Skip to main content
Top

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Frauen in Führungspositionen – Einige Fakten

Author : Regina Anna-Maria Palmer

Published in: Führung und ihre Herausforderungen

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Sowohl in Deutschland als auch weltweit sind weiterhin relativ wenige Frauen in Führungspositionen tätig. Diese wenigen weiblichen Führungskräfte weichen in ihrem Verhalten kaum von ihren männlichen Kollegen ab. Das resultiert aus Prozessen, die eng mit geschlechtsbezogener Voreingenommenheit in Verbindung stehen. Weibliche Führungskräfte werden weniger wahrscheinlich eingestellt, schlechter in ihrer Leistung beurteilt und weniger gemocht als männliche Führungskräfte. Eine Gegenstrategie ist das Verleugnen der eigenen Weiblichkeit und die Anpassung an die männlichen Verhaltensweisen, die noch die Führungskulturen vieler Unternehmen bestimmen. Dies führt jedoch dazu, dass die männlichen Führungskulturen bestehen bleiben. Nur eine Veränderung der Unternehmens- und Führungskulturen kann nachhaltig eine Steigerung des Frauenanteils in Führungspositionen bewirken.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Adams, R.B. (2016). Women on boards: The superheroes of tomorrow? The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 371–386.CrossRef Adams, R.B. (2016). Women on boards: The superheroes of tomorrow? The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 371–386.CrossRef
go back to reference Adams, R.B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291–309.CrossRef Adams, R.B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291–309.CrossRef
go back to reference Adams, R.B., & Funk, P.C. (2012). Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter? Management Science, 58(2), 219–235.CrossRef Adams, R.B., & Funk, P.C. (2012). Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter? Management Science, 58(2), 219–235.CrossRef
go back to reference Adams, S.M., Gupta, A., & Leeth, J.D. (2009). Are female executives over-represented in precarious leadership positions? British Journal of Management, 20(1), 1–12.CrossRef Adams, S.M., Gupta, A., & Leeth, J.D. (2009). Are female executives over-represented in precarious leadership positions? British Journal of Management, 20(1), 1–12.CrossRef
go back to reference Adams, R. B., Licht, A., & Sagiv, L. (2011). Shareholders and stakeholders: How do directors decide? Strategic Management Journal, 32(12), 1331–1355.CrossRef Adams, R. B., Licht, A., & Sagiv, L. (2011). Shareholders and stakeholders: How do directors decide? Strategic Management Journal, 32(12), 1331–1355.CrossRef
go back to reference Ahern, K.R., & Dittmar, A.K. (2012). The changing of the boards: The impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(1), 137–197.CrossRef Ahern, K.R., & Dittmar, A.K. (2012). The changing of the boards: The impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(1), 137–197.CrossRef
go back to reference Andersen, J.A., & Hansson, P.H. (2011). At the end of the road? On differences between women and men in leadership behaviour. Leadership & organization development journal, 32(5), 428–441.CrossRef Andersen, J.A., & Hansson, P.H. (2011). At the end of the road? On differences between women and men in leadership behaviour. Leadership & organization development journal, 32(5), 428–441.CrossRef
go back to reference Baixauli-Soler, J.S., Belda-Ruiz, M., & Sanchez-Marin, G. (2015). Executive stock options, gender diversity in the top management team, and firm risk taking. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 451–463.CrossRef Baixauli-Soler, J.S., Belda-Ruiz, M., & Sanchez-Marin, G. (2015). Executive stock options, gender diversity in the top management team, and firm risk taking. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 451–463.CrossRef
go back to reference Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
go back to reference Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1994). Shatter the glass ceiling: Women may make better managers. Human resource management, 33(4), 549–560.CrossRef Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1994). Shatter the glass ceiling: Women may make better managers. Human resource management, 33(4), 549–560.CrossRef
go back to reference Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2012). Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: A policy experiment in India. Science, 335(6068), 582–586.CrossRef Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2012). Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: A policy experiment in India. Science, 335(6068), 582–586.CrossRef
go back to reference Beck, D., & Davis, E. (2005). EEO in senior management: Women executives in Westpac. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(2), 273–288.CrossRef Beck, D., & Davis, E. (2005). EEO in senior management: Women executives in Westpac. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(2), 273–288.CrossRef
go back to reference Beckmann, D., & Menkhoff, L. (2008). Will women be women? Analyzing the gender difference among financial experts. Kyklos, 61(3), 364–384.CrossRef Beckmann, D., & Menkhoff, L. (2008). Will women be women? Analyzing the gender difference among financial experts. Kyklos, 61(3), 364–384.CrossRef
go back to reference Bierema, L.L. (2016). Women’s leadership: Troubling notions of the „ideal“ (male) leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(2), 119–136.CrossRef Bierema, L.L. (2016). Women’s leadership: Troubling notions of the „ideal“ (male) leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(2), 119–136.CrossRef
go back to reference Bigelow, L., Lundmark, L., McLean Parks, J., & Wuebker, R. (2014). Skirting the issues: Experimental evidence of gender bias in IPO prospectus evaluations. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1732–1759.CrossRef Bigelow, L., Lundmark, L., McLean Parks, J., & Wuebker, R. (2014). Skirting the issues: Experimental evidence of gender bias in IPO prospectus evaluations. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1732–1759.CrossRef
go back to reference Bilimoria, D. (2000). Building the Business Case for Women Corporate Directors. In R. J. Burke & M. C. Mattis (Hrsg.), Women on Corporate Boards: International Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 25–40). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRef Bilimoria, D. (2000). Building the Business Case for Women Corporate Directors. In R. J. Burke & M. C. Mattis (Hrsg.), Women on Corporate Boards: International Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 25–40). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRef
go back to reference Bilimoria, D. (2006). The relationship between women corporate directors and women corporate officers. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(1), 47–61. Bilimoria, D. (2006). The relationship between women corporate directors and women corporate officers. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(1), 47–61.
