Introduction

1.

Durand P, Breuer L, Johnes PJ, Billen G, Butturini A, Pinay G, van Grinsven H, Garnier J, Rivett M, Reay DS, Curtis C, Siemens J, Maberly S, Kaste Ø, Humborg C, Loeb R, de Klein J, Hejzlar J, Skoulikidis N, Kortelainen P, Lepistö A, Wright R (2011) Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems. In: Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G, Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B (eds) The European nitrogen assessment: sources, effects and policy perspectives. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp 126–146CrossRef

2.

Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melilla JM (1997) Human domination of earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494CrossRef

3.

Grizzetti B, Bouraoui F, Billen G, van Grinsven H, Cardoso AC, Thieu V, Garnier J, Curtis C, Howarth R, Johnes P (2011) Nitrogen as a threat to European water quality. In: Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G, Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B (eds) The European nitrogen assessment: sources, effects and policy perspectives. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp 379–404CrossRef

4.

Refsgaard JC, Thorsen M, Jensen JB, Kleeschulte S, Hansen S (1999) Large scale modelling of groundwater contamination from nitrate leaching. J Hydrol 221:117–140CrossRef

5.

Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB, Cosby BJ (2003) The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 53:341–356CrossRef

6.

Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG, Boyer EW, Howarth RW, Seitzinger SP, Asner GP, Cleveland CC, Green PA, Holland EA, Karl DM, Michaels AF, Porter JH, Townsend AR, Vörösmarty CJ (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, preserichnt, and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153–226CrossRef

7.

Howden NJK, Burt TP, Worrall F, Mathias SA, Whelan MJ (2013) Farming for water quality: balancing food security and nitrate pollution in UK river basins. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 103:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.754672CrossRef

8.

Smith VH, Tilman GD, Nekola JC (1999) Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ Pollut 100:179–196PubMedCrossRef

9.

Spalding RF, Exner ME (1993) Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater—a review. J Environ Qual 22:392–402CrossRef

10.

Vitousek PM, Aber JD, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, Schindler DW, Schlesinger WH, Tilman DG (1997) Human alteration of the global carbon cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol Appl 7:737–750

11.

WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. WHO Press, Switzerland

12.

Ward MH, deKok TM, Levallois P, Brender J, Gulis G, Nolan BT, VanDerslice J (2005) Workgroup report: drinking-water nitrate and health—recent findings and research needs. Environ Health Perspect 113:1607–1614PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

13.

Powlson DS, Addiscott TM, Benjamin N, Cassman KG, de Kok TM, van Grinsven H, L’hirondel J-L, Avery AA, Van Kessel C (2008) When does nitrate become a risk for humans?. J Environ Qual 37:291–295. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177CrossRef

14.

Erisman JW, Sutton MA, Galloway J, Klimont Z, Winiwarter W (2008) How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nat Geosci 1:636–639CrossRef

15.

Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Cape JN, Reis S, Sheppard LJ, Jenkins A, Grizzetti B, Galloway JN, Vitousek P, Leach A, Bouwman AF, Butterbach-Bahl K, Dentener F, Stevenson D, Amann M, Voss M (2013) The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Philos Trans R Soc B 368:20130164CrossRef

16.

Galloway JN (1998) The global nitrogen cycle: changes and consequences. Environ Pollut 102:15–24CrossRef

17.

Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, Bekunda M, Cai Z, Freney JR, Martinelli LA, Seitzinger SP, Sutton MA (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science 320:889–892CrossRefPubMed

18.

Nosengo N (2003) Fertilized to death. Nature 425:894–895PubMedCrossRef

19.

Paul EA (2007) Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry, 3rd edn. Academic Press, UK

20.

Rosswall T (1982) Microbiological regulation of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. Plant Soil 67:15–34CrossRef

21.

Sutton MA, Oenema O, Erisman JW, Leip A, van Grinsven H, Winiwarter W (2011) Too much of a good thing. Nature 427:159–161CrossRef

22.

Redmile-Gordon MA, Armenise E, Hirsch PR, Brookes PC (2014) Biodiesel co-product (BCP) decreases soil nitrogen (N) losses to groundwater. Water, Air Soil Pollut 225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1831-7

23.

Erisman JW, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B, Bouraoui F, Powlson D, Sutton MA, Bleeker A, Reis S (2011) The European nitrogen problem in a global perspective. In: Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G, Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B (eds) The European nitrogen assessment: sources, effects and policy perspectives. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp 9–31CrossRef

24.

von Liebig J (1855) Principles of agricultural chemistry with special reference to the late researches made in England (ed Gregory W), Walton & Maberly, London, UK

25.

