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Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

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10-11-2022 | REGIONAL CASE STUDY

Household waste generation, composition and determining factors in rapidly urbanizing developing cities: case study of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

Authors: Denise P. Lozano Lazo, Cynthia Bojanic Helbingen, Alexandros Gasparatos

Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management | Issue 1/2023

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Abstract

Detailed information about waste generation rates, composition, and their influencing factors, is essential for sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. While detailed waste characterization studies have been regularly conducted in industrialized countries for decades, they are still incipient and limited in scope in developing countries. Among all MSW streams, household waste (HW) represents a major fraction in developing countries with a distinctive influence on urban life-quality. This study conducts a HW characterization study in Santa Cruz, a rapidly urbanizing city of Bolivia, to (i) estimate HW generation rates and composition; and (ii) identify the main factors that explain variability in these rates. This is achieved through waste sampling and household surveys, manual component separation, and statistical analysis using correlations and multiple linear regressions. Results estimate a median waste generation rate of 0.548 kg/capita/day and a mean generation of 0.711 kg/capita/day for the whole city. Household size, household head (HH) education, children in the family and a kiosk in the household, are the main determinants of waste generation rates. Waste composition is comparable to other developing cities, with a relatively higher fraction of organic waste and fine residue, possibly due to context-specific characteristics of the urbanization process of the city.

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The term integrated sustainable solid waste management (ISWM) refers to a commonly used framework that indicates priority areas that must be considered to maintain a system that can be socially acceptable, economically viable and environmentally sound in the long term [11]. It consists of six sub-dimensions divided across two main dimensions (Technical and Governance Dimension).

Cities are defined in very different ways depending on the geographical context and disciplinary lens [100]. For the purpose of this paper, we adopt the definition of “Degree of Urbanization” that divides cities across their level of urbanization [101], distinguishing three types of settlements: (a) Cities, for settlements of more than 50,000 inhabitants; (b) Towns, for settlements of at least 5,000 inhabitants and a density of 300 inhabitants per km²; and (c) Rural areas, characterized by low population density.

Departments are the largest administrative division in Bolivia, followed by provinces and municipalities.

The abbreviation BOB refers to Bolivian pesos.

For example, a proportional sample size rule would have yielded an insufficient number of households to conduct the analysis for the high-income stratum (approximately 7 households), given that only 7% of the population belongs to that stratum.

Urbanization dynamics are closely linked to households’ lifestyles and dwelling characteristics, which, in turn, influence waste generation and waste management activities. These dynamics have informed the design and implementation of our study in multiple ways. First, the location of each income stratum area is directly linked to the urbanization pattern of the city (see section “Household Sample Stratification”), while some of the factors validated by enumerators on site during household selection (e.g. road pavement, stray animal prevalence) related to neighbourhood characteristics and are directly influenced by urbanization patterns (See Table S1, Supplementary Material). Second, urbanization dynamics influence household size [102, 103] and cooking habits [104‐106], which we use as a variables in this study (Table 1), although the effect of the latter was not demonstrated through the analysis. Third, urbanization dynamics influence dwelling characteristics [107, 108]. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra the predominantly horizontal development and prevalence of domestic gardens conduced us to expect that they would affect the amount of organic waste generation. Thus, we used “garden waste recovery” as a variable (Table 1), although its effect was not demonstrated through the analysis.

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Title: Household waste generation, composition and determining factors in rapidly urbanizing developing cities: case study of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Authors: Denise P. Lozano Lazo
Cynthia Bojanic Helbingen
Alexandros Gasparatos
Publication date: 10-11-2022
Publisher: Springer Japan
Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management / Issue 1/2023
Print ISSN: 1438-4957
Electronic ISSN: 1611-8227
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01535-1

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