go back to reference Boin, A., & Hart, P. T. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: mission impossible?. Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544–553.CrossRef Boin, A., & Hart, P. T. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: mission impossible?. Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544–553.CrossRef
go back to reference Bosak, J., & Sczesny, S. (2008). Am I the right candidate? Self-ascribed fit of women and men to a leadership position. Sex Roles, 58(9–10), 682–688.CrossRef Bosak, J., & Sczesny, S. (2008). Am I the right candidate? Self-ascribed fit of women and men to a leadership position. Sex Roles, 58(9–10), 682–688.CrossRef
go back to reference Brady, D., Isaacs, K., Reeves, M., Burroway, R., & Reynolds, M. (2011). Sector, size, stability, and scandal. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(1), 84–85CrossRef Brady, D., Isaacs, K., Reeves, M., Burroway, R., & Reynolds, M. (2011). Sector, size, stability, and scandal. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(1), 84–85CrossRef
go back to reference Brass, D.J. (1985). Men’s and women’s networks: A study of interaction patterns and influence in an organization. The Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), 327–343. Brass, D.J. (1985). Men’s and women’s networks: A study of interaction patterns and influence in an organization. The Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), 327–343.
go back to reference Brescoll, V.L. (2011). Who takes the floor and why: Gender, power, and volubility in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56(4), 622–641.CrossRef Brescoll, V.L. (2011). Who takes the floor and why: Gender, power, and volubility in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56(4), 622–641.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, D., Brown, D., & Anastasopoulos, V. (2002). Women on Boards: Not just the Right Thing … But the ‘Bright’ Thing. Report 341-02, Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada. Brown, D., Brown, D., & Anastasopoulos, V. (2002). Women on Boards: Not just the Right Thing … But the ‘Bright’ Thing. Report 341-02, Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada.
go back to reference Buono, A.F., & Kamm, J.B. (1983). Marginality and the organizational socialization of female managers. Human Relations, 36(12), 1125–1140.CrossRef Buono, A.F., & Kamm, J.B. (1983). Marginality and the organizational socialization of female managers. Human Relations, 36(12), 1125–1140.CrossRef
go back to reference Charles, M. (2011). A world of difference: International trends in women’s economic status. Annual Review of Sociology, 37 I, 355–371.CrossRef Charles, M. (2011). A world of difference: International trends in women’s economic status. Annual Review of Sociology, 37 I, 355–371.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, L.E., & Broschak, J.P. (2013). Whose jobs are these? The impact of the proportion of female managers on the number of new management jobs filled by women versus men. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58(4), 509–541.CrossRef Cohen, L.E., & Broschak, J.P. (2013). Whose jobs are these? The impact of the proportion of female managers on the number of new management jobs filled by women versus men. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58(4), 509–541.CrossRef
go back to reference Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2014). Women and top leadership positions: Towards an institutional analysis. Gender, Work & Organization, 21(1), 91–103.CrossRef Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2014). Women and top leadership positions: Towards an institutional analysis. Gender, Work & Organization, 21(1), 91–103.CrossRef
go back to reference Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., Molero, F., Ferrer, E. & Morales, J. (2012). Gender differences in leadership styles as a function of leader and subordinates’ sex and type of organization. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 3083–3113.CrossRef Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., Molero, F., Ferrer, E. & Morales, J. (2012). Gender differences in leadership styles as a function of leader and subordinates’ sex and type of organization. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 3083–3113.CrossRef
go back to reference Daily, C., Certo, T., & Dalton, D. (1999). A decade of corporate women: Some progress in the boardroom, none in the executive suite. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), 93–99.CrossRef Daily, C., Certo, T., & Dalton, D. (1999). A decade of corporate women: Some progress in the boardroom, none in the executive suite. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), 93–99.CrossRef
go back to reference Daily, C.M., & Dalton D.R. (2003). Women in the boardroom: A business imperative. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(5), 8–10.CrossRef Daily, C.M., & Dalton D.R. (2003). Women in the boardroom: A business imperative. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(5), 8–10.CrossRef
go back to reference Dasgupta, N. (2011). Ingroup experts and peers as social vaccines who inoculate the self-concept: the stereotype inoculation model. Psychological Inquiry, 22(4), 231–246.CrossRef Dasgupta, N. (2011). Ingroup experts and peers as social vaccines who inoculate the self-concept: the stereotype inoculation model. Psychological Inquiry, 22(4), 231–246.CrossRef
go back to reference Davies, P.G., Spencer, S.J., Quinn, D.M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1615–1628.CrossRef Davies, P.G., Spencer, S.J., Quinn, D.M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1615–1628.CrossRef
go back to reference De Mascia, S. (2015). Are women better leaders than men? Human Resource Management International Digest, 23(7), 1–4.CrossRef De Mascia, S. (2015). Are women better leaders than men? Human Resource Management International Digest, 23(7), 1–4.CrossRef
go back to reference Derks, B., Ellemers, N., Van Laar, C., & de Groot, K. (2011a). Do sexist organizational cultures create the queen bee? British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 519–535.CrossRef Derks, B., Ellemers, N., Van Laar, C., & de Groot, K. (2011a). Do sexist organizational cultures create the queen bee? British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 519–535.CrossRef
go back to reference Derks, B., Van Laar, C., Ellemers, N., & de Groot, K. (2011b). Gender-bias primes elicit queen-bee responses among senior policewomen. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1243–1249.CrossRef Derks, B., Van Laar, C., Ellemers, N., & de Groot, K. (2011b). Gender-bias primes elicit queen-bee responses among senior policewomen. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1243–1249.CrossRef
go back to reference Derks, B., Van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2016). The queen bee phenomenon: Why women leaders distance themselves from junior women. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 456–469.CrossRef Derks, B., Van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2016). The queen bee phenomenon: Why women leaders distance themselves from junior women. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 456–469.CrossRef
