Skip to main content
Top

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. H@te Online: Die Bedeutung digitaler Kommunikation für Hass und Hetze

Author : Lena Frischlich

Published in: Hate Speech

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Online-Medien sind selbstverständlicher Teil unserer Lebenswelt und bieten ein ideales Umfeld für die Verbreitung von Hate Speech. Hate Speech schadet dem Wohlbefinden der Angegriffenen und kann zu Radikalisierungsprozessen beitragen. Hate Speech ist kultur- und ideologieübergreifend zu finden. Ein substanzieller Teil der in Deutschland lebenden Personen hat bereits Hate Speech beobachtet, vor allem Angriffe auf benachteiligte Gruppen, aber auch auf Politiker*innen oder Journalist*innen. Hate Speech wird in Deutschland sowohl durch organisierte Gruppen und vor allem aus dem rechten Spektrum, aber auch durch einflussreiche Akteur*innen wie Politiker*innen und Individuen mit verschiedenen Motivlagen verbreitet. Entsprechend vielfältig müssen Maßnahmen zur Förderung demokratischer Resilienz gegen Hate Speech sein. Insbesondere müssen soziale Normen durch gesetzliche Vorgaben, aber auch durch konkretes Verhalten von Moderator*innen und anderen User*innen gestärkt werden. Auch die Förderung individueller Empathiefähigkeit könnte helfen. Repressionen von Inhalten sind gegen das Recht auf Meinungsäußerung abzuwägen und bergen das Risiko, zu einem Verfolgungserleben beizutragen. Studien zu zivilgesellschaftlichem Engagement machen Hoffnung auf ein besseres Miteinander, auch in digitalen Medien.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Zunehmend wird Trolling synonym für alle Formen „dunkler Partizipation“ im Netz verwendet (vgl. u. a. Alizadeh et al., 2020), hier verwenden wir den Begriff für eine klarere Abgrenzung koordinierter versus unkoordinierter Angriffe in seiner ursprünglichen Variante.
 
2
Als Memes bezeichnet der Zoologe und Evolutionsbiologe Richard Dawkings kulturelle Analogien zu Genen: Bausteine, die sich selbst replizieren, mutieren und die dem Druck einer Anpassung an ihre Umwelt unterliegen. Oft werden darunter visuelle Inhalte in sozialen Medien verstanden, die häufig reproduzierte Bilder durch Texte in einen neuen Kontext stellen (s. auch Zannettou u. a., 2018).
 
Literature
go back to reference Abay Gaspar, H., Daase, C., Deitelhoff, N., Junk, J., & Sold, M. (2018). Warum wir einen weiten Begriff von Radikalisierung brauchen. In M. von Drachenfels, P. Offermann, & C. Wunderlich (Hrsg.), Radikalisierung und De-Radikalisierung in Deutschland. Eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Herausforderung Frankfurt a. M., Leibniz-Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Abay Gaspar, H., Daase, C., Deitelhoff, N., Junk, J., & Sold, M. (2018). Warum wir einen weiten Begriff von Radikalisierung brauchen. In M. von Drachenfels, P. Offermann, & C. Wunderlich (Hrsg.), Radikalisierung und De-Radikalisierung in Deutschland. Eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Herausforderung Frankfurt a. M., Leibniz-Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung.
go back to reference Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1970). The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Psychology, 6(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10/dzxrbx. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1970). The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Psychology, 6(4), 466–487. https://​doi.​org/​10/​dzxrbx.
go back to reference Ali, K., Zain-ul-abdin, K., Li, C., Johns, L., Ali, A. A., & Carcioppolo, N. (2019). Viruses going viral: Impact of fear-arousing sensationalist social media messages on user engagement. Science Communication, 41(3). 314–38. https://doi.org/10/gg5dxx Ali, K., Zain-ul-abdin, K., Li, C., Johns, L., Ali, A. A., & Carcioppolo, N. (2019). Viruses going viral: Impact of fear-arousing sensationalist social media messages on user engagement. Science Communication, 41(3). 314–38. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg5dxx
go back to reference Alizadeh, M., Shapiro, J. N., Buntain, C., & Tucker, J. A. (2020). Content-Based Features Predict Social Media Influence Operations. Science Advances, 6(30), eabb5824. https://doi.org/10/d4p7. Alizadeh, M., Shapiro, J. N., Buntain, C., & Tucker, J. A. (2020). Content-Based Features Predict Social Media Influence Operations. Science Advances, 6(30), eabb5824. https://​doi.​org/​10/​d4p7.
go back to reference Allport, G. (1979). The nature of prejudice (25th anniversary edition). Basic Books. Allport, G. (1979). The nature of prejudice (25th anniversary edition). Basic Books.
go back to reference Anderson, A. A., Brossard, D., Scheufele, D. A., Xenos, M. A., & Yeo, S. K. (2016). Toxic talk? How online incivility can undermine perceptions of media credibility. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. https://doi.org/10/gf3gwf. Anderson, A. A., Brossard, D., Scheufele, D. A., Xenos, M. A., & Yeo, S. K. (2016). Toxic talk? How online incivility can undermine perceptions of media credibility. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gwf.
go back to reference Baldauf, J, Ebner, J., & Guhl, J. (2018). Hassrede und Radikalisierung im Netz – der OCCI Forschungsbericht. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Baldauf, J, Ebner, J., & Guhl, J. (2018). Hassrede und Radikalisierung im Netz – der OCCI Forschungsbericht. Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
go back to reference Barlińska, J, Szuster, A., & Winiewski, M. (2018). Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: Role of Affective versus cognitive empathy in increasing prosocial cyberbystander behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10/gdpsnp. Barlińska, J, Szuster, A., & Winiewski, M. (2018). Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: Role of Affective versus cognitive empathy in increasing prosocial cyberbystander behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gdpsnp.
