1 Introduction
2 Literature on IS Infusion
2.1 Conceptualization of IT Identity
2.2 Conceptualization of IS Infusion Role Identity
3 Research Model and Hypotheses
3.1 Impact of IT Identity on IS Infusion Role Identity
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Hypothesis 1: IT identity is positively associated with IS infusion role identity within an organization.
3.2 Impact of IT Identity on IS Infusion, Extended, Integrative, and Emergent use Behaviors
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Hypothesis 2: IT identity is positively associated with IS infusion behavior within an organization.
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Hypotheses 2(a-c): IT identity is positively associated with IS extended use, integrative use, and emergent use behaviors within an organization.
3.3 Impact of IS Infusion Role Identity on IS Infusion, Extended, Integrative, and Emergent use Behaviors
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Hypothesis 3: IS infusion role identity is positively associated with IS infusion behavior within an organization.
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Hypotheses 3(a-c): IS infusion role identity is positively associated with IS extended use, integrative use, and emergent use behaviors within an organization.
3.4 Contextualization for IS Infusion Behaviors in Organizations
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Hypothesis 4a: Gender moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for men.
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Hypothesis 4b-d: Gender moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior such that the relationship between IT identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for men.
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Hypothesis 4e: Gender moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for men.
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Hypothesis 4f-h: Gender moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for men.
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Hypothesis 5a: Age moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for younger employees.
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Hypothesis 5b-d: Age moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for younger employees.
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Hypothesis 5e: Age moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for younger employees.
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Hypothesis 5f-h: Age moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for younger employees.
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Hypothesis 6a: Education moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with higher education.
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Hypothesis 6b-d: Education moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with higher education.
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Hypothesis 6e: Education moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with higher education.
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Hypothesis 6f-h: Education moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with higher education.
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Hypothesis 7a: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions.
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Hypothesis 7b-d: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions.
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Hypothesis 7e: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions.
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Hypothesis 7f-h: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions.
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Hypothesis 8a: Job tenure moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with longer tenure.
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Hypothesis 8b-d: Job tenure moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with longer tenure.
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Hypothesis 8e: Job tenure moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with longer tenure.
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Hypothesis 8f-h: Job tenure moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with longer tenure.
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Hypothesis 9a: IT experience moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with more IT experience.
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Hypothesis 9b-d: IT experience moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with more IT experience.
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Hypothesis 9e: IT experience moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with more IT experience.
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Hypothesis 9f-h: IT experience moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, IS integrative use behavior, and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and these IS use behaviors will be stronger for employees with more IT experience.
4 Methodology
4.1 Survey Instrument
4.2 Pre-test and Pilot Test
Demographic Information | Frequency | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 136 | 32.9% |
