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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Author : Zerrin Savaşan

Published in: Paris Climate Agreement: A Deal for Better Compliance?

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

There have been always environmental problems in human history. Of these, local and regional problems were first recognized as a major cause of concern. Global environmental problems, on the other hand, were recognized just four decades ago. Indeed, human beings realized that environmental problems constituted a major cause of global concern in the late 1960s. In this period, it was realized that global environmental problems, like global economic politics, cut across state borders and give rise to troubles and conflicts arising from interdependence; and these troubles can only be dealt with through an internationally coordinated global environmental policy that can be achieved merely through effective international cooperation.

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next chapter Conceptual Framework Compliance and Compliance Mechanism

In the final analysis, environmental problems result not just in the destruction of nature, but also in the destruction of human nature and so in the loss of moral values as well (Kalpaklı 2017). As the positive sciences are not enough to raise environmental consciousness among ‘humans’, who are the primary cause of the destruction, social sciences emerge as fundamental tools for creating environmentally-friendly generations (Kalpaklı 2014).

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Hunter et al. (2002: 455) also distinguish two categories of treaty congestion: substantive treaty congestion, implying the overlap of treaties’ requirements, and procedural treaty congestion, implying the over-extension of the limited time and resources necessary to ensure compliance and to negotiate new agreements.

Biermann et al. (2009) argues that there have been various degrees of fragmentation and that three criteria can be employed to differentiate them: degree of institutional integration; degree of overlap between decision-making systems; existence and degree of norm conflicts and type of actor constellations. Based on these criteria, he proposes to differentiate between three types of fragmentation: (1) synergistic fragmentation, (2) co-operative fragmentation, and (3) conflictive fragmentation. He also reviews the claims in favour and against more integrated or more fragmented governance organized around the questions of (1) the relative speed of reaching agreements (2) the level of regulatory ambition that can be realized (3) the level of potential participation of actors and sectors and (4) the equity concerns involved. For details see, Biermann et al. (2009: 14–40).

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Title: Introduction
Author: Zerrin Savaşan
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Paris Climate Agreement: A Deal for Better Compliance?
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14312-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-14313-8

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14313-8_1

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