go back to reference Bartlett, J., & Miller, C. (2010). The power of unreason, conspiracy theories, extremism and counter-terrorism. Demos. Bartlett, J., & Miller, C. (2010). The power of unreason, conspiracy theories, extremism and counter-terrorism. Demos.
go back to reference Beisch, N., Koch, W., & Schäfer, C. (2019). ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2019: Mediale Internetnutzung und Video-on- Demand gewinnen weiter an Bedeutung. Media Perspektiven, 9, 374–388. Beisch, N., Koch, W., & Schäfer, C. (2019). ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2019: Mediale Internetnutzung und Video-on- Demand gewinnen weiter an Bedeutung. Media Perspektiven, 9, 374–388.
go back to reference Benesch, S. (2012). Dangerous speech: A proposal to prevent group violence. Benesch, S. (2012). Dangerous speech: A proposal to prevent group violence.
go back to reference Bilewicz, M., & Soral, W. (2020). Hate speech epidemic. The dynamic effects of derogatory language on intergroup relations and political radicalization. Political Psychology. https://doi.org/10/gg4whj. Bilewicz, M., & Soral, W. (2020). Hate speech epidemic. The dynamic effects of derogatory language on intergroup relations and political radicalization. Political Psychology. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg4whj.
go back to reference Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic populism: Facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – A computational content analysis. arXiv preprint. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02566. Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic populism: Facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – A computational content analysis. arXiv preprint. https://​arxiv.​org/​abs/​2004.​02566.
go back to reference Bochmann, C., & Staufer, W. (2013). Vom ‚Negerkönig‘ zum ‚Südseekönig‘ zum …? – Politische Korrektheit in Kinderbüchern. BPJM Aktuell, 2. Bochmann, C., & Staufer, W. (2013). Vom ‚Negerkönig‘ zum ‚Südseekönig‘ zum …? – Politische Korrektheit in Kinderbüchern. BPJM Aktuell, 2.
go back to reference Böhm, R., Rusch, H., & Baron, J. (2018). The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Januar, S0167268118300209. https://doi.org/10/gfgqs9. Böhm, R., Rusch, H., & Baron, J. (2018). The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Januar, S0167268118300209. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gfgqs9.
go back to reference Breuer, J. (2017). Hate Speech in Online Games. In K. Kaspar, L. Gräßer, & A. Riffi (Hrsg.), Online Hate Speech – Perspektiven auf eine Form des Hasses(S. 107–12). kopaed. Breuer, J. (2017). Hate Speech in Online Games. In K. Kaspar, L. Gräßer, & A. Riffi (Hrsg.), Online Hate Speech – Perspektiven auf eine Form des Hasses(S. 107–12). kopaed.
go back to reference Brosius, H-B. (2002). Zwischen Eskalation und Verantwortung- Die Berichterstattung über fremdenfeindliche Gewalt und Rechtsextremismus [Between escalation and responsibility: Reporting about violence against foreigners and right-wing extremism]. In D. Wiedemann (Hrsg.), Die rechtsextreme Herausforderung: Jugendarbeit und Öffentlichkeit zwischen Konjunkturen und Konzepten. Brosius, H-B. (2002). Zwischen Eskalation und Verantwortung- Die Berichterstattung über fremdenfeindliche Gewalt und Rechtsextremismus [Between escalation and responsibility: Reporting about violence against foreigners and right-wing extremism]. In D. Wiedemann (Hrsg.), Die rechtsextreme Herausforderung: Jugendarbeit und Öffentlichkeit zwischen Konjunkturen und Konzepten.
go back to reference Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Hrsg.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (S. 201–34). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5. Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Hrsg.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (S. 201–34). Academic Press. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0065-2601(08)60330-5.
go back to reference Coe, K., Kenski, K., & Rains, S. A. (2014). Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in newspaper website comments. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 658–79. https://doi.org/10/f6dxrx. Coe, K., Kenski, K., & Rains, S. A. (2014). Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in newspaper website comments. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 658–79. https://​doi.​org/​10/​f6dxrx.
go back to reference Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., De Wolf, A., Mann, L., & Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79–84. https://doi.org/10/gf3g84. Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., De Wolf, A., Mann, L., & Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79–84. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3g84.
go back to reference Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M. H., & Hewstone, M. (2017). Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 606–620. https://doi.org/10/gbvqnb. Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M. H., & Hewstone, M. (2017). Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 606–620. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gbvqnb.
go back to reference Dziri, A. (2018). Wir brauchen einen weiten Begriff von Radikalisierung – aber nicht immer und überall! In M. von Drachenfels, P. Offermann, & C. Wunderlich (Hrsg.), Radikalisierung und De-Radikalisierung in Deutschland. Eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Herausforderung (S. 192). Dziri, A. (2018). Wir brauchen einen weiten Begriff von Radikalisierung – aber nicht immer und überall! In M. von Drachenfels, P. Offermann, & C. Wunderlich (Hrsg.), Radikalisierung und De-Radikalisierung in Deutschland. Eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Herausforderung (S. 192).
go back to reference Engesser, S., Fawzi, N., & Larsson, A. O. (2017). Populist online communication: Introduction to the special issueInformation, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1279–1292. https://doi.org/10/gf3ghw. Engesser, S., Fawzi, N., & Larsson, A. O. (2017). Populist online communication: Introduction to the special issueInformation, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1279–1292. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3ghw.