Smil V (2002) Nitrogen and food production: proteins for human diets. Ambio 31:126–131PubMedCrossRef

26.

Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, David MB, Drinkwater LE, Holland E, Johnes PJ, Ketzenberger J, Martinelli LA, Matson PA, Nziguheba G, Ojima D, Palm CA, Robertson GP, Sanchez PA, Townsend AR, Zhang FS (2009) Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development. Science 324:1519–1520PubMedCrossRef

27.

FAO, IFAD, WFP (2015) The state of food insecurity in the world 2015. Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress, FAO, Rome, Italy

28.

Leach AM, Galloway JN, Bleeker A, Erisman JW, Kohn R, Kitzes J (2012) A nitrogen footprint model to help consumers understand their role in nitrogen losses to the environment. Environ Dev 1:40–66CrossRef

29.

Godfrey HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383CrossRef

30.

Mueller ND, Gerber JS, Johnston M, Ray DK, Ramankutty N, Foley JA (2012) Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature 490:254–257. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11420CrossRefPubMed

31.

Sánchez PA (2010) Tripling crop yields in tropical Africa. Nat Geosci 3:299–300CrossRef

32.

Tscharntke T, Clough Y, Wanger TC, Jackson L, Motzke I, Perfecto I, Vandermeer J, Whitbread A (2012) Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biol Cons 151:53–59CrossRef

33.

Defra (2016) The British survey of fertiliser practice 2015: statistical notice. Report available from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/fertiliser-usage. Accessed 27 Jan 2017

34.

Carvalho FP (2006) Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environ Sci Policy 9:685–692CrossRef

35.

Dalin C, Qiu H, Hanasaki N, Mauzerall DL, Rodriguez-Iturbe I (2015) Balancing water resource conservation and food security in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504345112CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

de Vial L, Bowles F, Dennis PJ (2010) Protecting water resources and health by protecting the environment: a case study. Issues Environ Sci Technol 30:122–139. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849731058-00122CrossRef

37.

Gong Y-K, Peng Y-Z, Yang Q, Wu W-M, Wang S-Y (2012) Formation of nitrous oxide in a gradient of oxygenation and nitrogen loading rate during denitrification of nitrite and nitrate. J Hazard Mater 227–228:453–460PubMedCrossRef

38.

Cassman KG, Doberman A, Walters DT (2002) Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio 31:132–140PubMedCrossRef

39.

Di HJ, Cameron KC (2002) Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems: sources, factors and mitigating strategies. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 46:237–256CrossRef

40.

Goulding K, Jarvis S, Whitmore A (2008) Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:667–680. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2177CrossRef

41.

Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL (2013) Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review. Ann Appl Biol 126:145–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12014CrossRef

42.

Dungait JAJ, Cardenas LM, Blackwell MSA, Wu L, Withers PJA, Chadwick DR, Bol R, Murray PJ, Macdonald AJ, Whitmore AP, Goulding KWT (2012) Advances in the understanding of nutrient dynamics and management in UK agriculture. Sci Total Environ 434:39–50PubMedCrossRef

43.

Nila Rekha P, Kanwar RS, Nayak AK, Hoang CK, Pederson CH (2011) Nitrate leaching to shallow groundwater systems from agricultural fields with different management practices. J Environ Monit 13:2550–2558PubMedCrossRef

44.

Armstrong AC, Leeds-Harrison PB, Harris GL, Catt JA (1999) Measurement of solute fluxes in microporous soils: techniques, problems and precision. Soil Use Manag 15:240–246CrossRef

45.

Bachmair S, Weiler M, Nützmann G (2009) Controls of land use and soil structure on water movement: lessons for pollutant transfer through the unsaturated zone. J Hydrol 369:241–252CrossRef

46.

Jarvis NJ (2007) A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality. Eur J Soil Sci 58:523–546CrossRef

47.

Gazis C, Feng X (2004) A stable isotope study of soil water: evidence for mixing and preferential flow paths. Geoderma 119(1–2):97–111CrossRef

48.

Asano Y, Compton JE, Robbins Church M (2006) Hydrologic flow paths influence inorganic and organic nutrient leaching in a forest soil. Biochemistry 81:191–204

49.

Barraclough D, Gardner CMK, Wellings SR, Cooper JD (1994) A tracer investigation into the importance of fissure flow in the unsaturated zone of the British Upper Chalk. J Hydrol 156:459–469CrossRef

50.

