1. Introduction to Nanomedicine and Cancer Therapy

Nanomedicine, the application of different nanostructures in the field of medicine which is aiming to revolutionize the health of humankind by a new developmental sector of nanopharmaceuticals [1]. The rapid evolution of nanomedicines has the huge probability to give many benefits when correlated to conventional medicines [2]. The major advantage of nanomedicine is to create a multifunctional platform using one nanostructure. Therefore, the various properties of nanostructures/NPs are exploited as tools in all aspect of medicine starting from diagnosis to treatment even at a molecular or cellular level for very rare and irremediable diseases [3]. Some of the applications of nanomedicine are as follows: drug delivery, therapies, in vivo imaging, in vitro diagnostics, biomaterials, active implants, bone substitute materials, dental restoratives, and antibiotic materials [4–6]. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in the field of nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, resulting in an enormous number of products. So, by the end of 2020, one-third of research patents and many start-up companies in the nanomedicine sector will engage in the biomedical applications [7]. To be specific, as of 2013, 1265 molecules are registered for clinical trials in which 789 were for nanomedicine applications or products [8]. Figure 1.1 represents the list of some of the important nanomedicine-related search terms in ClinicalTrials.​gov [9]. Therefore this proves the field of nanomedicine is booming at a faster rate. The global nanomedicine market was $1 trillion by 2015 but expected to be 100-fold in just 7 years [10].