Extreme Environmental Events

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionA Mathematical DefinitionEarth System Modeling and AnalysisExample: Glacial-Interglacial TransitionsExample: Cenozoic Climate CoolingExamples: Transient GrowthFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionScaling Relations: Self‐similarityEarthquake and Fault Populations: Self-organizationModels of the SystemFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryIntroductionConclusionsFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionIssuesTotal CostsMarginal CostsPolicy ImplicationsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryIntroductionClimate Change Impact on Human HealthClimate Change Impacts on Plants with Consequences for Human HealthConcluding RemarksBibliography

IntroductionEarthquakesTsunamisVolcanoesDiscussions

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionHighlights of Earthquake GeodesyModeling of Geodetic ObservationsFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionSnow CoverFloating IceGlaciersIce SheetsFrozen Ground and PermafrostFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionThe Dynamic – or Stochastic – Game ModelThe Dynamic – or Stochastic – Game: ResultsGlobal Climate Change – Issues, ModelsGlobal Climate Change – ResultsFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionEarthquakes ClusteringMultidimensional Feature SpaceThe Detection and Visualization of Clusters in Multi-Dimensional Feature SpaceDescription of the DataEarthquake Visualization by Using Clustering in Feature SpaceRemote Problem Solving Environment (PSE) for Analyzing Earthquake ClustersFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionLiterature ReviewDamage and Damage-Sensitive FeaturesStructural Models and IdentificationExamplesFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionEarthquake Potential and Seismic Riskin the Campania RegionSeismic Network Architecture and ComponentsReal-Time Data Transmission SystemNetwork Management and Data ArchivingReal-Time Earthquake Location and Magnitude EstimationReal-Time Hazard Analysis for Earthquake Early WarningFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionVibrational Representation of ResponseResponse in Terms of Wave Propagation – An ExampleObservations of Nonlinear ResponseFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionEarthquake ForecastingForecast VerificationFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionThe Earthquake Location ProblemLocation MethodsIllustrative ExamplesFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroduction to Common Magnitude Scales: Potential and LimitationsCommon Magnitude Estimates for the Sumatra 2004 M_w 9.3 EarthquakeMagnitude Saturation and Biases Due to Earthquake ComplexityProposals for Faster Magnitude Estimates of Strong EarthquakesFuture Requirements and DevelopmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionEarthquake Monitoring: InstrumentationEarthquake Monitoring: Regional and Local NetworksSeismograms and Derived ProductsEarthquake Early Warning (EEW) SystemsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsAppendix: A Progress Report on Rotational SeismologyBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionConstruction of an Earthquake NetworkScale-free Nature of Earthquake NetworkSmall-World Nature of Earthquake NetworkHierarchical StructureMixing PropertyPeriod DistributionFuture DirectionsAddendumBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionContribution from the Development of Earthquake Early-Warning SystemsObservations of Initial Rupture ProcessesDiscussionFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionHistorical OverviewStochastic Models for Earthquake MechanismsModels for Paleoseismological and Historical EarthquakesPoint Process Models for Regional CataloguesStochastic Models with PrecursorsFurther TopicsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionEarthquakes and Seismic RadiationEarthquake Fault Models: The Scaling of Geometry and StressEarthquake Dynamics and the Scaling of EnergyKinematics and Statistical Models for Fault SlipFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionReview of Dynamic Triggering ObservationsCharacteristics of Dynamic TriggeringPhysical Models of Dynamic TriggeringFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionTelluric Current Anomalies and Natural TimeUltra Low Frequency (ULF) AnomaliesHigher Frequency Electromagnetic Emission and Earthquake LightLithosphere‐Atmosphere‐Ionosphere (LAI) CouplingMechanism of Pre‐Seismic EM PhenomenaFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectAsymmetric Continuum and Rotation EffectsEarthquake Source: Fracture ProcessesFinal RemarksAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionTsunami Warning Center OperationsSeismic MethodsEarthquake Source ParametersFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionGeneral Theoretical Framework to Describe the Dynamics of Solid–Liquid Composite SystemsOverview of ApplicationsElastic Wave Propagation in a Solid–Liquid Composite SystemFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionConcepts, Language and Mathematically Modeling the Propensity to EvacuateMathematical ModelingEffective Risk CommunicationIntegrating Theory and ImplementationInstitutional Barriers to Greater Community Self-HelpExperiences and Lessons – Some Case StudiesDiscussionAcknowledgmentBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionEmpirical ResultsModelingApplicationsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionCommon Elements of Data AnalyzesElectionsUS Economic RecessionsUnemploymentHomicide SurgesSummary: Findings and Emerging PossibilitiesBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionDrainage NetworksFragmentationEarthquakesVolcanic EruptionsLandslidesFloodsSelf‐Affine FractalsTopographyEarth's Magnetic FieldFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionLithosphere as a Hierarchical Complex SystemGeneral Scheme of PredictionFour ParadigmsEarthquake Prediction and Earthquake PreparednessFurther GoalsAcknowledgmentBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionGlobal Positioning System MeasurementsApplications of GPS Data to the Study of Seismic and Volcanic HazardsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionCharacterizing Earthquake Source ComplexityWave Propagation in Complex Media: Path and Site EffectsGround‐Motion Scaling RelationsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionInfrasound ArraysEarthquake InfrasoundTsunami InfrasoundVolcano InfrasoundFuture DirectionsConcluding RemarksAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionModelsTheoretical ResultsSummaryFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionPedestrian DynamicsCrowd DynamicsEvacuation DynamicsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionFracture NetworksPercolation of Fracture NetworksDetermination of the Dimensionless Density from Experimental DataRole of the Dimensionless Density in Other Geometrical Properties and PermeabilityFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionElementary Processes in a Single‐Bubble DynamicsBubbly Magma in an Elastic Rock as a Pressure SourceAcoustic Bubbles in Hydrothermal SystemsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionBasic Features and Model CharacteristicsValidationIPCC-ScenariosRegional Climate ChangeRegional ExtremesFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionThe Evolution of Numerical Methods and Grids3D Wave Propagation on Hexahedral Grids: Soil-Structure Interactions3D Wave Propagation on Tetrahedral Grids: Application to VolcanologyLocal Time Stepping: ∆t-AdaptationDiscussion and Future DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionRadiative Transfer Theory for a Scattering MediumWave Envelopes in Random Media and Statistical CharacterizationEnvelope Broadening of a High-Frequency SeismogramSpatial Variation of Scattering CharacteristicsTemporal Change in the Earth Medium StructureFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionModeling Seismicity in Real Fault RegionsResultsSummary and ConclusionsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionConcepts and Calculational ToolsCompeting Mechanisms and ModelsEmpirical Studies of Seismicity Inspired by Statistical PhysicsFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionBackgroundAtmospheric Boundary‐Layer StructureModeling BasicsLocal Mixing ParameterizationMore Advanced Mixing ParameterizationsIntercomparison of Single Column Models for Stable ConditionsModeling Boundary Layers over LandImpact of Land Surface Conditions on Model ResultsSummaryAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionSlug Flow and Strombolian ActivityNumerical ModelingBubble AscentSlug Ascent in a Vertical PipeSlug Ascent in a Pipe with a FlareSeismological Constraints on Numerical ModelsConclusionsFuture DirectionsAppendix A – Fluid Dynamics of a Two-Phase SystemAppendix B – Numerical ImplementationBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionShallow Water Waves and KdV Type EquationsDeep Water Waves and NLS Type EquationsTsunamis as SolitonsInternal SolitonsRossby SolitonsBore SolitonsFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionMonitoring Motion: Subaerial and Submarine Geodetic MethodsData Analysis and InversionDiscussion: Slow Earthquake and Submarine Landslide ProcessFuture Directions: Slow Earthquakes and Submarine Landslide MonitoringAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionThe Model of Mono LakeThe Model of the Salmon in the Tucannon RiverModels of Climate ChangeSystem Dynamics Models of the Carbon CycleLessons from the Regulated Power Industry in the 1970sSimulating the Power Industry Response to a Carbon MarketConditions for Effective Interdisciplinary ModelingFuture DirectionsBibliography