Sudduth EB, Perakis SS, Bernhardt ES (2013) Nitrate in watersheds: straight from soils to streams? J Geophys Res: Biogeosciences 118:291–302CrossRef

51.

Dentener F, Drevet J, Lamarque JF, Bey I, Eickhout B, Fiore AM, Hauglustaine D, Horowitz LW, Krol M, Kulshrestha UC, Lawrence M, Gay-Lacaux C, Rast S, Shindell D, Stevenson D, Van Noije T, Atherton C, Bell N, Bergman D, Butler T, Cofala J, Collins B, Doherty R, Ellingsen K, Galloway J, Gauss M, Montanaro V, Muller JF, Pitari G, Rodrigues J, Sanderson M, Solmon F, Strahan S, Schultz MSK, Szopa, S, Wild O (2006) Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: a multimodel evaluation. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 20:GB4003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002672CrossRef

52.

Barraclough D, Puri G (1995) The use of ¹⁵N pool dilution and enrichment to separate the heterotrophic and autotrophic pathways of nitrification. Soil Biol Biochem 27:17–22CrossRef

53.

Tahovská K, Kaňa J, Bárta J, Oulehle F, Richter A, Šantrůčková H (2013) Microbial N immobilization is of great importance in acidified mountain spruce forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 59:58–71CrossRef

54.

Geisseler D, Horwath WR, Joergensen RG, Ludwig B (2010) Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soil microorganisms—a review. Soil Biol Biochem 42:2058–2067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.08.021CrossRef

55.

Jackson LE, Schimel JP, Firestone MK (1989) Short-term partitioning of ammonium and nitrate between plants and microbes in an annual grassland. Soil Biol Biochem 21:409–415CrossRef

56.

Recous S, Mary B, Faurie G (1990) Microbial immobilisation of ammonium and nitrate in cultivated soils. Soil Biol Biochem 22:913–922CrossRef

57.

Recous S, Machet JM, Mary B (1992) The partitioning of fertilizer-N between soil and crop: comparison of ammonium and nitrate applications. Plant Soil 144:101–111CrossRef

58.

Rice CW, Tiedje JM (1989) Regulation of nitrate assimilation by ammonium in soils and in isolated soil microorganisms. Soil Biol Biochem 21:597–602CrossRef

59.

Giles M, Morley N, Baggs EM, Daniell TJ (2012) Soil nitrate reducing processes—drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation, and significance for nitrous oxide production. Front Microbiol 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00407

60.

Thangarajan R, Bolan NS, Tian G, Naidu R, Kunhikrishnan A (2013) Role of organic amendment application on greenhouse gas emission from soil. Sci Total Environ 465:72–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.031CrossRefPubMed

61.

Almasri MN, Kaluarachichi JJ (2004) Assessment and management of long-term nitrate pollution of groundwater in agriculture-dominated watersheds. J Hydrol 295:225–245CrossRef

62.

Mariotti A, Landreau A, Simon B (1988) N isotope biochemistry and natural denitrification process in groundwater: application to the chalk aquifer of northern France. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:1869–1878CrossRef

63.

Thomas S, Waterland H, Dann R, Close M, Francis G, Cook F (2012) Nitrous oxide dynamics in a deep soil-alluvial gravel vadose zone following nitrate leaching. Soil Sci Soc Am J 76:1333–1346CrossRef

64.

Vogel JC, Talma AS, Heaton THE (1981) Gaseous nitrogen as evidence for identification in groundwater. J Hydrol 50:191–200CrossRef

65.

Yuan L, Pang Z, Huang T (2012) Integrated assessment on groundwater nitrate by unsaturated zone probing and aquifer sampling with environmental tracers. Environ Pollut 171:226–233PubMedCrossRef

66.

Goulding KWT, Poulton PR, Webster CP, Howe MT (2000) Nitrate leaching from the broadbalk wheat experiment, Rothamsted, UK, as influenced by fertilizer and manure inputs and the weather. Soil Use and Management 16:244–250CrossRef

67.

Goulding K (2000) Nitrate leaching from arable and horticultural land. Soil Use Manag 16:145–151CrossRef

68.

Granger SJ, Heaton THE, Bol R, Bilotta GS, Bulter P, Haygarth PM, Owens PN (2008) Using δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O to evaluate the sources and pathways of NO₃⁻ in rainfall event discharge from drained agricultural grassland lysimeters at high temporal resolutions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:1681–1689PubMedCrossRef

69.

Deutsch B, Liskow I, Kahle P, Voss M (2005) Variations in the δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values of nitrate in drainage water of two fertilized fields in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany). Aquat Sci 67:156–165CrossRef

70.