go back to reference Erjavec, K., & Poler Kovačič, M. (2012). “You don’t understand, this is a new war!” Analysis of hate speech in news web sites’ comments. Mass Communication and Society, 15(6), 899–920. https://doi.org/10/gfgnmm. Erjavec, K., & Poler Kovačič, M. (2012). “You don’t understand, this is a new war!” Analysis of hate speech in news web sites’ comments. Mass Communication and Society, 15(6), 899–920. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gfgnmm.
go back to reference Ernst, J., Schmitt, J. B., Rieger, D., Beier, A. K., Bente, G., & Roth, H. J. (2017). Hate beneath the counter speech? A qualitative content analysis of user comments on YouTube related to counter speech videos. Journal for Deradicalization, 10(Spring), 1–49. Ernst, J., Schmitt, J. B., Rieger, D., Beier, A. K., Bente, G., & Roth, H. J. (2017). Hate beneath the counter speech? A qualitative content analysis of user comments on YouTube related to counter speech videos. Journal for Deradicalization, 10(Spring), 1–49.
go back to reference Fasoli, F., Maass, A., & Carnaghi, A. (2015). Labelling and discrimination: Do homophobic epithets undermine fair distribution of resources? British Journal of Social Psychology 54(2), 383–393. https://doi.org/10/gg4whf. Fasoli, F., Maass, A., & Carnaghi, A. (2015). Labelling and discrimination: Do homophobic epithets undermine fair distribution of resources? British Journal of Social Psychology 54(2), 383–393. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg4whf.
go back to reference Feddes, A. R., & Jonas, K. J. (2020). Associations between dutch LGBT hate crime experience, well-being, trust in the police and future hate crime reporting. Social Psychology, 51(3), 171–182. https://doi.org/10/gg4whh. Feddes, A. R., & Jonas, K. J. (2020). Associations between dutch LGBT hate crime experience, well-being, trust in the police and future hate crime reporting. Social Psychology, 51(3), 171–182. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg4whh.
go back to reference Festl, R. (2016). Perpetrators on the internet: Analyzing individual and structural explanation factors of cyberbullying in school context. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 237–248. https://doi.org/10/f8hw28. Festl, R. (2016). Perpetrators on the internet: Analyzing individual and structural explanation factors of cyberbullying in school context. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 237–248. https://​doi.​org/​10/​f8hw28.
go back to reference Finke, G. (2013). Muslime in der Mehrheitsgesellschaft: Medienbild und Alltagserfahrungen in Deutschland. Berlin, Germany: Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR) GmbH. https://d-nb.info/1046705946/34. Finke, G. (2013). Muslime in der Mehrheitsgesellschaft: Medienbild und Alltagserfahrungen in Deutschland. Berlin, Germany: Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR) GmbH. https://​d-nb.​info/​1046705946/​34.
go back to reference Frischlich, L. (2018). Propaganda3: Einblicke in die Inszenierung und Wirkung von Online-Propaganda auf der Makro-Meso-Mikro Ebene [Propaganda3: Insights into the staging and effects of online-propaganda on the macro-meso-micro level. In B. Zywietz (Hrsg.), Fake-News, Hashtags & Social Bots: Neue Methoden der populistischen Propaganda (S. 133–70). Springer Fachmedien VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22118-8. Frischlich, L. (2018). Propaganda3: Einblicke in die Inszenierung und Wirkung von Online-Propaganda auf der Makro-Meso-Mikro Ebene [Propaganda3: Insights into the staging and effects of online-propaganda on the macro-meso-micro level. In B. Zywietz (Hrsg.), Fake-News, Hashtags & Social Bots: Neue Methoden der populistischen Propaganda (S. 133–70). Springer Fachmedien VS. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-658-22118-8.
go back to reference Frischlich, L, Boberg, S., & Quandt, T. (2019). Comment sections as targets of dark participation? Journalists’ evaluation and moderation of deviant user comments. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2014–2033. https://doi.org/10/gfwcjc. Frischlich, L, Boberg, S., & Quandt, T. (2019). Comment sections as targets of dark participation? Journalists’ evaluation and moderation of deviant user comments. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2014–2033. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gfwcjc.
go back to reference Frischlich, L., Klapproth, J., & Brinkschulte, F. (2020). Between Mainstream and Alternative – Co-Orientation in Right- Wing Populist Alternative News Media. In C. Grimme, M. Preuß, F. W. Takes, & A. Waldherr (Hrsg.), Disinformation in Open Online Media (S. 150–167). Hamburg; Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_12. Frischlich, L., Klapproth, J., & Brinkschulte, F. (2020). Between Mainstream and Alternative – Co-Orientation in Right- Wing Populist Alternative News Media. In C. Grimme, M. Preuß, F. W. Takes, & A. Waldherr (Hrsg.), Disinformation in Open Online Media (S. 150–167). Hamburg; Germany: Springer. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-030-39627-5_​12.
go back to reference Furnham, A,, Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10/6fb. Furnham, A,, Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216. https://​doi.​org/​10/​6fb.
go back to reference Gagliardone, I., Pohjonen, M., Zerai, A., Beyene, Z., Aynekulu, G., Bright, J., Awoke Bekalu, M., et al. (2016). MECHACHAL: Online debates and elections in Ethiopia – From hate speech to engagement in social media. Gagliardone, I., Pohjonen, M., Zerai, A., Beyene, Z., Aynekulu, G., Bright, J., Awoke Bekalu, M., et al. (2016). MECHACHAL: Online debates and elections in Ethiopia – From hate speech to engagement in social media.
go back to reference George, C. (2016). Regulating , hate spin‘: The limits of law in managing religious incitement and offense. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2955–2972. George, C. (2016). Regulating , hate spin‘: The limits of law in managing religious incitement and offense. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2955–2972.
