1 Introduction
2 Tunnelling Projects in TBM Field Performance Database
Projects | TBM-D1 (m) | Tunnel-L2 (km) | AD3 (km) | TBM type | Lithology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ghomrood water conveyance tunnel, Lots 3 and 4 (Iran) | 4.525 | 21.5 | 15 | Double shield (Wirth) | Limestone, Shale and Sandstone, Slate, Phyllite, Schist with quartzitic veins |
Manapouri second tailrace tunnel (New Zealand) | 10.5 | 10 | 9.7 | Main beam open TBM (Robbins, Kvaerner-Markham) | Gneiss, Calc-silicate and quartzite and the intrusive rocks (Gabbro and Diorite) |
Golab conveyance water tunnel (Iran) | 4.495 | 10 | 8 | Double shield (Wirth) | Periodic series of argillite shale and metamorphic sandstone, schist and amphibolite |
Maroshi-Ruparel water supply tunnel Mumbai, (India) | 3.6 | 12.24 | 5.834 | Hard rock Gripper TBM (Wirth) | Fine compact basalt, Porphyritic basalt, Amygdaloidal basalt, Pyroclastic rocks (Tuff, Tuff breccia) and Intertrappeans (Shale)… |
Zagros water conveyance tunnel, Lot 2 (Iran) | 6.73 | 26 | 15 | Double shield (Herrenknecht) | Limestone, Shale and Limy Shales |
Karaj water conveyance tunnel, Lot 1 (Iran) | 4.65 | 15.9 | 8.7 | Double shield (Herrenknecht) | Tuffs, Shaly and Sandy Tuffs, Agglomerate |
Lötschberg Base Tunnel (Switzerland) | 9.43 | 36.4 | 8.55 | Gripper TBM (Herrenknecht) | Crystalline Gneiss, Granodiorite and Granite, Granitic Gneiss, Amphibolite |
Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (Singapore) | 4.82–4.45 | 38.5 | 22.26 | Hard rock shield TBM-EPB (Herrenknecht) | Bukit Timah granite (slightly to completely decomposed granite, silt, sandstone…) |
3 Data Compilation
TBM field data | Geological/geotechnical data | |
---|---|---|
Thrust force (Tf) | Rock mass fracturing | Joint spacing. Jv. RQD |
Penetration per revolution (p) | Intact rock properties | UCS. BTS. CAI |
Revolution per minute (ROP) | Rock mass classification | RMR. Q. GSI |
TBM utilization factor (U) | ||
Advance rate (AR) | ||
Field Penetration Index (kN/cutter/mm/rev) |
4 Developing New Models
Rock type | Code |
---|---|
Claystone, mudstone, marl, slate, phyllite, argillite | C |
Sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate, quartzite | S |
Limestone, chalk, dolomite, marble | L |
Karstic Limestone | K |
Metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and schist | M |
Coarse igneous such as granite and diorite | G |
Fine volcanic such as basalt, tuff, and andesite | V |
RMR input parameters | Rock mass properties | Rating | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rock mass 1 (Amphibolite) | Rock mass 2 (Limestone) | Rock mass 1 | Rock mass 2 | |
Uniaxial compressive strength (MPa) | 170 | 170 | 12 | 12 |
RQD (%) | 95 | 95 | 20 | 20 |
Spacing of discontinuities (m) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 15 | 15 |
Condition of discontinuities (Jc) | Slightly rough and moderately to highly weathered, wall rock surface separation < 1 mm | Slightly rough and moderately to highly weathered, wall rock surface separation < 1 mm | 20 | 20 |
Groundwater general conditions | Damp | Damp | 10 | 10 |
Basic RMR | 77 | 77 | ||
FPI (Field Penetration Index; kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 46.81 | 38.48 |
N | Min | Max | Mean | Std. Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class G & GN | |||||