Harremoës P (1977) Introduction to the proceedings of the conference on nitrogen as a water pollutant, Copenhagen, August 18–20 1975. Prog Water Technol 8:1–2

71.

Lehr JH (1971) Forward to the proceedings of the national ground water quality symposium. Denver, Colorado, 25–27 Aug

72.

Young CP, Oakes DB, Wilkinson WB (1976) Prediction of future nitrate concentrations in ground water. Ground Water 14:426–438CrossRef

73.

Smith DB, Wearn PL, Richards HJ, Rowe PC (1970) Water movement in the unsaturated zone of high and low permeability strata by measuring natural tritium, Isotope Hydrology. In: Proceedings of a symposium on the use of isotopes in hydrology held by the international atomic energy agency in co-operation with the United Nations education and scientific and cultural organisation in Vienna 9–13 Mar 1970, pp 73–87

74.

Nielsen DR, Biggar JW, Wierenga PJ (1982) Nitrogen transport processes in soil. In: Stevenson FJ (ed) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. American Society of Agronomy, USA, pp 423–448

75.

Allison FE (1955) The enigma of soil nitrogen balance sheets. Adv Agron 7:213–250CrossRef

76.

Stanford G (1982) Assessment of soil nitrogen availability. In: Stevenson FJ (ed) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. American Society of Agronomy, USA, pp 651–688

77.

Keeney DR (1982) Nitrogen management for maximum efficiency and minimum pollution. In: Stevenson FJ (ed) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. American Society of Agronomy, USA, pp 605–649

78.

Dobermann A, Cassman KC (2004) Environmental dimensions of fertilizer nitrogen: what can be done to increase nitrogen use efficiency and ensure global food security? In: Mosier AR, Syers JK, Freney JR (eds) Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle: assessing the impacts of fertilizer use on food production and the environment, SCOPE 65, Island Press, Washington, DC, USA pp 261–278

79.

Gooday R, Anthony S, Fawcett L (2008) A field scale model of soil drainage and nitrate leaching for application in nitrate vulnerable zones. Environ Model Softw 23:1045–1055CrossRef

80.

Vogel H-J, Cousin I, Ippisch O, Bastian P (2006) The dominant role of structure for solute transport in soil: experimental evidence and modelling of structure and transport in a field experiment. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 10:495–506CrossRef

81.

Defra (2009) Protecting our water, soil and air: a code of good agricultural practice for farmers, growers and land managers. The Stationary Office, UK

82.

Defra (2010) Fertiliser manual (RB209), p 60, 65. Report available from http://www.ahdb.org.uk/projects/CropNutrition.aspx. Accessed 26 Mar 2014

83.

Smith JU, Bradbury NJ, Addiscott TM (1996) SUNDIAL: a PC-based system for simulating nitrogen dynamics in arable land. Agron J 88:38–43. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800010008xCrossRef

84.

Brown L, Scholefield D, Jewkes EC, Lockyer DR, del Prado A (2005) NGAUGE: a decision support system to optimise N fertilisation of British grassland for economic and environmental goals. Agr Ecosyst Environ 109:20–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.021CrossRef

85.

Garnett T, Conn V, Plett D, Conn S, Zanghellini J, Mackenzie N, Enju A, Francis K, Holtham L, Roessner U, Boughton B, Bacic A, Shirley N, Rafalski A, Dhugga K, Tester M, Kaiser BN (2013) The response of the maize nitrate transport system to nitrogen demand and supply across the lifecycle. New Phytol. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12166CrossRefPubMed

86.

Hirel B, Le Gouis J, Ney B, Gallais A (2007) The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. J Exp Bot 58:2369–2387. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm097CrossRefPubMed

87.

Rasmussen PE, Keith WT, Brown JR, Grace PR, Janzen HH, Körschens M (1998) Long-term agroecosystem experiments: assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science 282:893–896PubMedCrossRef

88.

Gärdenäs AI, Ågren GI, Bird JA, Clarholm M, Hallin S, Ineson P, Kätterer T, Knicker H, Nilsson SI, Näsholm T, Ogle S, Paustian K, Persson T, Stendahl J (2011) Knowledge gaps in soil carbon and nitrogen interactions—from molecular to global scale. Soil Biol Biochem 43:702–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.006CrossRef

89.

Barraclough D (1995) ¹⁵N isotope dilution techniques to study soil nitrogen transformations and plant uptake. Fertiliser Research 42:185–192CrossRef

90.