go back to reference Geschke, D., Klaßen, A., Quent, M. & Richter, C. (2019). Hass im Netz – der schleichende Angriff auf unsere Demokratie. Jena, Germany: Institut für Demokratie und Zivilgesellschaft. Geschke, D., Klaßen, A., Quent, M. & Richter, C. (2019). Hass im Netz – der schleichende Angriff auf unsere Demokratie. Jena, Germany: Institut für Demokratie und Zivilgesellschaft.
go back to reference Gowen, A., & Bearak, M. (2017). Fake news on Facebook fans the flames of hate against the Rohinga in Burmar. Washington Post, Dezember 2017. Gowen, A., & Bearak, M. (2017). Fake news on Facebook fans the flames of hate against the Rohinga in Burmar. Washington Post, Dezember 2017.
go back to reference Grimme, C., Assenmacher, D., & Adam, L. (2018). Changing perspectives: Is it sufficient to detect social bots? In G. Meiselwitz (Hrsg.), Social Computing and Social Media. User Experience and Behavior (10913) (S. 445–61). Springer International Publishing. Verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91521-0_32. Grimme, C., Assenmacher, D., & Adam, L. (2018). Changing perspectives: Is it sufficient to detect social bots? In G. Meiselwitz (Hrsg.), Social Computing and Social Media. User Experience and Behavior (10913) (S. 445–61). Springer International Publishing. Verfügbar unter: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-91521-0_​32.
go back to reference Guhl, J., Ebner, J., & Rau, J. (2020). Das Online-Ökosystem rechtsextremer Akteure. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Guhl, J., Ebner, J., & Rau, J. (2020). Das Online-Ökosystem rechtsextremer Akteure. Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
go back to reference Haslam, C., Cruwys, T, Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G., & Xue Ling Chang, M. (2016). Groups 4 Health: Evidence that a social-identity intervention that builds and strengthens social group membership improves mental health. Journal of Affective Disorders, 194, 188–195. https://doi.org/10/gf3hcv. Haslam, C., Cruwys, T, Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G., & Xue Ling Chang, M. (2016). Groups 4 Health: Evidence that a social-identity intervention that builds and strengthens social group membership improves mental health. Journal of Affective Disorders, 194, 188–195. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3hcv.
go back to reference Heft, A., Mayerhöffer, E., Reinhardt, S., & Knüpfer, C. (2019). Beyond Breitbart: Comparing Right‐wing Digital News Infrastructures in Six Western Democracies. Policy & Internet, August, poi3.219. https://doi.org/10/gf8pn9. Heft, A., Mayerhöffer, E., Reinhardt, S., & Knüpfer, C. (2019). Beyond Breitbart: Comparing Right‐wing Digital News Infrastructures in Six Western Democracies. Policy & Internet, August, poi3.219. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf8pn9.
go back to reference Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2020). Stuck in a nativist spiral: Content, selection, and effects of right-wing populists’ communication on facebook. Political Communication, 37(3), 303–328. https://doi.org/10/ggvqh2. Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2020). Stuck in a nativist spiral: Content, selection, and effects of right-wing populists’ communication on facebook. Political Communication, 37(3), 303–328. https://​doi.​org/​10/​ggvqh2.
go back to reference Heiss, R., Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2019). What drives interaction in political actors’ facebook posts? profile and content predictors of user engagement and political actors’ reactions. Information, Communication & Society, 22(10), 1497–1513. https://doi.org/10/gfdbn2. Heiss, R., Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2019). What drives interaction in political actors’ facebook posts? profile and content predictors of user engagement and political actors’ reactions. Information, Communication & Society, 22(10), 1497–1513. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gfdbn2.
go back to reference Heitmeyer, W. (2002). Deutsche Zustände [German states] (1. Aufl.). Suhrkamp. Heitmeyer, W. (2002). Deutsche Zustände [German states] (1. Aufl.). Suhrkamp.
go back to reference Hölig, S., Hasebrink U., & Hans-Bredow-Institut. (2019). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019: Ergebnisse für Deutschland. Hölig, S., Hasebrink U., & Hans-Bredow-Institut. (2019). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019: Ergebnisse für Deutschland.
go back to reference Igartua, J. J., Moral-Toranzo, F., & Fernández, I. (2011). Cognitive, attitudinal, and emotional effects of news frame and group cues, on processing news about immigration. Journal of Media Psychology, 23 (4), 174–85. Verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10/gfz44g Igartua, J. J., Moral-Toranzo, F., & Fernández, I. (2011). Cognitive, attitudinal, and emotional effects of news frame and group cues, on processing news about immigration. Journal of Media Psychology, 23 (4), 174–85. Verfügbar unter: https://​doi.​org/​10/​gfz44g
go back to reference Igartua, J. J., & Cheng, L. (2009). Moderating effect of group cue while processing news on immigration: Is the framing effect a heuristic process? Journal of Communication, 59(4), 726–749. https://doi.org/10/brb4r6. Igartua, J. J., & Cheng, L. (2009). Moderating effect of group cue while processing news on immigration: Is the framing effect a heuristic process? Journal of Communication, 59(4), 726–749. https://​doi.​org/​10/​brb4r6.
go back to reference Jacks, W., & Adler, J. R. (2015). A Proposed Typology of Online Hate Crime, 7, 27. Jacks, W., & Adler, J. R. (2015). A Proposed Typology of Online Hate Crime, 7, 27.