Male | 277 | 67.1% | |
Age | 20–29 years old | 79 | 19.1% |
30–39 years old | 169 | 40.9% | |
40–49 years old | 108 | 26.2% | |
> 50 years old | 57 | 13.8% | |
Current Position in the Organization | Customer Service Manager | 143 | 34.6% |
Sales Manager | 60 | 14.5% | |
Account Manager | 58 | 14.0% | |
Sales Representative | 37 | 9.0% | |
Customer Service Representative | 36 | 8.7% | |
Marketing Manager | 29 | 7.0% | |
Sales Specialist | 27 | 6.5% | |
Marketing Representative | 7 | 1.7% | |
Others (e.g., CEO) | 16 | 3.9% | |
Tenure in the Current Position | < 2 years | 140 | 33.9% |
2–4 years | 96 | 23.2% | |
4–6 years | 66 | 16.0% | |
6–8 years | 34 | 8.2% | |
8–10 years | 28 | 6.8% | |
> 10 years | 49 | 11.9% | |
CRM Experience | 1–3 years | 333 | 80.6% |
> 3 years | 80 | 19.4% | |
Former IT Experience | No experience with other business applications | 28 | 6.8% |
< 1 year | 19 | 4.6% | |
1–3 years | 47 | 11.4% | |
3–5 years | 72 | 17.4% | |
> 5 years | 247 | 59.8% | |
Education | High school/Diploma | 60 | 14.5% |
Bachelor’s Degree | 224 | 54.2% | |
Master’s Degree | 91 | 22.0% | |
Doctorate Degree | 11 | 2.7% | |
Others | 27 | 6.5% | |
Type of CRM | Salesforce CRM | 282 | 68.3% |
Microsoft Dynamics | 65 | 15.7% | |
Oracle Sales Cloud | 45 | 10.9% | |
Sugar CRM | 10 | 2.4% | |
NetSuite CRM | 3 | 0.7% | |
Zoho CRM | 2 | 0.5% | |
Others | 6 | 1.5% |
5 Data Analysis
5.1 Assessment of Measurement Models
Gender | Age | Role | Tenure | Former IT experience | Education | Dependency | Relatedness | Emotional energy | Extended use | Integrative use | Emergent use | Self support | Social support | Commitment | Resource investment | External gratification | |
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Age | 0.209** | ||||||||||||||||
Role | 0.051 | -0.044 | |||||||||||||||
Tenure | 0.064 | 0.464** | 0.002 | ||||||||||||||
Former IT experience | 0.092 | 0.351** | -0.013 | 0.218** | |||||||||||||
Education | 0.069 | -0.006 | 0.128** | -0.019 | 0.043 | ||||||||||||
Dependency | -0.078 | -0.143** | 0.018 | -0.05 | -0.053 | 0.005 | |||||||||||
Relatedness | -0.119* | -0.133** | 0.037 | -0.123* | -0.079 | 0.031 | 0.553** | ||||||||||
Emotional energy | -0.081 | -0.186** | 0.044 | -0.183** | -0.073 | 0.009 | 0.560** | 0.769** | |||||||||
Extended use | -0.134** | -0.277** | 0.055 | -0.127* | -0.105* | 0.049 | 0.548** | 0.709** | 0.653** | ||||||||
Integrative use | -0.135** | -0.196** | 0.034 | -0.136** | -0.054 | 0.039 | 0.543** | 0.665** | 0.660** | 0.794** | |||||||
Emergent use | -0.127** | -0.211** | 0.165** | -0.106* | -0.062 | 0.066 | 0.443** | 0.573** | 0.638** | 0.698** | 0.750** | ||||||
Self support | -0.097* | -0.029 | 0.001 | -0.008 | -0.021 | -0.018 | 0.484** | 0.544** | 0.491** | 0.529** | 0.587** | 0.545** | |||||
Social support | -0.123* | -0.136** | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.009 | -0.027 | 0.399** | 0.485** | 0.438** | 0.498** | 0.504** | 0.520** | 0.746** | ||||
Commitment | -0.121* | -0.096 | -0.026 | -0.006 | -0.015 | 0.037 | 0.279** | 0.365** | 0.300** | 0.341** | 0.309** | 0.347** | 0.420** | 0.471** | |||
Resource investment | -0.172** | -0.176** | 0.132** | -0.097* | -0.129** | -0.055 | 0.473** | 0.525** | 0.554** | 0.563** | 0.500** | 0.543** | 0.502** | 0.522** | 0.515** | ||
External gratification | -0.079 | -0.074 | -0.082 | -0.094 | -0.015 | -0.035 | 0.519** | 0.564** | 0.582** | 0.550** | 0.647** | 0.552** | 0.636** | 0.549** | 0.339** | 0.430** | |
Internal gratification | -0.078 | -0.049 | -0.042 | -0.110* | -0.039 | -0.062 | 0.400** | 0.502** | 0.528** | 0.465** | 0.523** | 0.507** | 0.533** | 0.482** | 0.327** | 0.401** | 0.558** |
Gender | Age | Role | Tenure | Former IT experience | Education | Dependency | Emotional energy | Relatedness | Commitment | IS infusion | Self support | Social support | Resource investment | External gratifications | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.185** | ||||||||||||||
Role | -0.014 | 0.046 | |||||||||||||
Tenure | 0.075 | 0.504** | -0.037 | ||||||||||||
Former IT experience | 0.117* | 0.410** | 0.101 | 0.155** | |||||||||||
Education | 0.063 | -0.017 | -0.097 | -0.011 | -0.022 | ||||||||||
Dependency | -0.095 | -0.157** | -0.094 | -0.115* | -0.001 | -0.042 | |||||||||
Emotional energy | -0.135* | -0.239** | -0.035 | -0.138* | -0.08 | -0.01 | 0.600** | ||||||||
Relatedness | -0.128* | -0.204** | -0.101 | -0.095 | -0.054 | -0.018 | 0.564** | 0.779** | |||||||
Commitment | 0.012 | -0.085 | 0.059 | 0.024 | -0.01 | -0.013 | 0.114* | 0.097 | 0.141** | ||||||
IS infusion | -0.126* | -0.232** | -0.022 | -0.066 | 0.076 | 0.035 | 0.453** | 0.411** | 0.387** | 0.075 | |||||
Self support | -0.095 | -0.074 | 0.06 | -0.019 | -0.058 | -0.038 | 0.226** | 0.180** | 0.209** | 0.420** | 0.054 | ||||
Social support | -0.131* | -0.066 | 0.028 | 0.04 | -0.069 | 0.006 | 0.178** | 0.146** | 0.160** | 0.471** | 0.052 | 0.746** | |||
Resource investment | -0.067 | -0.093 | 0.05 | 0.01 | -0.07 | -0.033 | 0.222** | 0.228** | 0.210** | 0.515** | -0.014 | 0.502** | 0.522** | ||
External gratifications | -0.122* | -0.048 | -0.004 | -0.037 | 0.001 | -0.068 | 0.246** | 0.281** | 0.287** | 0.339** | 0.013 | 0.636** | 0.549** | 0.430** | |