Barraclough D (1997) The direct or MIT route for nitrogen immobilisation: a ¹⁵N mirror image study with leucine and glycine. Soil Biol Biochem 29:101–108CrossRef

91.

Booth MS, Stark JM, Rastetter E (2005) Controls on nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: a synthetic analysis of literature data. Ecol Monogr 75:139–157CrossRef

92.

Davidson EA, Hart SC, Shanks CA, Firestone MK (1991) Measuring gross nitrogen mineralisation, immobilisation, and nitrification by ¹⁵N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores. J Soil Sci 42:335–349CrossRef

93.

Jansson SL, Persson J (1982) Mineralisation and immobilisation of soil nitrogen. In: Stevenson FJ (ed) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. American Society of Agronomy, USA, pp 229–252

94.

Kirkham D, Bartholomew WV (1955) Equations for following nitrogen transformations in soil utilizing tracer data: II. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 19:189–192. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1955.03615995001900020020xCrossRef

95.

Bjarnason S (1988) Calculation of gross nitrogen immobilization and mineralization in soil. J Soil Sci 39(3):393–406CrossRef

96.

Brand WA, Coplen TB (2012) Stable isotope deltas: tiny, yet robust signatures in nature. Isot Environ Health Stud 48:393–409CrossRef

97.

Brand WA, Coplen TB, Vogl J, Rosner M, Prohaska T (2014) Assessment of international reference materials for isotope-ratio analysis (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 86:425–467. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1023CrossRef

98.

Hoering T (1955) Variation of nitrogen-15 abundance in naturally occurring substances. Science 122:1233–1234PubMedCrossRef

99.

Högberg P (1997) ¹⁵N natural abundance in soil-plant systems. New Phytol 137:179–203CrossRefPubMed

100.

Urey HC (1947) The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances, Liversidge Lecture, Delivered before the Chemical Society in the Royal Institution on December 18th, 1946, pp 562–581

101.

Coplen TB, Hopple JA, Böhlke JK, Peiser HS, Rieder SE, Krouse HR, Rosman KJR, Ding T, Vocke RD Jr, Révész KM, Lamberty A, Taylor P, De Bièvre P (2002) Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 01-4222, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, USA

102.

Sulzman EW (2007) Stable isotope chemistry and measurement: a primer. In: Michener R, Lajtha K (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd edn. Ecological methods and concepts series. Blackwell Publishing, UK, pp 1–21

103.

Parnell AC, Inger R, Bearhop S, Jackson AL (2010) Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation. PLoS ONE 5:e9672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009672CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Spoelstra J, Schiff SL, Elgood RJ, Semkin RG, Jeffries DS (2001) Tracing the sources of exported nitrate in the Turkey Lakes watershed using ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O isotopic ratios. Ecosystems 4:536–544CrossRef

105.

Mayer B, Boyer EW, Goodale C, Jaworski NA, van Breemen N, Howarth RW, Seitzinger S, Billen G, Lajtha K, Nadelhoffer K, van Dam D, Hetling LJ, Nosal M, Paustian K (2002) Sources of nitrate in rivers draining sixteen watersheds in the northeastern U.S.: isotopic constraints. Biogeochemistry 57:171–197CrossRef

106.

Kellman LM (2005) A study of tile drain nitrate—δ¹⁵N values as a tool for assessing nitrate sources in an agricultural region. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 71:131–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-1925-0CrossRef

107.

Moore KB, Ekwurzel B, Esser BK, Hudson GB, Moran JE (2006) Sources of groundwater nitrate revealed using residence time and isotope methods. Appl Geochem 21:1016–1029CrossRef

108.

Baily A, Rock L, Watson CJ, Fenton O (2011) Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate at an intensive dairy farm in south-east Ireland: insights from stable isotope data. Agr Ecosyst Environ 144:308–318CrossRef

109.

Kelley CJ, Keller CK, Evans RD, Orr CH, Smith JL, Harlow BA (2013) Nitrate-nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios for identification of nitrate sources and dominant nitrogen cycle processes in a tile-drained dryland agricultural field. Soil Biol Biochem 57:731–738CrossRef

110.

Pastén-Zapata E, Ledesma-Ruiz R, Harter T, Ramírez AI, Mahlknecht J (2014) Assessment of sources and fate of nitrate in shallow groundwater of an agricultural area by using a multi-tracer approach. Sci Total Environ 470–471:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.043CrossRefPubMed

111.

Ostrom NE, Knoke KE, Hedin LO, Robertson GP, Smucker AJM (1998) Temporal trends in nitrogen isotope values of nitrate leaching from an agricultural soil. Chem Geol 146:219–227CrossRef

112.