go back to reference Jetten, J., Haslam, A. S., & Haslam, C. (2012). The case for a social identity analysis of health and well-being. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam, & S. A. Haslam (Hrsg.), The Social Cure: Identity, Health and Well-being (S. 3–21). Psychology Press.CrossRef Jetten, J., Haslam, A. S., & Haslam, C. (2012). The case for a social identity analysis of health and well-being. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam, & S. A. Haslam (Hrsg.), The Social Cure: Identity, Health and Well-being (S. 3–21). Psychology Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Jonason, P. K., & Krause, L. (2013). The emotional deficits associated with the dark triad traits: Cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 532–537. https://doi.org/10/gftkzw. Jonason, P. K., & Krause, L. (2013). The emotional deficits associated with the dark triad traits: Cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 532–537. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gftkzw.
go back to reference Kalmar, I., Stevens, C., & Worby, N. (2018). Twitter, Gab, and Racism: The Case of the Soros Myth. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society (S. 330–34). Copenhagen Denmark: ACM. https://doi.org/10/gg4gvx. Kalmar, I., Stevens, C., & Worby, N. (2018). Twitter, Gab, and Racism: The Case of the Soros Myth. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society (S. 330–34). Copenhagen Denmark: ACM. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg4gvx.
go back to reference Kenski, K., Coe, K., & Rains, S. A. (2017). Perceptions of Uncivil Discourse Online: An Examination of Types and Predictors. Communication Research, April, 009365021769993. https://doi.org/10/gghcnf. Kenski, K., Coe, K., & Rains, S. A. (2017). Perceptions of Uncivil Discourse Online: An Examination of Types and Predictors. Communication Research, April, 009365021769993. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gghcnf.
go back to reference Koban, K., Stein, J. P., Eckhardt, V., & Ohler, P. (2018). Quid pro quo in Web 2.0. Connecting personality traits and Facebook usage intensity to uncivil commenting intentions in public online discussions. Computers in Human Behavior, 79(Februar), 9–18. https://doi.org/10/gf3gv4. Koban, K., Stein, J. P., Eckhardt, V., & Ohler, P. (2018). Quid pro quo in Web 2.0. Connecting personality traits and Facebook usage intensity to uncivil commenting intentions in public online discussions. Computers in Human Behavior, 79(Februar), 9–18. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gv4.
go back to reference Kramp, L., & Weichert, S. (2018). Hass Im Netz: Steuerungsstrategien Für Redaktionen. Schriftenreihe Medienforschung Der Landesanstalt Für Medien Nordrhein-Westfalen, 80. Leipzig: VISTAS Verlag. Kramp, L., & Weichert, S. (2018). Hass Im Netz: Steuerungsstrategien Für Redaktionen. Schriftenreihe Medienforschung Der Landesanstalt Für Medien Nordrhein-Westfalen, 80. Leipzig: VISTAS Verlag.
go back to reference Kreißel, P., Ebner, J., Urban, A., & Guhl, J. (2018). Hass auf Knopfdruck – Rechtsextreme Trollfabriken und das Ökosystem koordinierter Hasskampagnen im Netz. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 28–28. Kreißel, P., Ebner, J., Urban, A., & Guhl, J. (2018). Hass auf Knopfdruck – Rechtsextreme Trollfabriken und das Ökosystem koordinierter Hasskampagnen im Netz. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 28–28.
go back to reference Leader Maynard, J., Benesch, S., & American University. (2016). Dangerous Speech and Dangerous Ideology: An Integrated Model for Monitoring and Prevention. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 9(3), 70–95. https://doi.org/10/gf9nxr. Leader Maynard, J., Benesch, S., & American University. (2016). Dangerous Speech and Dangerous Ideology: An Integrated Model for Monitoring and Prevention. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 9(3), 70–95. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf9nxr.
go back to reference Levin, B., & Grisham, K. E. (2017). Final U.S. Status Report: Hate crime analysis & forecast 2016/2017. Levin, B., & Grisham, K. E. (2017). Final U.S. Status Report: Hate crime analysis & forecast 2016/2017.
go back to reference Lyons-Padilla, S., Gelfand, M. J., Mirahmadi, H., Farooq, M., & van Egmond, M. (2015). Belonging nowhere: Marginalization & radicalization risk among Muslim Immigrants. Behavioral Science and Policy, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10/gf3gj3. Lyons-Padilla, S., Gelfand, M. J., Mirahmadi, H., Farooq, M., & van Egmond, M. (2015). Belonging nowhere: Marginalization & radicalization risk among Muslim Immigrants. Behavioral Science and Policy, 1(2), 1–12. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gj3.
go back to reference Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups, 191–208. Psychology Press. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups, 191–208. Psychology Press.
go back to reference Marwick, A. & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute, 1–104. Marwick, A. & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute, 1–104.
go back to reference Masullo Chen, G., Muddiman, A., Wilner, T., Pariser, E., & Jomini Stroud, N. (2019). We Should Not Get Rid of Incivility Online. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 205630511986264. https://doi.org/10/gghcnh. Masullo Chen, G., Muddiman, A., Wilner, T., Pariser, E., & Jomini Stroud, N. (2019). We Should Not Get Rid of Incivility Online. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 205630511986264. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gghcnh.
go back to reference McCauley, C. & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433. Verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10/d8nxv9. McCauley, C. & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433. Verfügbar unter: https://​doi.​org/​10/​d8nxv9.
go back to reference Mohan, S., Guha, A., Harris, M., Popowich, F., Schuster, A., & Priebe, C. (2017). The Impact of Toxic Language on the Health of Reddit Communities. In M. Mouhoub, P. Langlais (Hrsg.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence (S. 51–56). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10/ggn3rx. Mohan, S., Guha, A., Harris, M., Popowich, F., Schuster, A., & Priebe, C. (2017). The Impact of Toxic Language on the Health of Reddit Communities. In M. Mouhoub, P. Langlais (Hrsg.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence (S. 51–56). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://​doi.​org/​10/​ggn3rx.