go back to reference Dezső, C.L., Ross, D.G., & Uribe, J. (2016). Is there an implicit quota on women in top management? A large-sample statistical analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 37(1), 98–115.CrossRef Dezső, C.L., Ross, D.G., & Uribe, J. (2016). Is there an implicit quota on women in top management? A large-sample statistical analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 37(1), 98–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Diamond, E.E. (1971). Occupational interests: Male-female or high level-low level dichotomy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1(4), 305–315.CrossRef Diamond, E.E. (1971). Occupational interests: Male-female or high level-low level dichotomy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1(4), 305–315.CrossRef
go back to reference Dobbins, G.H., & Platz, S.J. (1986). Sex differences in leadership: how real are they? Academy of Management review, 11(1), 118–127.CrossRef Dobbins, G.H., & Platz, S.J. (1986). Sex differences in leadership: how real are they? Academy of Management review, 11(1), 118–127.CrossRef
go back to reference Donnell, S.M., & Hall, J. (1980). Men and women as managers: A significant case of no significant difference. Organizational Dynamics, 8(4), 60–77.CrossRef Donnell, S.M., & Hall, J. (1980). Men and women as managers: A significant case of no significant difference. Organizational Dynamics, 8(4), 60–77.CrossRef
go back to reference Duguid, M. (2011). Female tokens in high-prestige work groups: Catalysts or inhibitors of group diversification? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(1), 104–115.CrossRef Duguid, M. (2011). Female tokens in high-prestige work groups: Catalysts or inhibitors of group diversification? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(1), 104–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Dwyer, S., Orlando C.R., & Chadwick, K. (2003). Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and organizational culture. Journal Of Business Research, 56(12), 1009–1019.CrossRef Dwyer, S., Orlando C.R., & Chadwick, K. (2003). Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and organizational culture. Journal Of Business Research, 56(12), 1009–1019.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Eagly, A.H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., & Carli, L.L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. The leadership quarterly, 14(6), 807–834.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., & Carli, L.L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. The leadership quarterly, 14(6), 807–834.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., Gartzia, L., & Carli, L. (2014). Female advantage: revisited. In: S. Kumra, R. Simpson, & R.J. Burke (Hrsg.), The Oxford Handbook of Gender in Organizations, (pp. 153–174). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eagly, A.H., Gartzia, L., & Carli, L. (2014). Female advantage: revisited. In: S. Kumra, R. Simpson, & R.J. Burke (Hrsg.), The Oxford Handbook of Gender in Organizations, (pp. 153–174). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781–797.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781–797.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C., & Van Engen, M.L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological bulletin, 129(4), 569–591.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C., & Van Engen, M.L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological bulletin, 129(4), 569–591.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., & Johnson, B.T. (1990). Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233–256.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., & Johnson, B.T. (1990). Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233–256.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., & Karau, S.J. (1991). Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(5), 685–710.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., & Karau, S.J. (1991). Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(5), 685–710.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., & Karau, S.J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological review, 109(3), 573–598.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., & Karau, S.J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological review, 109(3), 573–598.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., Karau, S.J., & Makhijani, M.G. (1995). Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 125–145.CrossRef Eagly, A.H., Karau, S.J., & Makhijani, M.G. (1995). Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 125–145.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A.H., Makhijani, M.G., & Klonsky, B.G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 3–22. Eagly, A.H., Makhijani, M.G., & Klonsky, B.G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 3–22.
go back to reference Ellemers, N., Van Den Heuvel, H., De Gilder, D., Maass, A., & Bonvini, A. (2004). The underrepresentation of women in science: Differential commitment or the queen bee syndrome? British Journal of Social Psychology, 43(3), 315–338.CrossRef Ellemers, N., Van Den Heuvel, H., De Gilder, D., Maass, A., & Bonvini, A. (2004). The underrepresentation of women in science: Differential commitment or the queen bee syndrome? British Journal of Social Psychology, 43(3), 315–338.CrossRef
go back to reference Ely, R.J. (1994). The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 203–238.CrossRef Ely, R.J. (1994). The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 203–238.CrossRef
go back to reference Ely, R.J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D.M. (2011). Taking gender into account: Theory and design for women’s leadership development programs. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3), 474–493.CrossRef Ely, R.J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D.M. (2011). Taking gender into account: Theory and design for women’s leadership development programs. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3), 474–493.CrossRef
go back to reference Fairfax, L.M. (2006). Clogs in the pipeline: The mixed data on women directors and continued barriers to their advancement. Maryland Law Review, 65, 579–610. Fairfax, L.M. (2006). Clogs in the pipeline: The mixed data on women directors and continued barriers to their advancement. Maryland Law Review, 65, 579–610.
go back to reference Farrell, K.A., & Hersch, P.L. (2005). Additions to corporate boards: the effect of gender. Journal of Corporate finance, 11(1), 85–106.CrossRef Farrell, K.A., & Hersch, P.L. (2005). Additions to corporate boards: the effect of gender. Journal of Corporate finance, 11(1), 85–106.CrossRef
go back to reference Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (2013). Social cognition: From brain to culture, 2. Aufl. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (2013). Social cognition: From brain to culture, 2. Aufl. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef
go back to reference Fondas, N., & Sassalos, S. (2000). A different voice in the boardroom: How the presence of women directors affects board influence over management. Global Focus, 12(2), 13–22. Fondas, N., & Sassalos, S. (2000). A different voice in the boardroom: How the presence of women directors affects board influence over management. Global Focus, 12(2), 13–22.
