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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Geological Applications

Author : Stéphane Sainson

Published in: Electromagnetic Seabed Logging

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This last chapter is devoted to geological applications. It corresponds to a tour of geologically favorable cases. After a succinct recollection of the data-processing process, seven prospecting campaigns borrowed from the technical literature are exemplified. They reflect very different (historically, geographically and geologically) types of prospects. To simplify reading and comprehension, these studies are presented following the same scheme—with their geographical, geological and technical context—and then the interpretation results are presented as profiles, sections or maps. The chapter concludes with an outline of the ongoing developments and an epilogue dealing with commercial success since 2000.

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previous chapter Interpretations and Modeling

Not to be confused with the interpretation/modeling that matches the calculations (see Chap. 5).

For a few years the data were stored on magnetic tapes.

Nuclear magnetic resonance.

All methods of appreciation in situ of the petrophysical parameters such as those from the drill: instantaneous and well logs (well logging), downhole and lateral core drillings (drill coring, side wall coring) mud analysis (mud logging) and drill cuttings are to be considered especially in this step.

Not to be confused with that defining the mining clusters (sulfide ores, for example) forming spheroid-shaped deposits typically interlinked in a metamorphic or volcanic complex geological environment.

An acronym for low frequency electromagnetic underwater recorder, able to record fields below 10⁻¹¹V/m.

For a long antenna EM recorder (Webb et al. 1985).

Phenomena still poorly understood today, but which may be correlated.

A similar approach was led on the ground in the 1980s (EM measurements from continent to continent: Europe/Africa) by Professor J. Mosnier’s team from the ENS in Paris, and thus can be considered on lithospheric compression zones (see Chap. 1, Sect. 6.3), on overlap, collision and, above all, subduction zones (Wheelock et al. 2010).

Internal and automatic technics of oil pipeline auscultation: Control equipment (NDT to measure the thicknesses of the pipeline or inertial equipment for their mapping) involves a specific scraper (pig), which moves with the fluid. This elegant means of line inspection (intelligent pigging) is done when the pipeline is in charge (dynamic), which gives this method the advantage of not stopping production.

Autonomous underwater vehicle: This type of investigation now comes at a higher cost than that offered by instrumented pigs, because the number of these vehicles is restricted and the operation setting is more complex (immersion of acoustic localization databases). However, it is very useful for the localization of wellheads, manifolds and other subsea equipment, which can only be done by this means. In this case, we can use the US echo localization device of the ongoing EM investigation (see Chap. 4, Sect. 6.2).

Materials conforming to the international standards ISO 21809–2: 2007 and ISO 21809–2: 2014.

Zinc is a more electronegative metal than steel, which allows it to give its electrons more easily in the medium.

Favorable geological structures discovered in the 1930s in the southern USA (Gulf Coast oil fields, 1936).

Once wrongly attributed to salt dissolution in the periphery (leaching), the highest conductivity would rather come from a superficial phenomenon mainly due to the continuing rise of the dome during recent geological times (Schlumberger 1930).

In most cases, the gravimetric anomaly cannot be individualized—in other words, many causes may give the same answers.

An offshore seismic source.

Difficult to establish with the usual methods (seismic and wireline logging especially).

For these techniques, see M. Muskat’s work (Muskat 1949).

Dynamic means to pressurize the reservoir by injecting water (water flooding) or gas (gas flooding) into secondary wells. This secondary energy intake (excluding the deposit) must be decided at the appropriate time to maintain acceptable operating conditions.

The first study of this type was conducted on Lake Ijssel in the Netherlands (Volker and Dijkstra 1955).

The penetrometer can sometimes be used with profit.

Application Specific Integrated Circuits: IC assembling a set of discrete and active components specifically adapted to a precise electronic function (detection, amplification, etc.) enabling the miniaturization of the sensors.

Cables on which are mounted velocimeters (geophones), accelerometers or hydrophones (pressure). The recording of the vibratory characteristics of the waves (displacement fields, speeds, pressures) from the reservoir and then the calculation of the connected acoustic impedances allow us, through petromechanical models, to establish variations in time in the elastic properties of the reservoir, the latter being directly related to the dynamic state of the oil deposit.

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Title: Geological Applications
Author: Stéphane Sainson
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Electromagnetic Seabed Logging
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45353-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-45355-2

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45355-2_6