go back to reference Muldoon, O. T., Alexander Haslam, S., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Kearns, M., & Jetten, J. (2019). The Social Psychology of Responses to Trauma: Social Identity Pathways Associated with Divergent Traumatic Responses. European Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 311–48. https://doi.org/10/gg4whk. Muldoon, O. T., Alexander Haslam, S., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Kearns, M., & Jetten, J. (2019). The Social Psychology of Responses to Trauma: Social Identity Pathways Associated with Divergent Traumatic Responses. European Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 311–48. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg4whk.
go back to reference Mutz, D. C. (2015). In-Your-Face Politics: The Consequences of Uncivil Media. Princeton University Press. Mutz, D. C. (2015). In-Your-Face Politics: The Consequences of Uncivil Media. Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2016). Monitoring the opinion of the crowd: Psychological mechanisms underlying public opinion perceptions on social media. Media Psychology, 3269 (August), 1–30. https://doi.org/10/gfbxwf. Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2016). Monitoring the opinion of the crowd: Psychological mechanisms underlying public opinion perceptions on social media. Media Psychology, 3269 (August), 1–30. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gfbxwf.
go back to reference Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2018). What Do We Fear? Expected Sanctions for Expressing Minority Opinions in Offline and Online Communication. Communication Research, 45(2), 139–64. https://doi.org/10/gcvmvb. Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2018). What Do We Fear? Expected Sanctions for Expressing Minority Opinions in Offline and Online Communication. Communication Research, 45(2), 139–64. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gcvmvb.
go back to reference Newman, B., Merolla, J. L., Shah, S., Casarez Lemi, D., Collingwood, L., & Ramakrishnan, K. (2020). The Trump Effect: An Experimental Investigation of the Emboldening Effect of Racially Inflammatory Elite Communication. British Journal of Political Science, Februar, 1–22. https://doi.org/10/gg2kwm. Newman, B., Merolla, J. L., Shah, S., Casarez Lemi, D., Collingwood, L., & Ramakrishnan, K. (2020). The Trump Effect: An Experimental Investigation of the Emboldening Effect of Racially Inflammatory Elite Communication. British Journal of Political Science, Februar, 1–22. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gg2kwm.
go back to reference Obermaier, M., Hofbauer, M., & Reinemann, C. (2018). Journalists as targets of hate speech. How German journalists perceive the consequences for themselves and how they cope with it. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 499–524.https://doi.org/10/gf3gkx. Obermaier, M., Hofbauer, M., & Reinemann, C. (2018). Journalists as targets of hate speech. How German journalists perceive the consequences for themselves and how they cope with it. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 499–524.https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gkx.
go back to reference Pabian, S., De Backer, C. J. S., & Vandebosch, H. (2015). Dark Triad personality traits and adolescent cyber-aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 41–46. https://doi.org/10/f6x44f. Pabian, S., De Backer, C. J. S., & Vandebosch, H. (2015). Dark Triad personality traits and adolescent cyber-aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 41–46. https://​doi.​org/​10/​f6x44f.
go back to reference Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6(2), 259–283. https://doi.org/10/dz4rp6. Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6(2), 259–283. https://​doi.​org/​10/​dz4rp6.
go back to reference Pfundmair, M., Aßmann, E., Kiver, B., Penzkofer, M., Scheuermeyer, A., Sust, L., & Schmidt, H. (2019). Pathways toward Jihadism in Western Europe: An empirical exploration of a comprehensive model of terrorist radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 0 (0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10/ggbhgt. Pfundmair, M., Aßmann, E., Kiver, B., Penzkofer, M., Scheuermeyer, A., Sust, L., & Schmidt, H. (2019). Pathways toward Jihadism in Western Europe: An empirical exploration of a comprehensive model of terrorist radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 0 (0), 1–23. https://​doi.​org/​10/​ggbhgt.
go back to reference Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1998). Breaching or building social boundaries? SIDE-effects of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 25(6), 689–715. https://doi.org/10/ffsbdn. Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1998). Breaching or building social boundaries? SIDE-effects of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 25(6), 689–715. https://​doi.​org/​10/​ffsbdn.
go back to reference Prochazka, F., Weber, P., & Schweiger, W. (2018). Effects of Civility and Reasoning in User Comments on Perceived Journalistic Quality. Journalism Studies, 19(1), 62–78. https://doi.org/10/gf3g7t. Prochazka, F., Weber, P., & Schweiger, W. (2018). Effects of Civility and Reasoning in User Comments on Perceived Journalistic Quality. Journalism Studies, 19(1), 62–78. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3g7t.
go back to reference Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Keipi, T., Näsi, M., & Oksanen, A. (2016). Targets of Online Hate: Examining Determinants of Victimization among Young Finnish Facebook Users. Violence and Victims, 31(4), 708–725. https://doi.org/10/f837gt. Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Keipi, T., Näsi, M., & Oksanen, A. (2016). Targets of Online Hate: Examining Determinants of Victimization among Young Finnish Facebook Users. Violence and Victims, 31(4), 708–725. https://​doi.​org/​10/​f837gt.
go back to reference Rieger, D., Frischlich, L., & Bente, G. (2019). Dealing with the dark side: The effects of right-wing extremist and Islamist extremist propaganda from a social identity perspective. Media, War & Conflict. https://doi.org/10/gf3gmz. Rieger, D., Frischlich, L., & Bente, G. (2019). Dealing with the dark side: The effects of right-wing extremist and Islamist extremist propaganda from a social identity perspective. Media, War & Conflict. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gmz.