go back to reference Forbes, J.B., Piercy, J.E., & Hayes, T.L. (1988). Women executives: Breaking down barriers? Business Horizons, 31(6), 6–9.CrossRef Forbes, J.B., Piercy, J.E., & Hayes, T.L. (1988). Women executives: Breaking down barriers? Business Horizons, 31(6), 6–9.CrossRef
go back to reference García-Morales, V.J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M.M., & Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 1040–1050.CrossRef García-Morales, V.J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M.M., & Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 1040–1050.CrossRef
go back to reference Gibson, C.B. (1995). An investigation of gender differences in leadership across four countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(2), 255–279.CrossRef Gibson, C.B. (1995). An investigation of gender differences in leadership across four countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(2), 255–279.CrossRef
go back to reference Glass, C., & Cook, A. (2016). Leading at the top: Understanding women’s challenges above the glass ceiling. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 51–63.CrossRef Glass, C., & Cook, A. (2016). Leading at the top: Understanding women’s challenges above the glass ceiling. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 51–63.CrossRef
go back to reference Gray, J. (1992). Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. New York: HarperBusiness. Gray, J. (1992). Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. New York: HarperBusiness.
go back to reference Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of business research, 62(4), 461–473.CrossRef Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of business research, 62(4), 461–473.CrossRef
go back to reference Haslam, S.A., Ryan, M.K., Kulich, C., Trojanowski, G., & Atkins, C. (2010). Investing with prejudice: The relationship between women’s presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 484–497. Haslam, S.A., Ryan, M.K., Kulich, C., Trojanowski, G., & Atkins, C. (2010). Investing with prejudice: The relationship between women’s presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 484–497.
go back to reference Heikkinen, S., Lämsä, A-M., & Hiillos, M. (2014). Narratives by women managers about spousal support for their careers. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(1), 27–39.CrossRef Heikkinen, S., Lämsä, A-M., & Hiillos, M. (2014). Narratives by women managers about spousal support for their careers. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(1), 27–39.CrossRef
go back to reference Heilman, M.E. (1995). Sex stereotypes and their effects in the workplace: What we know and what we don’t know. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10(6), 3–26. Heilman, M.E. (1995). Sex stereotypes and their effects in the workplace: What we know and what we don’t know. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10(6), 3–26.
go back to reference Heilman, M.E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of social issues, 57(4), 657–674.CrossRef Heilman, M.E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of social issues, 57(4), 657–674.CrossRef
go back to reference Heilman, M.E., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M.M. (2004). Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416–427.CrossRef Heilman, M.E., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M.M. (2004). Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416–427.CrossRef
go back to reference Helgesen, S. (1990). The Female Advantage: Women’s Ways of Leadership. New York, NY: Doubleday Currency. Helgesen, S. (1990). The Female Advantage: Women’s Ways of Leadership. New York, NY: Doubleday Currency.
go back to reference Hennig, M., & Jardim, A. (1977). Managerial woman. New York City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday. Hennig, M., & Jardim, A. (1977). Managerial woman. New York City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
go back to reference Herring, C. (2009). Does diversity pay? Race, gender and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 208–224.CrossRef Herring, C. (2009). Does diversity pay? Race, gender and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 208–224.CrossRef
go back to reference Hewlett, S.A., & Luce, C.B. (2005). Off-ramps and on-ramps. Harvard Business Review, 83(3), 43–46, 48, 50–4. Hewlett, S.A., & Luce, C.B. (2005). Off-ramps and on-ramps. Harvard Business Review, 83(3), 43–46, 48, 50–4.
go back to reference Hippel, C. v., Walsh, A.M., & Zouroudis, A. (2011). Identity separation in response to stereotype threat. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(3), 317–324.CrossRef Hippel, C. v., Walsh, A.M., & Zouroudis, A. (2011). Identity separation in response to stereotype threat. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(3), 317–324.CrossRef
go back to reference Hogue, M. (2016). Gender bias in communal leadership: examining servant leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 837–849.CrossRef Hogue, M. (2016). Gender bias in communal leadership: examining servant leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 837–849.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoogendoorn, S., Oosterbeek, H., & Van Praag, M. (2013). The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment. Management Science, 59(7), 1514–1528.CrossRef Hoogendoorn, S., Oosterbeek, H., & Van Praag, M. (2013). The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment. Management Science, 59(7), 1514–1528.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoyt, C.L., Burnette, J.L., & Innella, A.N. (2012). I can do that. The impact of implicit theories on leadership role model effectiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 257–268.CrossRef Hoyt, C.L., Burnette, J.L., & Innella, A.N. (2012). I can do that. The impact of implicit theories on leadership role model effectiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 257–268.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoyt, C.L., Johnson, S.K., Murphy, S.E., & Skinnell, K.H. (2010). The impact of blatant stereotype activation and group sex-composition on female leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(5), 716–732.CrossRef Hoyt, C.L., Johnson, S.K., Murphy, S.E., & Skinnell, K.H. (2010). The impact of blatant stereotype activation and group sex-composition on female leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(5), 716–732.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoyt, C.L., & Simon, S. (2011). Female leaders injurious or inspiring role models for women? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 143–157.CrossRef Hoyt, C.L., & Simon, S. (2011). Female leaders injurious or inspiring role models for women? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 143–157.CrossRef
go back to reference Huse, M., & Solberg, A.G. (2006) Gender-related boardroom dynamics: how Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards. Women in Management Review, 21(2), 113–130.CrossRef Huse, M., & Solberg, A.G. (2006) Gender-related boardroom dynamics: how Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards. Women in Management Review, 21(2), 113–130.CrossRef
go back to reference Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2000). A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychological Science, 11(5), 365–371.CrossRef Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2000). A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychological Science, 11(5), 365–371.CrossRef
go back to reference Jelinek, M., & Adler, N.J. (1988). Women: World-class managers for global competition. Academy Of Management Executive, 2(1), 11–19. Jelinek, M., & Adler, N.J. (1988). Women: World-class managers for global competition. Academy Of Management Executive, 2(1), 11–19.
go back to reference Jonsen, K., Maznevski, M.L., & Schneider, S.C. (2010). Gender differences in leadership – believing is seeing: implications for managing diversity. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(6), 549–572.CrossRef Jonsen, K., Maznevski, M.L., & Schneider, S.C. (2010). Gender differences in leadership – believing is seeing: implications for managing diversity. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(6), 549–572.CrossRef
go back to reference Judge, E. (2003, 11. November). Women on board: Help or hindrance? The Times, 21. Judge, E. (2003, 11. November). Women on board: Help or hindrance? The Times, 21.
