Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Society 5/2015

01-10-2015 | Symposium: The Religious and Secular in Medicine and Health

Integrative Medicine in the Hospital: Secular or Religious?

Author: Candy Gunther Brown

Published in: Society | Issue 5/2015

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This article argues that many forms of “integrative” medicine (IM) offered in modern hospitals are both secular and religious. Practices such as yoga, t’ai chi, acupuncture, mindfulness meditation, biofeedback, chiropractic, homeopathy, aromatherapy, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch, and Healing Touch are premised on metaphysical assumptions about spiritual energy that are deeply informed by religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism, and Western metaphysical spirituality. In the hospital setting, religious, spiritual, and secular language, goals, and techniques often bleed into one another—not accidentally, but through calculated marketing and rhetorical maneuvering. The case of “energy medicine” illustrates tactics that IM promoters use to gain entrance to the hospital by relabeling metaphysics as medicine. Intentionally blurring the boundaries between medical and religious therapies creates biomedical ethical and legal dilemmas through a lack of informed consent.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
James C. Whorton, Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 243, 295, 302.
 
2
For a fuller explication of this paper’s arguments and additional supporting evidence, see Candy Gunther Brown, The Healing Gods: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Christian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
 
3
Whorton, Nature Cures, xii; Anne Harrington, The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine (New York: Norton, 2008), 223.
 
4
Peter L. Berger, “Further Thoughts on Religion and Modernity,” Society 49.3 (2012): 313; Howard Rachlin and David I. Laibson, eds., The Matching Law: Papers in
Psychology and Economics by Richard J. Herrnstein (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1997), 252–254; Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America Since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 59; Candy Gunther Brown, “Feeling is Believing: Pentecostal Prayer and Complementary and Alternative Medicine,” Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 14.1 (2014): 59–66.
 
5
Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (1933; New York : Simon & Schuster, 1984), 131; Catherine L. Albanese, America: Religions and Religion, 5th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2013, 2–9; Daniel L. Pals, Seven Theories of Religion (New York : Oxford University Press, 1996), 10–12; Jonathan Z. Smith, Relating Religion: Essays in the Study of Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 179–196; Robert A. Orsi, Between Heaven and Earth: The Religious Worlds People Make and the Scholars Who Study Them (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005), 183–198; Thomas A. Tweed, Crossing and Dwelling: A Theory of Religion (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 73; Seth D. Kunin, Religion: The Modern Theories (Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 3; Linda L. Barnes and Susan Sered, eds., Religion and Healing in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
 
6
José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 6.
 
7
Farr A. Curlin, et al., “Religious Characteristics of U.S. Physicians: A National Survey,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 20.7 (2005): 629–634.
 
8
Courtney Bender, The New Metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American Religious
Imagination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 42; Nurit Zaidman, Ofra Goldstein-Gidoni, and Iris Nehemya, “From Temples to Organizations: The Introduction and Packaging of Spirituality,” Organization 16.4 (2009): 605–606; Peter L. Berger, “The Hospital: On the Interface between Secularity and Religion,” unpublished paper, 2.
 
9
Jeanne Achterberg, et al., “Mind-Body Interventions,” 3–43, in Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons, ed. Brian M. Berman and David B. Larson (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1992), 16; Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, et al., National Expert Meeting on Qi Gong and Tai Chi Consensus Report (Urbana : University of Illinois, 2005), 5.
 
10
Sita Ananth, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Survey of Hospitals (Alexandria, Va.: Samueli Institute, 2011), 3; Brown, Healing Gods, 112–138; Matt Fink, quoted in “The Alternative Fix,” Frontline November 6, 2003, www.​pbs.​org/​wgbh/​pages/​frontline/​shows/​altmed/​etc/​synopsis.​html (accessed August 12, 2015); Michael H. Cohen, Healing at the Borderland of Medicine and Religion (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 114–135; Susan A. Salladay, “Should Christians Use Therapeutic Touch?” Christian Bioethics 8.1 (2002): 28.
 
11
Linda Woodhead, “Tactical and Strategic Religion,” in Everyday Lived Islam in Europe, ed. Nathal M. Dessing, Nadia Jeldtoft, Jørgen S. Nielsen, and Linda Woodhead (Farnham, U.K.: Ashgate, 2014); Whorton, Nature Cures, 285; Mount Sinai Beth Israel Department of Integrative Medicine, “Special Grants & Initiatives,” www.​wehealny.​org/​services/​bi_​im/​specialgrants.​html (accessed August 12, 2015); Urban Zen, “Exploring the Impact of the Urban Zen Integrative Therapy Program in Healthcare,” uzit.urbanzen.org/about/our-impact/ (accessed August 12, 2015).
 
12
Brown, Healing Gods, 179–199; Diane Stein, Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers (Berkeley, Calif.: Crossing, 2007), 112, 142; Peggy Jentoft, Reiki Level One Manual: Reiki Unleashed; Usui Reiki, Contemporary and Traditional (2006), pjentoft.com/REIKIONE.pdf, 15–17, 31 (accessed August 12, 2015); Anne Charlish and Angela Robertshaw, Secrets of Reiki (New York : DK, 2001), 102; Patricia M. Barnes, Barbara Bloom, and Richard L. Nahin, “Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Adults and Children: United States, 2007,” National Health Statistics Reports 12 (Hyattsville, Md. : National Center for Health Statistics, 2008), 10.
 
13
Center for Reiki Research Including Reiki in Hospitals, “Research Conclusion: Does the Reiki Touchstone Process Show Support for Reiki?” www.​centerforreikire​search.​org/​RRConclusion.​aspx (accessed August 12, 2015); Ava Wolf and Janet Wing, “How We Got Reiki Into the Hospital,” www.​centerforreikire​search.​org/​Articles_​HowWeGot.​aspx (accessed August 12, 2015).
 