go back to reference Rieger, D., Frischlich, L., Rack, S., & Bente, G. (2020). Digitaler Wandel, Radikalisierungsprozesse und Extremismusprävention im Internet. In B. B.b Slama & U. Kemmesies (Hrsg.), Handbuch Extremismusprävention Polizei + Forschung, 54 (S. 351–388). Bundeskriminalamt. Rieger, D., Frischlich, L., Rack, S., & Bente, G. (2020). Digitaler Wandel, Radikalisierungsprozesse und Extremismusprävention im Internet. In B. B.b Slama & U. Kemmesies (Hrsg.), Handbuch Extremismusprävention Polizei + Forschung, 54 (S. 351–388). Bundeskriminalamt.
go back to reference Schieb, C., & Preuss, M. (2018). Considering the Elaboration Likelihood Model for simulating hate and counter speech on Facebook. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 580–606. https://doi.org/10/gf3gkw. Schieb, C., & Preuss, M. (2018). Considering the Elaboration Likelihood Model for simulating hate and counter speech on Facebook. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 580–606. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gkw.
go back to reference Schmehl, K. (2017). Diese geheimen Chats zeigen, wer hinter dem Meme-Angriff #Verräterduell aufs TV-Duell steckt. BuzzFeed News, 2017. Schmehl, K. (2017). Diese geheimen Chats zeigen, wer hinter dem Meme-Angriff #Verräterduell aufs TV-Duell steckt. BuzzFeed News, 2017.
go back to reference Schmitt, J. B., Rieger, D., Rutkowski, O., &Ernst, J. (2018). Counter-messages as prevention or promotion of extremism?! The potential role of YouTube: Recommendation algorithms. Journal of Communication, 68(August), 780–808. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy029. Schmitt, J. B., Rieger, D., Rutkowski, O., &Ernst, J. (2018). Counter-messages as prevention or promotion of extremism?! The potential role of YouTube: Recommendation algorithms. Journal of Communication, 68(August), 780–808. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​joc/​jqy029.
go back to reference Schönefeld, V., Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2016). Das vielfältige Spektrum der Empathieprogramme. In M. Roth, V. Schöefeld, & T. Altmann (Hrsg.), Trainings- und Interventionsprogramme zur Förderung von Empathie – Ein praxisorientiertes Kompendium (S. 207–210). Springer.CrossRef Schönefeld, V., Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2016). Das vielfältige Spektrum der Empathieprogramme. In M. Roth, V. Schöefeld, & T. Altmann (Hrsg.), Trainings- und Interventionsprogramme zur Förderung von Empathie – Ein praxisorientiertes Kompendium (S. 207–210). Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Schwarzenegger, C., & Wagner, A. (2018). Can it be hate if it is fun? Discursive ensembles of hatred and laughter in extreme right satire on Facebook. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 473–498. https://doi.org/10/gf3gk3. Schwarzenegger, C., & Wagner, A. (2018). Can it be hate if it is fun? Discursive ensembles of hatred and laughter in extreme right satire on Facebook. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 473–498. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gk3.
go back to reference Séville, A. (2019). Vom Sagbaren zum Machbaren? Rechtspopulistische Sprache und Gewalt | APuZ. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 40(November), 49–50. Séville, A. (2019). Vom Sagbaren zum Machbaren? Rechtspopulistische Sprache und Gewalt | APuZ. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 40(November), 49–50.
go back to reference Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. Yale University Press. Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. Yale University Press.
go back to reference Shoemaker, pp. J. & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping Theory. Routledge. Shoemaker, pp. J. & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping Theory. Routledge.
go back to reference Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2015). Group identity, social influence, and collective action online. Extensions and applications of the SIDE model. In The Handbook of the Psychology of Communication Technology (1. Aufl.) (S. 23–46). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118426456. Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2015). Group identity, social influence, and collective action online. Extensions and applications of the SIDE model. In The Handbook of the Psychology of Communication Technology (1. Aufl.) (S. 23–46). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​9781118426456.
go back to reference Springer, N-, Engelmann, I., & Pfaffinger, C. (2015). User comments: Motives and inhibitors to write and read. Information Communication and Society, 18(7), 798–815. https://doi.org/10/gf3g7v. Springer, N-, Engelmann, I., & Pfaffinger, C. (2015). User comments: Motives and inhibitors to write and read. Information Communication and Society, 18(7), 798–815. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3g7v.
go back to reference Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in intergroup relations. In D. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Hrsg.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions (S. 191–208). Psychology Press. Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in intergroup relations. In D. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Hrsg.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions (S. 191–208). Psychology Press.
go back to reference Stöcker, C. (2020). How Facebook and Google Accidentally Created a Perfect Ecosystem for Targeted Disinformation. In C. Grimme, M. Preuß, F. W. Takes, & A. Waldherr (S. 21).Dinsinformation in Open Online Media. Stöcker, C. (2020). How Facebook and Google Accidentally Created a Perfect Ecosystem for Targeted Disinformation. In C. Grimme, M. Preuß, F. W. Takes, & A. Waldherr (S. 21).Dinsinformation in Open Online Media.
go back to reference Taylor, W. D., Johnson, G., Ault, M. K., Griffith, J. A., Rozzell, B., Connelly, S., Jensen, M. L., Dunbar, N. E., & Ness, A. M. (2015). Ideological group persuasion: A within-person study of how violence, interactivity, and credibility features influence online persuasion. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 448–460. https://doi.org/10/f7pfth. Taylor, W. D., Johnson, G., Ault, M. K., Griffith, J. A., Rozzell, B., Connelly, S., Jensen, M. L., Dunbar, N. E., & Ness, A. M. (2015). Ideological group persuasion: A within-person study of how violence, interactivity, and credibility features influence online persuasion. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 448–460. https://​doi.​org/​10/​f7pfth.