Definition of the SubjectIntroductionFundamentals of X-ray Computerized TomographyArrival‐Time Seismic TomographySolution of Ill-Posed Linear ProblemsExamplesFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionCharacteristics of Tsunami EarthquakesFactors Involved in the Seismogenesis and Tsunamigenesis of Tsunami EarthquakesA Model for Tsunami EarthquakesFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionComplexity Problem in Tsunami ForecastingComponents of a Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS)Tsunami Early Warning System in JapanFuture OutlookAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionBrief Review of Tsunami Generation and Open Ocean PropagationPhysics of Nearshore Tsunami EvolutionEffects of Bathymetric and Topographical Features on InundationHydrodynamic Modeling of Tsunami EvolutionMoving Shoreline AlgorithmsFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionTsunami Generation by EarthquakesTsunami PropagationTsunami ObservationsEstimation of Tsunami SourceEstimation of Earthquake Fault ParametersFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionDynamics of Magma Ascent During Extrusive EruptionsShort‐Term CyclesLong‐Term CyclesFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionVolcanic MaterialsVolcanic ProcessesAnalogue ApproachFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionDataTemporal ModelsVolcanic RegimesSpatial AspectsYucca MountainInteractions with EarthquakesFuture DirectionsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionScope of Problem: Challenge for Emergency–Management AuthoritiesVariability in Possible Outcomes of Volcano UnrestSome Recent Examples of Actual Outcomes of Volcano UnrestChallenges in Achieving Refined Predictive CapabilityFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionDescription of Seismic Sources in VolcanoesSources of Long‐Period SeismicitySource Processes of Very‐Long‐Period SignalsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionPhenomenological Representation of Seismic SourcesWaveform InversionSpectral AnalysisFluid-Solid InteractionsFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentAppendix A: Green's FunctionsAppendix B: Moment Tensor for a Spherical SourceAppendix C: Moment Tensor for a Cylindrical SourceBibliography

GlossaryDefinition of the SubjectIntroductionStable and Critical Coulomb WedgesDynamic Coulomb WedgeStress Drop and Increase in a~Subduction EarthquakeTsunamigenic Coseismic Seafloor DeformationFuture DirectionsAcknowledgmentsBibliography