Burns DA, Kendall C (2002) Analysis of δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O to differentiate NO ₃ ⁻ sources in runoff at two watersheds in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Water Resour Res 38:1051. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000292CrossRef

113.

Kellman LM, Hillaire-Marcel C (2003) Evaluation of nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nitrate contamination sources in an agricultural watershed. Agr Ecosyst Environ 95:87–102CrossRef

114.

Seiler RL (2005) Combined use of ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O of nitrate and ¹¹B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater. Appl Geochem 20:1626–1636CrossRef

115.

Showers WJ, Genna B, McDade T, Bolich R, Fountain JC (2008) Nitrate contamination in groundwater on an urbanized dairy farm. Environ Sci Technol 42:4683–4688PubMedCrossRef

116.

Heaton THE, Stuart ME, Sapiano M, Sultana MM (2012) An isotope study of the sources of nitrate in Malta’s groundwater. J Hydrol 414–415:244–254CrossRef

117.

Heaton THE (1986) Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: a review. Chem Geol (Isot Geosci Sect) 59:87–102CrossRef

118.

Kendall C, Elliott EM, Wankel SD (2007) Tracing anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen to ecosystems. In: Michener R, Lajtha K (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd edn. Ecological methods and concepts series. Blackwell Publishing, UK, pp 375–449CrossRef

119.

Xue D, Botte J, De Baets B, Accoe F, Nestler A, Taylor P, Van Cleemput O, Berglund M, Boeckx P (2009) Present limitations and future prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identification in surface- and groundwater. Water Res 43:1159–1170PubMedCrossRef

120.

Bowman WD, Schardt JC, Schmidt SK (1996) Symbiotic N₂-fixation in alpine tundra: ecosystem input and variation in fixation rates amongst communities. Oecologia 108:345–350PubMedCrossRef

121.

Cadisch G, Hairiah K, Giller KE (2000) Applicability of the natural ¹⁵N abundance technique to measure N₂ fixation in Arachis hypogaea grown on an Ultisol. Neth J Agric Sci 48:31–45

122.

Arndt SK, Kahmen A, Arampatsis C, Popp M, Adams M (2004) Nitrogen fixation and metabolism by groundwater-dependent perennial plants in a hyperarid desert. Oecologia 141:385–394PubMedCrossRef

123.

Binkley D, Sollins P, McGill WB (1985) Natural abundance of nitrogen-15 as a tool for tracing alder-fixed nitrogen. Soil Sci Soc Am J 49:444–447CrossRef

124.

Högberg P (1986) Nitrogen-fixation and nutrient relations in savanna woodland trees (Tanzania). J Appl Ecol 23:675–688CrossRef

125.

Spriggs AC, Stock WD, Dakora FD (2003) Influence of mycorrhizal associations on foliar δ¹⁵N values of legume and non-legume shrubs and trees in the fynbos of South Africa: implications for estimating N₂ fixation using the ¹⁵N natural abundance method. Plant Soil 255:495–502CrossRef

126.

Shearer G, Kohl DH (1986) N₂-fixation in field settings: estimations based on natural ¹⁵N abundance. Aust J Plant Physiol 13:699–756

127.

Shearer G, Kohl DH (1988) Natural ¹⁵N abundance as a method of estimating the contribution of biologically fixed nitrogen to N₂-fixing systems: potential for non-legumes. Plant Soil 110:317–327CrossRef

128.

Marshall JD, Brooks JR, Lajtha K (2007) Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants. In: Michener R, Lajtha K (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd edn. Ecological methods and concepts series. Blackwell Publishing, UK, pp 22–60CrossRef

129.

Wu D, Köster JR, Cárdenas LM, Brüggemann N, Lewicka-Szczebak D, Bol R (2016) N₂O source partitioning in soils using ¹⁵N site preference values corrected for the N₂O reduction effect. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 30:620–626. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7493CrossRefPubMed

130.

Yoshida N (1988) ¹⁵N-depleted N₂O as a product of nitrification. Nature 335:528–529CrossRef

131.

Yoshida N, Toyoda S (2000) Constraining the atmospheric N₂O budget from intramolecular site preference in N₂O isotopomers. Nature 405:330–334PubMedCrossRef

132.

Schmidt H-L, Werner RA, Yoshida N, Well R (2004) Is the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide an indicator for its origin from nitrification or denitrification? A theoretical approach from referred data and microbiological and enzyme kinetic aspects. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:2036–2040. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1586CrossRefPubMed

133.

