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Published in:
1993 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
Industrial Policies and Political Democracy
Author : P. de Grauwe
Published in: Economic Decision-Making in a Changing World
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Included in: Professional Book Archive
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Europe has a long tradition in activist industrial policies aimed at identifying and at stimulating industrial sectors and firms which are deemed to be important by policy makers. The instruments used in these industrial targeting programs are vast. Credit policies, subsidies of all kind, protection from outside competitors, procurement policies, nationalizations of ‘strategic’ industries have been used to create and sustain ‘national champions’.