go back to reference Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 47(2), 263–291.CrossRef Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 47(2), 263–291.CrossRef
go back to reference Kakabadse, N.K., Figueira, C., Nicolopoulou, K., Hong Yang, J., Kakabadse, A.P. & Özbilgin, M.F. (2015). Gender diversity and board performance: women’s experiences and perspectives. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 265–281.CrossRef Kakabadse, N.K., Figueira, C., Nicolopoulou, K., Hong Yang, J., Kakabadse, A.P. & Özbilgin, M.F. (2015). Gender diversity and board performance: women’s experiences and perspectives. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 265–281.CrossRef
go back to reference Kalleberg, A.L., & Leicht, K.T. (1991). Gender and organizational performance: Determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 136–161. Kalleberg, A.L., & Leicht, K.T. (1991). Gender and organizational performance: Determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 136–161.
go back to reference Kanter, R.M. (1977a). Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965– 990.CrossRef Kanter, R.M. (1977a). Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965– 990.CrossRef
go back to reference Kanter, R.M. (1977b). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books. Kanter, R.M. (1977b). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Khurana, R. (2002). The curse of the superstar CEO. Harvard Business Review, 80(9), 60–67. Khurana, R. (2002). The curse of the superstar CEO. Harvard Business Review, 80(9), 60–67.
go back to reference Klatt, J., Eimler, S.C., & Krämer, N.C. (2016). Makeup your mind: The impact of styling on perceived competence and warmth of female leaders. The Journal of social psychology, 156(5), 483–497.CrossRef Klatt, J., Eimler, S.C., & Krämer, N.C. (2016). Makeup your mind: The impact of styling on perceived competence and warmth of female leaders. The Journal of social psychology, 156(5), 483–497.CrossRef
go back to reference Klettner, A., Clarke, T., & Boersma, M. (2016). Strategic and regulatory approaches to increasing women in leadership: multilevel targets and mandatory quotas as levers for cultural change. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(3), 395–419.CrossRef Klettner, A., Clarke, T., & Boersma, M. (2016). Strategic and regulatory approaches to increasing women in leadership: multilevel targets and mandatory quotas as levers for cultural change. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(3), 395–419.CrossRef
go back to reference Kloot, L. (2004). Women and leadership in universities: a case study of women academic managers. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(6), 470–485.CrossRef Kloot, L. (2004). Women and leadership in universities: a case study of women academic managers. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(6), 470–485.CrossRef
go back to reference Konrad, A.M., Kramer, V.W., & Erkut, S. (2008). Critical Mass: The Impact of Three or More Women on Corporate Boards. Organizational Dynamics, 37(2), 145–164.CrossRef Konrad, A.M., Kramer, V.W., & Erkut, S. (2008). Critical Mass: The Impact of Three or More Women on Corporate Boards. Organizational Dynamics, 37(2), 145–164.CrossRef
go back to reference Kramer, V.W., Konrad, A.M., Erkut, S., & Hooper, M.J. (2006). Critical mass on corporate boards: Why three or more women enhance governance. Boston: Wellesley Centers for Women. Kramer, V.W., Konrad, A.M., Erkut, S., & Hooper, M.J. (2006). Critical mass on corporate boards: Why three or more women enhance governance. Boston: Wellesley Centers for Women.
go back to reference Labelle, R., Francoeur, C., & Lakhal, F. (2015). To regulate or not to regulate? Early evidence on the means used around the world to promote gender diversity in the boardroom. Gender, Work & Organization, 22(4), 339–363.CrossRef Labelle, R., Francoeur, C., & Lakhal, F. (2015). To regulate or not to regulate? Early evidence on the means used around the world to promote gender diversity in the boardroom. Gender, Work & Organization, 22(4), 339–363.CrossRef
go back to reference Latu, I.M., Mast, M.S., Lammers, J., & Bombari, D. (2013). Successful female leaders empower women’s behavior in leadership tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 444–448.CrossRef Latu, I.M., Mast, M.S., Lammers, J., & Bombari, D. (2013). Successful female leaders empower women’s behavior in leadership tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 444–448.CrossRef
go back to reference Laud, R.L., & Johnson, M. (2013). Journey to the top: Are there really gender differences in the selection and utilization of career tactics?. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 17(1), 51–68. Laud, R.L., & Johnson, M. (2013). Journey to the top: Are there really gender differences in the selection and utilization of career tactics?. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 17(1), 51–68.
go back to reference Ledman, R.E., Miller, M., & Brown, D.R. (1995). Successful women and women’s colleges: Is there an intervening variable in the reported relationship? Sex roles, 33(7–8), 489–497.CrossRef Ledman, R.E., Miller, M., & Brown, D.R. (1995). Successful women and women’s colleges: Is there an intervening variable in the reported relationship? Sex roles, 33(7–8), 489–497.CrossRef
go back to reference Levi, M., Li, K., & Zhang, F. (2014). Director gender and mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Corporate Finance, 28, 185–200.CrossRef Levi, M., Li, K., & Zhang, F. (2014). Director gender and mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Corporate Finance, 28, 185–200.CrossRef
go back to reference Linehan, M. (2001). Networking for female managers’ career development: Empirical evidence. Journal of Management Development, 20(10), 823–829.CrossRef Linehan, M. (2001). Networking for female managers’ career development: Empirical evidence. Journal of Management Development, 20(10), 823–829.CrossRef
go back to reference Loden, M. (1985). Feminine leadership, or, how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. New York City, NY: Crown Publishing Group. Loden, M. (1985). Feminine leadership, or, how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. New York City, NY: Crown Publishing Group.