Toyoda S, Mutobe H, Yamagishi H, Yoshida N, Tanji Y (2005) Fractionation of N₂O isotopomers during production by denitrifier. Soil Biol Biochem 37:1535–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.01.009CrossRef

134.

Sutka RL, Ostrom NE, Ostrom PH, Breznak JA, Gandhi H, Pitt AJ, Li F (2006) Distinguishing nitrous oxide production from nitrification and denitrification on the basis of isotopomer abundances. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:638–644. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.1.638-644.2006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

135.

Cardenas LM, Chadwick D, Scholefield D, Fychan R, Marley CL, Jones R, Bol R, Well R, Vallejo A (2007) The effect of diet manipulation on nitrous oxide and methane emissions from manure application to incubated grassland soils. Atmos Environ 41:7096–7107CrossRef

136.

Ostrom NE, Pitt A, Sutka R, Ostrom PH, Grandy AS, Huizinga KM, Robertson GP (2007) Isotopologue effects during N₂O reduction in soils and in pure cultures of denitrifiers. J Geophys Res 112:G02005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000287CrossRef

137.

Meijide A, Cardenas LM, Bol R, Bergstermann A, Goulding K, Well R, Vallejo A, Scholefield D (2010) Dual isotope and isotopomer measurements for the understanding of N₂O production and consumption during denitrification in an arable soil. Eur J Soil Sci 61:364–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01233.xCrossRef

138.

Bergstermann A, Cárdenas L, Bol R, Gilliam L, Goulding K, Meijide A, Scholefield D, Vallejo A, Well R (2011) Effects of antecedent soil moisture conditions on emissions and isotopologue distribution of N₂O during denitrification. Soil Biol Biochem 43:240–250CrossRef

139.

Köster JR, Cárdenas LM, Bol R, Lewicka-Szczebak D, Senbayram M, Well R, Giesemann A, Dittert K (2015) Anaerobic digestates lower N₂O emissions compared to cattle slurry by affecting rate and product stoichiometry of denitrification—An N₂O isotopomer case study. Soil Biol Biochem 84:65–74CrossRef

140.

Stein LY, Yung YL (2003) Production, isotopic composition, and atmospheric fate of biologically produced nitrous oxide. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 31:329–356. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.31.110502.080901CrossRef

141.

Böhlke JK, Denver JM (1995) Combined use of groundwater dating, chemical, and isotopic analysis to resolve the history and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds, Atlantic coastal plain, Maryland. Water Resour Res 31:2319–2339CrossRef

142.

Högberg P (1991) Development of ¹⁵ N enrichment in a nitrogen-fertilised forest soil-plant system. Soil Biol Biochem 23:335–338CrossRef

143.

Högberg P, Högbom L, Schinkel H, Högberg M, Johannisson C, Wallmark H (1996) ¹⁵N of surface soils, roots and mycorrhizas in profiles of European forest soils. Oecologia 108:207–214PubMedCrossRef

144.

Johannisson C (1996) ¹⁵N abundance as an indicator of N-saturation of coniferous forest, Ph.D. Thesis, SLU, Umea, Sweden

145.

Emmett BA, Kjønass OJ, Gundersen P, Koopmans C, Tietema A, Sleep D (1998) Natural abundance of ¹⁵N in forests across a nitrogen deposition gradient. For Ecol Manage 101:9–18CrossRef

146.

Martinelli LA, Piccolo MC, Townsend AR, Vitousek PM, Cuevas E, McDowell W, Robertson GP, Santos OC, Treseder K (1999) Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: tropical versus temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 46:45–65

147.

Garten CT Jr, Hansen PJ, Todd DE Jr, Lu BB, Brice DJ (2007) Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants. In: Michener R, Lajtha K (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd edn. Ecological methods and concepts series. Blackwell Publishing, UK, pp 61–82CrossRef

148.

Evans RD (2007) Soil nitrogen isotope composition. In: Michener R, Lajtha K (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd edn. Ecological Methods and Concepts Series, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, pp 83–98

149.

Barraclough D, Geens EL, Maggs JM (1984) Fate of fertiliser nitrogen applied to grassland. II. Nitrogen-15 leaching results. J Soil Sci 35:191–199CrossRef

150.

Knowles TDJ, Chadwick DR, Bol R, Evershed RP (2010) Tracing the rate and extent of N and C flow from ¹³C,¹⁵N-glycine and glutamate into individual de novo synthesised soil amino acids. Org Geochem 41:1259–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.09.003CrossRef

151.