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 258 | 14.01 | 161.25 | 49.71 | 30.36 |
UCS (MPa) | 258 | 38.3 | 267.9 | 151.13 | 57.65 |
RQD (%) | 258 | 18.31 | 100 | 85.5 | 13.62 |
Jv | 258 | 0.2 | 29.3 | 8.5 | 4.57 |
Class MV | |||||
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 143 | 5.9 | 70.68 | 22.2 | 14.37 |
UCS (MPa) | 143 | 16 | 227.4 | 96.36 | 50.33 |
RQD (%) | 143 | 10 | 100 | 70.37 | 18.46 |
Class SLK | |||||
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 139 | 9.52 | 45.44 | 19.42 | 6.44 |
UCS (MPa) | 139 | 20 | 176 | 78 | 38.23 |
RQD (%) | 139 | 30 | 100 | 70.87 | 17.93 |
Class C | |||||
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 126 | 1.43 | 19.91 | 11.15 | 4.57 |
UCS (MPa) | 126 | 6 | 105 | 40.34 | 23.94 |
RQD (%) | 126 | 10 | 90 | 49.58 | 21.58 |
Rock Type Code | Training | Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Min | Max | Mean | N | Min | Max | Mean | |
Class G & GN | ||||||||
UCS (MPa) | 220 | 38.3 | 267.9 | 146.05 | 38 | 82 | 246 | 171.65 |
Jv | 220 | 0.2 | 29.3 | 8.39 | 38 | 0.8 | 26.7 | 8.91 |
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 220 | 14.01 | 161.25 | 47.34 | 38 | 18.4 | 145.6 | 63.46 |
Class MV | ||||||||
UCS (MPa) | 120 | 16 | 226.4 | 92.98 | 23 | 40 | 227.4 | 117.56 |
RQD (%) | 120 | 10 | 100 | 67.065 | 23 | 20 | 100 | 76.07 |
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 120 | 5.9 | 70.68 | 21.69 | 23 | 6.69 | 53.6 | 25.44 |
Class SLK | ||||||||
UCS (MPa) | 118 | 20 | 176 | 74.54 | 21 | 40 | 175 | 101.67 |
RQD (%) | 118 | 30 | 100 | 70.16 | 21 | 40.75 | 100 | 75.67 |
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 118 | 9.52 | 45.44 | 19.1 | 21 | 9.79 | 43.15 | 21.22 |
Class C | ||||||||
UCS (MPa) | 110 | 6 | 105 | 40.92 | 16 | 6 | 65 | 36.84 |
RQD (%) | 110 | 10 | 85 | 49.33 | 16 | 22.5 | 90 | 53.12 |
FPI (kN/cutter/mm/rev) | 110 | 2.75 | 19.91 | 11.39 | 16 | 3.7 | 18.02 | 9.43 |
5 Machine Learning Methods for TBM Performance Models
5.1 TBM Performance Prediction Models Using Regression Tree
6 Comparison of the Developed Models
Train | Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RMSE | MSE | R2 | RMSE | MSE | |
Regression Model | ||||||
Class G & GN | 0.70 | 15.41 | 10.55 | 0.66 | 25.57 | 20.84 |
Class MV | 0.71 | 7.82 | 4.78 | 0.63 | 8.87 | 7.001 |
Class SLK | 0.73 | 3.071 | 2.21 | 0.69 | 5.78 | 5.25 |
Class C | 0.72 | 2.43 | 1.93 | 0.66 | 3.36 | 2.92 |
CART Model | ||||||
Class G & GN | 0.88 | 10.89 | 7.95 | 0.84 | 12.91 | 10.12 |
Class MV | 0.91 | 4.3 | 3.03 | 0.87 | 4.86 | 4.13 |
Class SLK | 0.92 | 2.11 | 1.65 | 0.86 | 2.86 | 2.3 |
Class C | 0.84 | 1.81 | 1.39 | 0.78 | 2.37 | 1.88 |
6.1 Comparison of the Proposed and Existing Models
Rock Type | Models | N | Range | Min | Max | Mean | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G & GN | Hassanpour | 38 | 131.49 | 0.55 | 122.47 | 68.90 | 32.37 |
CART | 38 | 92.26 | 0.31 | 69.03 | 20.05 | 18.87 | |
MV | Hassanpour | 23 | 136.42 | 3.87 | 96.46 | 36.12 | 39.41 |
CART | 23 | 40.13 | 0.58 | 40.68 | 12.96 | 10.36 | |
SLK | Hassanpour | 21 | 131.25 | 2.36 | 77.53 | 31.612 | 33.27 |
CART | 21 | 57.31 | 0.08 | 57.39 | 18.01 | 15.32 | |
C | Hassanpour | 16 | 115.83 | 3.07 | 89.03 | 54.64 | 29.65 |
CART | 16 | 49.86 | 2.24 | 42.35 | 23.14 | 17.04 |