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Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik
Published in: Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik 1/2017

13-12-2016

Imperiale Dissidenz

Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (1898–1912)

Author: Dr. Iris Wurm

Published in: Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik | Special Issue 1/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Die Vereinigten Staaten haben vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg den Status quo in Mittelamerika herausgefordert, somit kann man sie als Revisionist gegenüber der Ordnung der europäischen Kolonialmächte betrachten. Washington hat auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent die Territorialordnung und das Souveränitätsprinzip mehrfach gebrochen und eine dissidente Außenpolitik betrieben. Der Wunsch nach neuen Absatzmärkten und Investitionsfeldern war die Triebfeder des US-amerikanischen Revisionismus.
previous article Lateraler Druck, Statusansprüche und die Ursachen revisionistischer Großmachtpolitik
next article „Platz an der Sonne“?! Oppositionelle Außenpolitik des Deutschen Kaiserreichs 1890–1914

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Footnotes
1
Ich danke besonders Anna Gräuler, die in ihrer Forschungsarbeit zu den USA vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, in dem von mir geleiteten Forschungspraktikum „Status quo – Nein Danke!“ zahlreiche Primärquellen gefunden hat, die ich hier – mit ihrem Einverständnis – zitieren darf.
 
2
Zum Zusammenhang von Wirtschaftswachstum und imperialistischer US-Außenpolitik siehe Magdoff (1970), Küntzel (1974), Hudson (1972).
 
3
Nach neueren Erkenntnissen handelte es sich um einen Unfall (Heideking und Mauch 2008, S. 198).
 
4
„[McKinley is requesting the Congress, A.G.] […] to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to ensure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquility and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes“ (McKinley 1898).
 
5
„In 1896 William McKinley was elected president of the United States. His platform included various promises, and most of them were expansionistic. […] He promised to purchase or otherwise gain control of the Hawaiian Islands, the Danish West Indies, and possibly Cuba as well. He further pledged to dig an American canal through Nicaragua and remove all European nations form the hemisphere on grounds of maintaining and bolstering American and Latin American security and well-being. So less than a decade before the turn of the twentieth century, there was a prevalent attitude in the United States of expansion, imperialism, and benevolent paternalism towards the territories that could be brought under the umbrella of U.S. protection“ (Brewer 2006, S. 74).
 
6
„[The United States] declared Cuba an independent nation and admonished the Spanish to withdraw from the hemisphere and accept Cuban independence, or face war with the United States. Spain refused, whereupon the US Congress […] demanded that Spain remove all personnel and weaponry from the island by April 22, 1898. Then the United States instituted a naval blockade of the island in an attempt to safely land US troops and supplies, and prevent Spain from doing the same“ (Brewer 2006, S. 75).
 
7
„[…] [T]he government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island.“ (Platt Amendment 1901, erster Absatz).
 
8
„Not only was the United States concerned about the frequent instances of unrest in Cuba, but by the 1880s this country has developed considerable commercial ties ($50 mio. in investments and $100 mio. in trade). In particular, the United States saw Cuba as prime supplier of sugar; during 1894, for example, Cuba produced 1 mio. tons of sugar with most of that output destined for the United States“ (Kryzanek 1990, S. 35).
 
9
„It will be remembered that during the second session of the last Congress Great Britain, Germany, and Italy formed an alliance for the purpose of blockading the ports of Venezuela and using such other means of pressure as would secure a settlement of claims due, as they alleged, to certain of their subjects (Roosevelt 1903).“.
 
10
Jedoch war der deutschen und der britischen Regierung sehr daran gelegen, eine Auseinandersetzung über die Monroedoktrin mit den USA zu vermeiden. Das bedeutete aber nicht, dass man aus Rücksicht auf amerikanische Empfindlichkeiten von der Vertretung der eigenen Interessen Abstand nahm (Fiebig von Hase 1997, S. 524).
 
11
„The meaning was unmistakable: Roosevelt was extending the Monroe Doctrine to justify U.S. intervention to prevent European intervention. This ultimatum clearly defined, for Europe and for Latin America, U.S. hegemony in the region. It was an assertion of the United States as both a patron and a policeman. In Roosevelt’s eyes it was an inevitable consequence of U.S. responsibility for maintaining order in the Caribbean“ (Molineu 1993, S. 41).
 
12
Bereits 1902 hatte der britische Premier Arthur Balfour den Amerikanern die Idee unterbreitet, dass europäische Intervention ausbleiben würden, wären die USA in der Lage diese überflüssig machen (Link 1993, S. 122).
 
13
„Having these facts in view, there is no shadow of question that the Government of the United States proposed a treaty which was not merely just, but generous to Colombia, which our people regarded as erring, if at all, on the side of overgenerosity; which was hailed with delight by the people of the immediate locality through which the canal was to pass, who were most concerned as to the new order of things, and which the Colombian authorities now recognize as being so good that they are willing to promise its unconditional ratification if only we will desert those who have shown themselves our friends and restore to those who have shown themselves unfriendly the power to undo what they did“ (Roosevelt 1904a).
 
14
„Immediately after the adjournment of the Congress a revolution broke out in Panama. […]The duty of the United States in the premises was clear. […] [T]he United States gave notice that it would permit the landing of no expeditionary force, the arrival of which would mean chaos and destruction along the line of the railroad and of the proposed Canal, and an interruption of transit as an inevitable consequence“ (Roosevelt 1903).
 
15
„Last August an insurrection broke out in Cuba which it speedily grew evident that the existing Cuban Government was powerless to quell. This Government was repeatedly asked by the then Cuban Government to intervene, and finally was notified by the President of Cuba that he intended to resign […]“ (Roosevelt 1906, 6th annual message).
 
16
„Hearing about Estrada’s sulkiness and refusal to ‚act like a patriot‘, Roosevelt too became more determined to do something. Just as he head reacted angrily in 1903 when those ‚damned dagoes‘ in Bogotá destroyed his canal treaty with Columbia, he grew furious with the Cubans“ (Langley 1983, S. 41).
 
17
„The tremendous growth of the export trade of the United States has already made that trade a very real factor in the industrial and commercial prosperity of the country. With the development of our industries the foreign commerce of the United States must rapidly become a still more essential factor in its economic welfare“ (Taft 1912, Fourth Annual Message).
 
18
„I cannot leave this subject without emphasizing the necessity of such legislation as will make possible and convenient the establishment of American banks and branches of American banks in foreign countries. Only by such means can our foreign trade be favorably financed, necessary credits be arranged, and proper avail be made of commercial opportunities in foreign countries, and most especially in Latin America“ (Taft 1910).
 
19
„During the past year the Republic of Nicaragua has been the scene of internecine struggle. General Zelaya […] was throughout his career the disturber of Central America […]. When the people of Nicaragua were finally driven into rebellion by his lawless exactions, he violated the laws of war by the unwarranted execution of two American citizens […]. This and other offenses made it the duty of the American Government to take measures with a view to ultimate reparation and for the safeguarding of its interests. […] American forces were sent to both coasts of Nicaragua to be in readiness should occasion arise to protect Americans and their interests, and remained there until the war was over and peace had returned to that unfortunate country“ (Taft 1909).
 
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Metadata
Title
Imperiale Dissidenz
Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (1898–1912)
Author
Dr. Iris Wurm
Publication date
13-12-2016
Publisher
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Published in
Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik / Issue Special Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1866-2188
Electronic ISSN: 1866-2196
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12399-016-0597-6

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