14
William L. Rand, “Reiki in Hospitals,” www.​centerforreikire​search.​org/​Articles_​ReikiInHosp.​aspx#7 (accessed August 12, 2015); Jane Van de Velde, “Documenting Reiki Sessions,” Reiki News Magazine (spring 2009): 35; Jane Van de Velde, “Writing Case Reports for Reiki,” Reiki News Magazine (summer 2009): 50; Pamela Miles, Reiki: A Comprehensive Guide (New York : Penguin, 2006), 193.
 
15
Dolores Krieger, Living the Therapeutic Touch: Healing as a Lifestyle (New York: Dodd,
Mead, 1987), 33; Dora Kunz, The Real World of Fairies: A True First Person Account (Wheaton, Ill.: Quest, 1999), 167; Thérèse Connell Meehan, “Therapeutic Touch,” 181–184, in Nursing Interventions: Effective Nursing Treatments, 3rd ed., ed. Gloria M. Bulechek and
Joanne C. McCloskey (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1999); Dolores Krieger, Therapeutic Touch Inner Workbook: Ventures in Transpersonal Healing (Sante Fe, N.M.: Bear, 1997), 21–22, 37, 129.
 
16
Dolores Krieger, “Therapeutic Touch: The Imprimatur of Nursing,” American
Journal of Nursing 75.5 (1975): 784; Sharon Fish Mooney, “Worldviews in Conflict: A Historical and Sociological Analysis of the Controversy Surrounding Therapeutic Touch in Nursing” (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 2005), 48–49, 80–84, 89, 174, 304; Janet F. Quinn, Therapeutic Touch: Healing through Human Energy Fields [videotape] (New York: National League for Nursing, 1992); L. J. Carpenito, Nursing Diagnosis: Application to Clinical Practice, 6th ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1995), 344, 355; Therapeutic Touch International Association, “Policies,” (2005), therapeutic-touch.org/policies/ (accessed August 12, 2015).
 
17
Matthew Cahill, et al., Nurse’s Handbook of Alternative & Complementary Therapies (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003), 295; Dolores Krieger, The Therapeutic Touch: How to Use Your Hands to Help or to Heal (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1979); Arlene Miller, quoted in Joe Maxwell, “Nursing’s New Age?” Christianity Today (February 5, 1996): 98; Sally Satel, PC, M.D.: How Political Correctness Is Corrupting Medicine (New York: Basic, 2000), 79.
 
18
HealingTouchProgram.com, Levels 2–5 Instructor Advancement (April 2008-April 2010), www.​healingtouchprog​ram.​com/​content_​assets/​instructor/​documents/​htp932.​pdf, 25 (accessed August 12, 2015); Janet L. Mentgen and Mary Jo Trapp Bulbrook, Healing Touch Level One
Notebook (Carrboro, N.C.: Center for Healing Touch, 1994), 3–4, 81.
 
19
Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, with Nancy M. P. King, A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 8, 14, 28, 66, 93–95, 123–143, 145 n. 37, 329; Franklin G. Miller and Alan Wertheimer, eds., The Ethics of Consent: Theory and Practice (New York : Oxford University Press, 2010), ix, 381; Edzard Ernst, M. H. Cohen, and J. Stone, “Ethical Problems Arising in Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,” Journal of Medical Ethics 30 (2004): 156–159; Carl E. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 10; Paul Ramsey, The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970), 2; Albert R. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 50–51; Onora O’Neill, Rethinking Informed Consent in Bioethics (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 82; Cohen, Healing at the Borderland, 114–135; Salladay, “Should Christians Use Therapeutic Touch?” 28.
 
20
“Dr. Smith,” “Jim,” interviews, October 30, 2009, in Rebecca Vasko, “Acupuncture in the Twenty-First Century: Where Did It Come From and Where Is It Going,” unpublished paper (December 13, 2009), 8–9, 16.
 
21
Candy Gunther Brown, “Touch and American Religions,” Religion Compass 3.4 (2009): 770–783.
 
22
Albert Silverstein, “Unlearning, Spontaneous Recovery, and the Partial-Reinforcement Effect in Paired-Associate Learning,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 73.1 (1967): 15–21; B. D. Acuna, et al., “Frontal and Parietal Lobe Activation During Transitive Inference in Humans,” Cerebral Cortex 12.12 (2002): 1312–1321.
 
23
Janet F. Quinn, “Therapeutic Touch: One Nurse’s Evolution as a Healer,” 59–63, in Therapeutic Touch: A Book of Readings, ed. Marianne Borelli and Patricia Heidt (New York: Springer, 1981), 62; Lubove, “Dual Evolution” (1909), 74, quoted in Robert C. Fuller, Spiritual, but Not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 119.
 
24
Brown, Healing Gods, 216.
 
Metadata
Title
Integrative Medicine in the Hospital: Secular or Religious?
Author
Candy Gunther Brown
Publication date
01-10-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Society / Issue 5/2015
Print ISSN: 0147-2011
Electronic ISSN: 1936-4725
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-015-9929-8

Other articles of this Issue 5/2015

Society 5/2015 Go to the issue

Symposium: The Religious and Secular in Medicine and Health

Death’s Broker: the Ethics Consultant in the ICU

Symposium: The Religious and Secular in Medicine and Health

The Angel and the IV Pump

Symposium: The Religious and Secular in Medicine and Health

The Hospital: On the Interface Between Secularity and Religion

Symposium: The Religious and Secular in Medicine and Health

Rescue: Faith in the Unlimited Future