go back to reference Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barbera, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. SSRN Electronic Journal, March, 1–95. https://doi.org/10/gf3gqk. Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barbera, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. SSRN Electronic Journal, March, 1–95. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gqk.
go back to reference Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.
go back to reference Walters, M. A., Brown, R., & Wiedlitzka, S. (2016). Causes and motivations of hate crime. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research report, 102, 61–61. Walters, M. A., Brown, R., & Wiedlitzka, S. (2016). Causes and motivations of hate crime. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research report, 102, 61–61.
go back to reference Wenzel, M. & Żerkowska-Balas, M. (2018). Framing Effect of Media Portrayal of Migrants to the European Union: A Survey Experiment in Poland. East European Politics and Societies, 1–22. https://doi.org/10/gf3gqn. Wenzel, M. & Żerkowska-Balas, M. (2018). Framing Effect of Media Portrayal of Migrants to the European Union: A Survey Experiment in Poland. East European Politics and Societies, 1–22. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gqn.
go back to reference Wesermüller, E. (2017). Wetterfest durch den Shit-Storm: Leitfaden für Journalist*innen zum Umgang mit Hassrede im Netz. Berlin, Germany: Neue deutsche Medienmacher e.V. No Hate Speech Movement. Wesermüller, E. (2017). Wetterfest durch den Shit-Storm: Leitfaden für Journalist*innen zum Umgang mit Hassrede im Netz. Berlin, Germany: Neue deutsche Medienmacher e.V. No Hate Speech Movement.
go back to reference Williams, M. L., Burnap, P., Javed, A., Liu, H., & Ozalp, S. (2019). Hate in the Machine: Anti-Black and Anti-Muslim Social Media Posts as Predictors of Offline Racially and Religiously Aggravated Crime. The British Journal of Criminology, Juli, azz049. https://doi.org/10/c9qh. Williams, M. L., Burnap, P., Javed, A., Liu, H., & Ozalp, S. (2019). Hate in the Machine: Anti-Black and Anti-Muslim Social Media Posts as Predictors of Offline Racially and Religiously Aggravated Crime. The British Journal of Criminology, Juli, azz049. https://​doi.​org/​10/​c9qh.
go back to reference Wojcieszak, M. (2008). False consensus goes online: Impact of ideologically homogeneous groups on false consensus. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(4), 781–791. Verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10/dj9vbq. Wojcieszak, M. (2008). False consensus goes online: Impact of ideologically homogeneous groups on false consensus. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(4), 781–791. Verfügbar unter: https://​doi.​org/​10/​dj9vbq.
go back to reference Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40 (4), 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006. Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40 (4), 560–567. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jesp.​2003.​11.​006.
go back to reference Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., Blackburn, J., De Cristofaro, E., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Suarez-Tangil, G. (2018). On the origins of memes by means of fringe web communities. ACM Internet Measurement Conference. http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12512. Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., Blackburn, J., De Cristofaro, E., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Suarez-Tangil, G. (2018). On the origins of memes by means of fringe web communities. ACM Internet Measurement Conference. http://​arxiv.​org/​abs/​1805.​12512.
go back to reference Ziegele, M., Johnen, M., Bickler, A., Jakob, I., Setzer, T., & Schnauber, A. (2013). Männlich, rüstig, kommentiert? Einflussfaktoren auf die Aktivität kommentierender Nutzer von Online-Nachrichtenseiten. Studies in Communication | Media, 1, 67–114. https://doi.org/10/gf3g7z Ziegele, M., Johnen, M., Bickler, A., Jakob, I., Setzer, T., & Schnauber, A. (2013). Männlich, rüstig, kommentiert? Einflussfaktoren auf die Aktivität kommentierender Nutzer von Online-Nachrichtenseiten. Studies in Communication | Media, 1, 67–114. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3g7z
go back to reference Ziegele, M., Jost, P., Bormann, M., & Heinbach, D. (2018). Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 525–54. https://doi.org/10/gf3gk2. Ziegele, M., Jost, P., Bormann, M., & Heinbach, D. (2018). Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments. Studies in Communication | Media, 7(4), 525–54. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf3gk2.
go back to reference Ziegele, M., Jost, P., Frieß, D., & Naab, T. (2019). Aufräumen im Trollhaus. Zum Einfluss von Community-Managern und Aktionsgruppen in Kommentarspalten. Précis 3. Düsseldorf Institute for Internet and Democracy. Ziegele, M., Jost, P., Frieß, D., & Naab, T. (2019). Aufräumen im Trollhaus. Zum Einfluss von Community-Managern und Aktionsgruppen in Kommentarspalten. Précis 3. Düsseldorf Institute for Internet and Democracy.
go back to reference Ziegele, M., Koehler, C., & Weber, M. (2018). Socially Destructive? Effects of Negative and Hateful User Comments on Readers’ Donation Behavior toward Refugees and Homeless Persons. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(4), 636–653. https://doi.org/10/gf8pn4 Ziegele, M., Koehler, C., & Weber, M. (2018). Socially Destructive? Effects of Negative and Hateful User Comments on Readers’ Donation Behavior toward Refugees and Homeless Persons. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(4), 636–653. https://​doi.​org/​10/​gf8pn4
Metadata
Title
H@te Online: Die Bedeutung digitaler Kommunikation für Hass und Hetze
Author
Lena Frischlich
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35658-3_5