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2012 | Book

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Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites

Author: Y. Jack Weitsman

Publisher: Springer US

Book Series : Mechanical Engineering Series

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites, written by the late Dr. Y. Jack Weitsman, addresses the wide range of parameters that affect the interaction of fluids with polymers and polymeric composites. The book aims at broadening the scope of available data, mostly limited up to this time to weight-gain recordings of fluid ingress into polymers and composites, to the practical circumstances of fluctuating exposure. Various forms of experimental data are given, in conjunction with theoretical models derived from basic scientific principles, and correlated with severity of exposure conditions and interpreted by means of rationally based theoretical models. The practical implications of the effects of fluids are discussed.

The issue of fluid effects on polymers and polymeric composites is of concern to engineers and scientists active in aerospace and naval structures, as an increasing portion of these structures are made of polymeric composites and employ polymeric adhesives as a joining device. While the book is intended for this audience, it will also interest researchers and graduate students interested in the mechanics and materials aspects of this matter.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
The subject of this book, “fluid effects on polymers and polymeric composites,” draws upon several scientific and technical disciplines. Of prime importance are Polymer Science, Mechanics and Thermodynamics. Of those, Mechanics – which concerns most engineering applications – has been most familiar to the author. Nevertheless, an effort was made to achieve some semblance of balance by incorporating ideas and basic notions of Polymer Science into the text.
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 2. Background to Polymers and Composites
Abstract
In view of their manufacturing process, such as drawing and extrusion for glass fibers and the sheet-like atomic structure of carbon and graphite fibers, these reinforcements are essentially transversely anisotropic about their longitudinal orientation (Hull 1981), in which direction they possess high stiffness and strength. In view of their small diameter, typically 8 μm, it has been possible to determine their longitudinal modulus only, while no direct data are available about their in-plane stiffnesses.
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 3. Fluid Ingress Processes, Basic and Preliminaries
Abstract
Polymers form a vast class of materials, much too diverse for catergorization under a single rule, especially regarding their interactions with fluids. Nevertheless, recently developed devices and probing techniques provide illuminating insights in several specific circumstances. In several cases, these methods enabled the judicious distinction between the portions of liquid water and water molecules that were attached by one or more hydrogen bonds to the polymeric chains (Sammon et al. 1998; Marechal and Chamel 1996; Cutugno et al. 2001; Kusanagi and Yukawa 1994).
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 4. Fluid Sorption Data and Modeling
Abstract
A qualitative correlation between temperature T, penetrant activity a, and the forms of fluid penetration into polymers is given in the map depicted in Fig.4.1
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 5. Diffusion Models
Abstract
As already noted in Chap. 3 a two-phase diffusion can be modeled after the assumption that the fluid penetrant consists of bound and free (mobile) phases (Carter and Kibler 1978).
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 6. Hygrothermal Viscoelastic Response
Abstract
While the effects of moisture on the mechanical response of materials as different as wool and wood were recognized for a long time, their incorporation within the theory of viscoelasticity was not implemented until the 1970s.
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 7. Effects of Fluids on Mechanical Properties and Performance
Abstract
It was already noted that fluids introduce residual stresses into polymeric composites and affect mechanical fields by enhancing the creep and relaxation processes. In addition, it was remarked that fluids may degrade polymers and fiber–matrix interfaces by hydrolysis and chemical attack, induce osmotic pressure within interphase regions that contribute to the weakening of fiber–matrix bond, and chemically decompose the fibers themselves, especially glass fiber. Thus, while most fluid-induced degradations are affected through the polymeric phase of the composite, as well as the interface/interphase domains, some degradation may be due to fluid effects on glass fibers. While the outcome of the former is revealed through the lowering of shear-driven properties, that of the latter is detected by reduction in tensile resistance. Tensile properties may be completely or partially irreversible (Ishak et al. 2000). Reductions of 30–50% in interfacial strength were reported for some graphite/epoxy systems (Kaelble et al. 1975).
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 8. Sea Water Effects on Foam-Cored Sandwich Structures
Abstract
Sandwich composite lay-ups are being utilized to an ever-increasing extent in naval structures. Typically, those lay-ups consist of closed-cell polymeric foams placed between fiber reinforced polymeric facings. The resulting sandwich components possess an exceedingly light weight, thereby increasing submersibles’ buoyancy and, when employed in superstructural designs, may enhance a ship’s stability by lowering its center of gravity.
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 9. Special Issues
Abstract
Useful insight into the mechanism of fluid ingress into polymers and polymeric composites can be gained by noting and interpreting the so-called “reverse thermal effect.” The earliest discovery of this phenomenon was made independently and interpreted differently (Apicella et al. 1979; Adamson 1980).
Y. Jack Weitsman
Chapter 10. Concluding Remarks
Abstract
Fluids are a stealthy substance and even though in many circumstances their effects may be of secondary importance, the disregarding of their ingress and presence can lead to perilous consequences.
Y. Jack Weitsman
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites
Author
Y. Jack Weitsman
Copyright Year
2012
Publisher
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4614-1059-1
Print ISBN
978-1-4614-1058-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1059-1

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