go back to reference Lowe, K.B., Kroeck, K.G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The leadership quarterly, 7(3), 385–425.CrossRef Lowe, K.B., Kroeck, K.G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The leadership quarterly, 7(3), 385–425.CrossRef
go back to reference Marshall, J. (1993). Organisational cultures and women managers: Exploring the dynamics of resilience. Applied Psychology: An international Review, 42(4), 313–322.CrossRef Marshall, J. (1993). Organisational cultures and women managers: Exploring the dynamics of resilience. Applied Psychology: An international Review, 42(4), 313–322.CrossRef
go back to reference Martell, R.F., Lane, D.M., & Emrich, C. (1996). Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist, 15(2), 157–158.CrossRef Martell, R.F., Lane, D.M., & Emrich, C. (1996). Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist, 15(2), 157–158.CrossRef
go back to reference Marx, D.M., Ko, S.J., & Friedman, R.A. (2009). The „Obama effect“: how a salient role model reduces race-based performance differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 953–956.CrossRef Marx, D.M., Ko, S.J., & Friedman, R.A. (2009). The „Obama effect“: how a salient role model reduces race-based performance differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 953–956.CrossRef
go back to reference Marx, D.M., & Roman, J.S. (2002). Female rolemodels: protecting women’s math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1183–1193.CrossRef Marx, D.M., & Roman, J.S. (2002). Female rolemodels: protecting women’s math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1183–1193.CrossRef
go back to reference Matsa, D. A., & Miller, A. R. (2013). A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(3), 136–169. Matsa, D. A., & Miller, A. R. (2013). A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(3), 136–169.
go back to reference Melamed, T., & Bozionelos, N. (1992). Gender differences in the personality features of British managers. Psychological reports, 71(3), 979–986.CrossRef Melamed, T., & Bozionelos, N. (1992). Gender differences in the personality features of British managers. Psychological reports, 71(3), 979–986.CrossRef
go back to reference Meyerson, D.E., & Fletcher, J.K. (2000). A Modest Manifesto for Shattering the Glass Ceiling. Harvard Business Review, January – February. Meyerson, D.E., & Fletcher, J.K. (2000). A Modest Manifesto for Shattering the Glass Ceiling. Harvard Business Review, January – February.
go back to reference Miller, D.I., Eagly, A.H. & Linn, M.C. (2015). Women’s representation in science predicts national gender-science stereotypes: Evidence from 66 nations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 631–644.CrossRef Miller, D.I., Eagly, A.H. & Linn, M.C. (2015). Women’s representation in science predicts national gender-science stereotypes: Evidence from 66 nations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 631–644.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller Burke, J., & Attridge, M. (2011). Pathways to Career and Leadership Success: Part 2 – Striking Gender Similarities Among $100 k Professionals. Journal of workplace behavioral health, 26(3), 207–239.CrossRef Miller Burke, J., & Attridge, M. (2011). Pathways to Career and Leadership Success: Part 2 – Striking Gender Similarities Among $100 k Professionals. Journal of workplace behavioral health, 26(3), 207–239.CrossRef
go back to reference Moore, L.M., & Rickel, A.U. (1980). Characteristics of women in traditional and non-traditional managerial roles. Personnel Psychology, 33(2), 317–333.CrossRef Moore, L.M., & Rickel, A.U. (1980). Characteristics of women in traditional and non-traditional managerial roles. Personnel Psychology, 33(2), 317–333.CrossRef
go back to reference Nielsen, S., & Huse, M. (2010). The contribution of women on boards of directors: Going beyond the surface. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(2), 136–148.CrossRef Nielsen, S., & Huse, M. (2010). The contribution of women on boards of directors: Going beyond the surface. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(2), 136–148.CrossRef
go back to reference O’Neil, D.A., Hopkins, M.M., & Sullivan, S.E. (2011). Do women’s networks help advance women’s careers? Differences in perceptions of female workers and top leadership. Career Development International, 16(7), 733–754.CrossRef O’Neil, D.A., Hopkins, M.M., & Sullivan, S.E. (2011). Do women’s networks help advance women’s careers? Differences in perceptions of female workers and top leadership. Career Development International, 16(7), 733–754.CrossRef
go back to reference Oliver, L. W. (1974). Achievement and affiliation motivation in career-oriented and homemaking-oriented college women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 4(3), 275–281.CrossRef Oliver, L. W. (1974). Achievement and affiliation motivation in career-oriented and homemaking-oriented college women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 4(3), 275–281.CrossRef
go back to reference Olsen, R., & Cox, C. (2001). The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: the case of professional investors. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(1), 29–36.CrossRef Olsen, R., & Cox, C. (2001). The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: the case of professional investors. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(1), 29–36.CrossRef
go back to reference Palermo, J. (2004). Breaking the Cultural Mode: The Key to Women’s Career Success. Hudson 20:20 Series Whitepaper: Hudson Global Resources and Human Capital Solutions. Palermo, J. (2004). Breaking the Cultural Mode: The Key to Women’s Career Success. Hudson 20:20 Series Whitepaper: Hudson Global Resources and Human Capital Solutions.
go back to reference Parks-Stamm, E.J., Heilman, M.E., & Hearns, K.A. (2008). Motivated to penalize: Women’s strategic rejection of successful women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 237–247.CrossRef Parks-Stamm, E.J., Heilman, M.E., & Hearns, K.A. (2008). Motivated to penalize: Women’s strategic rejection of successful women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 237–247.CrossRef
go back to reference Paustian-Underdahl, S.C., Walker, L.S., & Woehr, D.J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1129–1145.CrossRef Paustian-Underdahl, S.C., Walker, L.S., & Woehr, D.J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1129–1145.CrossRef
go back to reference Pease, A. & Pease, B. (2000). Why Men Don’t Listen and Women Can’t Read Maps. New York: Broadway Books. Pease, A. & Pease, B. (2000). Why Men Don’t Listen and Women Can’t Read Maps. New York: Broadway Books.