Internal gratifications | -0.112* | -0.123* | -0.01 | -0.032 | -0.094 | -0.081 | 0.187** | 0.280** | 0.264** | 0.327** | -0.032 | 0.533** | 0.482** | 0.401** | 0.558** |
5.2 Assessment of Structural Models and Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis | Path coefficient | t-value | p-value |
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H1: IT identity is positively associated with IS infusion role identity within an organization | 0.779 | 29.703 | 0.000 |
H2: IT identity is positively associated with IS infusion behavior within an organization | 0.409 | 7.601 | 0.000 |
H2a: IT identity is positively associated with IS extended use behavior within an organization | 0.470 | 6.845 | 0.000 |
H2b: IT identity is positively associated with IS integrative use behavior within an organization | 0.321 | 5.977 | 0.000 |
H2c: IT identity is positively associated with IS emergent use behavior within an organization | 0.208 | 2.501 | 0.000 |
H3: IS infusion role identity is positively associated with IS infusion behavior within an organization | 0.451 | 8.303 | 0.000 |
H3a: IS infusion role identity is positively associated with IS extended use behavior within an organization | 0.286 | 4.471 | 0.000 |
H3b: IS infusion role identity is positively associated with IS integrative use behavior within an organization | 0.377 | 6.244 | 0.000 |
H3c: IS infusion role identity is positively associated with IS emergent use behavior within an organization | 0.478 | 6.013 | 0.000 |
H6e: Education moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS infusion behavior will be stronger for employees with higher education | 0.101 | 2.258 | 0.024 |
H6f: Education moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior will be stronger for employees with higher education | 0.112 | 2.589 | 0.010 |
H6h: Education moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS emergent use behavior will be stronger for employees with higher education | 0.159 | 2.108 | 0.036 |
H7b: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS extended use behavior will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions | 0.193 | 2.836 | 0.005 |
H7f: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions | -0.232 | 3.507 | 0.000 |
H7h: Organizational position moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS emergent use behavior will be stronger for employees with customer-facing positions | -0.249 | 2.665 | 0.010 |
H8d: Job tenure moderates the relationship between IT identity and IS emergent use behavior, such that the relationship between IT identity and IS emergent use behavior will be stronger for employees with longer tenure | -0.248 | 2.577 | 0.011 |
H9f: IT experience moderates the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior, such that the relationship between IS infusion role identity and IS extended use behavior will be stronger for employees with more IT experience | 0.101 | 2.083 | 0.033 |
5.3 Results
5.4 Post-hoc Analysis
6 Discussion and Implications
6.1 Contributions to Research and Practice
What is known from Literature | Unique findings of this study |
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• This study extends this line of theoretical argument by finding that employees’ role identity in relation to IS infusion (IS infusion role identity) is a predictor of their IS infusion behaviors and also partially mediates the relationship between employees’ IT identity and their IS infusion behaviors | |
• Previous studies on identity in the IS domain have reported significant relationships between an individual's identity and her IS use behavior (Carter & Grover, 2015; Mishra et al., 2012; Stein et al., 2013). However, much of the research on the topic of IT and identity has examined the indirect relations between technology and an individual’s identity based on emotional factors (Stein et al., 2013) | • This study investigates the direct relations between technology and an individual’s identity, which is conceptualized as IT identity. The findings suggest that employees’ IT identity is a predictor of their IS infusion behavior as well as extended use, integrative use, and emergent use behaviors |
• Identity theories suggest that the meanings of individuals’ salient identities are likely to influence the meanings of their role identities when individuals have a choice in roles to perform (Burke & Stets, 2009) | • This study empirically tests this theoretical argument and finds that employees’ IT identity is a predictor of their IS infusion role identity within an organization • Both IT identity and IS infusion role identity play a complementary role in promoting the overall IS infusion behaviors |
• This study considers the guidelines offered by Hong et al. (2014) for incorporating context into theorizing IS phenomena and draws on status characteristics theory to identity personal and work-related contextual variables. We find that employees’ organizational position, education, and tenure moderate selected relationships between IT identity and IS infusion behaviors and IS infusion role identity and between IS infusion behaviors. In addition, this study highlights that employees’ former IT experience and CRM experience make a difference to the relationships between IT identity, IS infusion role identity, and employees’ IS infusion behaviors |