 429–436). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)92715-Q

Schulze O, Popp T, Kern H (2001) Development of damage and permeability in deforming rock salt. Eng Geol 61(2–3):163–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00051-5CrossRef

Simpson J, Wijk KV, Adam L, Smith C (2019) Laser ultrasonic measurements to estimate the elastic properties of rock samples under in situ conditions. Rev Sci Instrum 90(11):114503. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5120078

Spiers CJ, Peach CJ, Brzesowsky RH, Schutjens PM, Liezenberg JL, Zwart HJ (1988) Long-term rheological and transport properties of dry and wet salt rocks. Commission of the European Communities, No. EUR-11848.

Tsidzi KEN (1997) Propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves in foliated rocks. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 56:103–114

Title: Experimental Study of True Triaxial Loading Effect on Ultrasonic Properties of Rock Salt
Authors: Abbas Maadikhah
Hamed Molladavoodi
Ali Mortazavi
Hadi Atapour
Publication date: 14-07-2023
Publisher: Springer Vienna
Published in: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering / Issue 10/2023
Print ISSN: 0723-2632
Electronic ISSN: 1434-453X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03436-7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 10/2023

Rapid Measurement of Biot’s Effective Stress Coefficient for Oil Well Cements with Application to Well Integrity

Laboratory Study on Injection-Induced Fault Activation and Slip Behavior on Fractures with Specified Roughness in Sandstone

Probability Quantification of GSI and D in Hoek–Brown Criterion Using Bayesian Inversion and Ultrasonic Test in Rock Mass

Performance Evaluation of AE Sensors Installed Like Hydrophones in Adaptive Monitoring Networks During a Decametre-Scale Hydraulic Stimulation Experiment

Research on Novel Method of Gob-Side Entry Retaining Under the Synergistic Effect of Roof Cutting and Roadside Filling in Thick Coal Seams

Probabilistic Evaluation of Susceptibility to Fluid Injection-Induced Seismicity Based on Statistics of Fracture Criticality