go back to reference Pfaff, L.A., Boatwright, K.J., Potthoff, A.L., Finan, C., Ulrey, L.A., & Huber, D.M. (2013). Perceptions of Women and Men Leaders Following 360-Degree Feedback Evaluations. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 26(1), 35–56.CrossRef Pfaff, L.A., Boatwright, K.J., Potthoff, A.L., Finan, C., Ulrey, L.A., & Huber, D.M. (2013). Perceptions of Women and Men Leaders Following 360-Degree Feedback Evaluations. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 26(1), 35–56.CrossRef
go back to reference Phelan, J.E., Moss-Racusin, C.A., & Rudman, L.A. (2008). Competent yet out in the cold: Shifting criteria for hiring reflect backlash toward agentic women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 406–413.CrossRef Phelan, J.E., Moss-Racusin, C.A., & Rudman, L.A. (2008). Competent yet out in the cold: Shifting criteria for hiring reflect backlash toward agentic women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 406–413.CrossRef
go back to reference Piterman, H. (2008). The leadership challenge: Women in management. Melbourne: Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Piterman, H. (2008). The leadership challenge: Women in management. Melbourne: Committee for Economic Development of Australia.
go back to reference Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: a meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1546–1571.CrossRef Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: a meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1546–1571.CrossRef
go back to reference Powell, G.N. (2012). Six ways of seeing the elephant: the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 27(2), 119–141.CrossRef Powell, G.N. (2012). Six ways of seeing the elephant: the intersection of sex, gender, and leadership. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 27(2), 119–141.CrossRef
go back to reference Powell, G.N., & Butterfield, D.A. (1994). Investigating the „glass ceiling“ phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 68–86. Powell, G.N., & Butterfield, D.A. (1994). Investigating the „glass ceiling“ phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 68–86.
go back to reference Reciniello, S. (1999). The emergence of a powerful female workforce as a threat to organizational identity. American Behavioural Scientist, 43(2), 301–24.CrossRef Reciniello, S. (1999). The emergence of a powerful female workforce as a threat to organizational identity. American Behavioural Scientist, 43(2), 301–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Rink, F., Ryan, M.K., & Stoker, J.I. (2012). Influence in times of crisis how social and financial resources affect men’s and women’s evaluations of glass-cliff positions. Psychological science, 23(11), 1306–1313.CrossRef Rink, F., Ryan, M.K., & Stoker, J.I. (2012). Influence in times of crisis how social and financial resources affect men’s and women’s evaluations of glass-cliff positions. Psychological science, 23(11), 1306–1313.CrossRef
go back to reference Roberson, L., & Kulik, C.T. (2007). Stereotype threat at work. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(2), 24–40.CrossRef Roberson, L., & Kulik, C.T. (2007). Stereotype threat at work. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(2), 24–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Rosener, J.B. (1990). Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), 119–125. Rosener, J.B. (1990). Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), 119–125.
go back to reference Rosener, J.B. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Women managers. New York: Oxford University Press. Rosener, J.B. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Women managers. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Rosette, A.S., & Tost, L.P. (2010). Agentic women and communal leadership: how role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 221–235.CrossRef Rosette, A.S., & Tost, L.P. (2010). Agentic women and communal leadership: how role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 221–235.CrossRef
go back to reference Rudman, L.A. (1998). Self-promotion is a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counter-stereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 629–645.CrossRef Rudman, L.A. (1998). Self-promotion is a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counter-stereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 629–645.CrossRef
go back to reference Rudman, L.A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of social issues, 57(4), 743–762.CrossRef Rudman, L.A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of social issues, 57(4), 743–762.CrossRef
go back to reference Rudman, L.A., & Phelan, J.E. (2010). The effect of priming gender roles on women’s implicit gender beliefs and career aspirations. Social Psychology, 41, 192–202.CrossRef Rudman, L.A., & Phelan, J.E. (2010). The effect of priming gender roles on women’s implicit gender beliefs and career aspirations. Social Psychology, 41, 192–202.CrossRef
go back to reference Rutherford, S. (2001). Organizational cultures, women managers and exclusion. Women in Management Review, 16(8), 371–382.CrossRef Rutherford, S. (2001). Organizational cultures, women managers and exclusion. Women in Management Review, 16(8), 371–382.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryan, M.K., & Haslam, S.A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of management, 16(2), 81–90.CrossRef Ryan, M.K., & Haslam, S.A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of management, 16(2), 81–90.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryan, M.K., & Haslam, S.A. (2007). The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 549–572.CrossRef Ryan, M.K., & Haslam, S.A. (2007). The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 549–572.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryan, M.K., Haslam, S.A. & Kulich, C. (2010). Politics and the glass cliff: Evidence that women are preferentially selected to contest hard-to-win seats. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 56–64.CrossRef Ryan, M.K., Haslam, S.A. & Kulich, C. (2010). Politics and the glass cliff: Evidence that women are preferentially selected to contest hard-to-win seats. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 56–64.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryan, M.K., Haslam, S.A., Morgenroth, T., Rink, F., Stoker, J., & Peters, K. (2016). Getting on top of the glass cliff: Reviewing a decade of evidence, explanations, and impact. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 446–455.CrossRef Ryan, M.K., Haslam, S.A., Morgenroth, T., Rink, F., Stoker, J., & Peters, K. (2016). Getting on top of the glass cliff: Reviewing a decade of evidence, explanations, and impact. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 446–455.CrossRef
go back to reference Sandberg, S. (2013). Lean in. New York City, NY: Knopf. Sandberg, S. (2013). Lean in. New York City, NY: Knopf.
go back to reference Schein, V.E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of applied psychology, 57(2), 95–100.CrossRef Schein, V.E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of applied psychology, 57(2), 95–100.CrossRef
go back to reference Schein, V.E. (1975). Relationships between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers. Journal of applied psychology, 60(3), 340–344.CrossRef Schein, V.E. (1975). Relationships between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers. Journal of applied psychology, 60(3), 340–344.CrossRef
go back to reference Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356.CrossRef Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356.CrossRef
go back to reference Sealy, R., & Vinnicombe, S. (2012). Women and the governance of corporate boards. In T. Clarke & D. Branson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Corporate Governance. London, UK: Sage. Sealy, R., & Vinnicombe, S. (2012). Women and the governance of corporate boards. In T. Clarke & D. Branson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Corporate Governance. London, UK: Sage.
go back to reference Seierstad, C., & Opsahl, T. (2011). For the few not the many? The effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(1), 44–54.CrossRef Seierstad, C., & Opsahl, T. (2011). For the few not the many? The effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(1), 44–54.CrossRef
go back to reference Sekaquaptewa, D., & Thompson, M. (2003). Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: their effects on women’s performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 68–74.CrossRef Sekaquaptewa, D., & Thompson, M. (2003). Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: their effects on women’s performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 68–74.CrossRef
go back to reference Sheridan, A.J. (1995). Affirmative action in Australia – employment statistics can’t tell the whole story. Women in Management Review, 10(2), 26–34.CrossRef Sheridan, A.J. (1995). Affirmative action in Australia – employment statistics can’t tell the whole story. Women in Management Review, 10(2), 26–34.CrossRef
go back to reference Sinclair, A. (2005). Doing leadership differently. Victoria: Melbourne University Press. Sinclair, A. (2005). Doing leadership differently. Victoria: Melbourne University Press.
go back to reference Singh, V. (2008). Transforming boardroom cultures in science, engineering and technology organizations. Bradford: UK Rsource Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology. Singh, V. (2008). Transforming boardroom cultures in science, engineering and technology organizations. Bradford: UK Rsource Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology.
go back to reference Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S., & Johnson, P. (2001). Women directors on top UK boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 9(3), 206–216.CrossRef Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S., & Johnson, P. (2001). Women directors on top UK boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 9(3), 206–216.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, A.E., & Monaghan, K.R. (2013). Some ceilings have more cracks: Representative bureaucracy in federal regulatory agencies. The American Review of Public Administration, 43(1), 50–71.CrossRef Smith, A.E., & Monaghan, K.R. (2013). Some ceilings have more cracks: Representative bureaucracy in federal regulatory agencies. The American Review of Public Administration, 43(1), 50–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Sojo, V.E., Wood, R.E., Wood, S.A., & Wheeler, M.A. (2016). Reporting requirements, targets, and quotas for women in leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 519–536.CrossRef Sojo, V.E., Wood, R.E., Wood, S.A., & Wheeler, M.A. (2016). Reporting requirements, targets, and quotas for women in leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 519–536.CrossRef
go back to reference Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(5), 797–811.CrossRef Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(5), 797–811.CrossRef
go back to reference Stroebe, K., Ellemers, N., Barreto, M., & Mummendey, A.I. (2009). For better or for worse: The congruence of personal and group outcomes on targets’ responses to discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(4), 576–591.CrossRef Stroebe, K., Ellemers, N., Barreto, M., & Mummendey, A.I. (2009). For better or for worse: The congruence of personal and group outcomes on targets’ responses to discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(4), 576–591.CrossRef
go back to reference Sturm, S. (2001). Second generation employment discrimination: a structural approach. Columbia Law Review, 101(3), 458–568.CrossRef Sturm, S. (2001). Second generation employment discrimination: a structural approach. Columbia Law Review, 101(3), 458–568.CrossRef
go back to reference Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 159–163.CrossRef Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 159–163.CrossRef
go back to reference Tate, G., & Yang, L. (2015). Female leadership and gender equity: Evidence from plant closure. Journal of Financial Economics, 117(1), 77–97.CrossRef Tate, G., & Yang, L. (2015). Female leadership and gender equity: Evidence from plant closure. Journal of Financial Economics, 117(1), 77–97.CrossRef
go back to reference Terborg, J. R. (1977). Women in management: A research review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(6), 647–664.CrossRef Terborg, J. R. (1977). Women in management: A research review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(6), 647–664.CrossRef
go back to reference Terjesen, S., & Sealy, R. (2016). Board gender quotas: Exploring ethical tensions from a multi-theoretical perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(1), 23–65.CrossRef Terjesen, S., & Sealy, R. (2016). Board gender quotas: Exploring ethical tensions from a multi-theoretical perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(1), 23–65.CrossRef
go back to reference Terjesen, S., Sealy, R., & Singh, V. (2009). Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(3), 320–337.CrossRef Terjesen, S., Sealy, R., & Singh, V. (2009). Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(3), 320–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Torchia, M., Calabro, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 299–317.CrossRef Torchia, M., Calabro, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 299–317.CrossRef
go back to reference van Emmerik, I.H., Euwema, M.C., & Wendt, H. (2008). Leadership behaviors around the world: The relative importance of gender versus cultural background. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3), 297–315.CrossRef van Emmerik, I.H., Euwema, M.C., & Wendt, H. (2008). Leadership behaviors around the world: The relative importance of gender versus cultural background. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3), 297–315.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Engen, M.L., & Willemsen, T.M. (2004). Sex and leadership styles: A meta-analysis of research published in the 1990s. Psychological Reports, 94(1), 3–18.CrossRef Van Engen, M.L., & Willemsen, T.M. (2004). Sex and leadership styles: A meta-analysis of research published in the 1990s. Psychological Reports, 94(1), 3–18.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Staveren, I. (2014). The Lehman Sisters hypothesis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38(5), 995–1014.CrossRef Van Staveren, I. (2014). The Lehman Sisters hypothesis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38(5), 995–1014.CrossRef
go back to reference Walker, R.C., & Aritz, J. (2015). Women doing leadership: Leadership styles and organizational culture. International Journal of Business Communication, 52(4), 452–478.CrossRef Walker, R.C., & Aritz, J. (2015). Women doing leadership: Leadership styles and organizational culture. International Journal of Business Communication, 52(4), 452–478.CrossRef
go back to reference Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Metadata
Title
Frauen in Führungspositionen – Einige Fakten
Author
Regina Anna-Maria Palmer
Copyright Year
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25278-6_12