Gibbs P, Barraclough D (1998) Gross mineralisation of nitrogen during the decomposition of leaf protein I (Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase) in the presence or absence of sucrose. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1821–1827CrossRef

152.

Norman AG, Werkman CH (1943) The use of the nitrogen isotope N¹⁵ in determining nitrogen recovery from plant materials decomposing in soil. J Am Soc Agron 35:1023–1025CrossRef

153.

Glendining MJ, Poulton PR, Powlson DS, Jenkinson DS (1997) Fate of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer applied to spring barley grown on soils of contrasting nutrient status. Plant Soil 195:83–98CrossRef

154.

Hancock JM, McNeill AM, McDonald GK, Holloway RE (2011) Fate of fertiliser N applied to wheat on a coarse textured highly calcareous soil under simulated semi-arid conditions. Plant Soil 348:139–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0917-5CrossRef

155.

Jenson LS, Pedersen IS, Hansen TB, Nielsen NE (2000) Turnover and fate of ¹⁵N-labelled cattle slurry ammonium-N applied in the autumn to winter wheat. Eur J Agron 12:23–35CrossRef

156.

Bosshard C, Sørensen P, Frossard E, Dubois D, Mäder P, Nanzer S, Oberson A (2009) Nitrogen use efficiency of ¹⁵N-labelled sheep manure and mineral fertiliser applied to microplots in long-term organic and conventional cropping systems. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 83:271–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-008-9218-7CrossRef

157.

Glendining MJ, Poulton PR, Powlson DS, MacDonald AJ, Jenkinson DS (2001) Availability of the residual nitrogen from a single application of ¹⁵N-labelled fertiliser to subsequent crops in a long-term continuous barley experiment. Plant Soil 233:231–239CrossRef

158.

Kumar K, Goh KM (2002) Recovery of ¹⁵N-labelled fertiliser applied to winter wheat and perennial ryegrass crops and residual ¹⁵N recovery by succeeding wheat crops under different crop residue management practices. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 62:123–130CrossRef

159.

Macdonald AJ, Poulton PR, Powlson DS, Jenkinson DS (1997) Effects of season, soil type and cropping on recoveries, residues and losses of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer applied to arable crops in spring. J Agric Sci 129:125–154CrossRef

160.

Nario A, Pino I, Zapata F, Paz Albornoz M, Baherle P (2003) Nitrogen (¹⁵N) fertiliser use efficiency in peach (Prunus persica L.) cv Goldencrest trees in Chile. Sci Hortic 97:279–287CrossRef

161.

Goulding KWT, Webster CP, Powlson DS, Poulton PR (1993) Denitrification losses of nitrogen fertiliser applied to winter wheat following ley and arable rotations as estimated by acetylene inhibition and ¹⁵N balance. J Soil Sci 44:63–72CrossRef

162.

Powlson DS, Hart PBS, Poulton PR, Johnston AE, Jenkinson DS (1992) Influence of soil type, crop management and weather on the recovery of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer applied to winter wheat in spring. J Agric Sci 118:83–100CrossRef

163.

Jenkinson DS (2001) The impact of humans on the nitrogen cycle, with focus on temperate arable agriculture. Plant Soil 228:3–15CrossRef

164.

Nannipieri P, Eldor P (2009) The chemical and functional characterization of soil N and its biotic components. Soil Biol Biochem 41:2357–2369CrossRef

165.

Watkins N, Barraclough D (1996) Gross rates of N mineralization associated with the decomposition of plant residues. Soil Biol Biochem 28:169–175CrossRef

166.

Kuzyakov Y, Friedel JK, Stahr K (2000) Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1485–1498CrossRef

167.

Arkoun M, Sarda X, Jannin L, Laîne P, Etienne P, Garcia-Mina J, Yvin J, Ourry A (2012) Hydroponics versus field lysimeter studies of urea, ammonium, and nitrate uptake by oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J Exp Bot 63:5245–5258PubMedCrossRef

168.

Puri G, Ashman MR (1999) Microbial immobilization of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium and nitrate in a temperate woodland soil. Soil Biol Biochem 31:929–931CrossRef

169.

Inselsbacher E, Hinko-Najera Umana N, Stange FC, Gorfer M, Schüller E, Ripka K, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Hood-Novotny R, Strauss J, Wanek W (2010) Short-term competition between crop plants and soil microbes for inorganic N fertilizer. Soil Biol Biochem 42:360–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.019CrossRef

170.

Kaštovská E, Šantrůčková H (2011) Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: a pot study. Soil Biol Biochem 43:1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.021CrossRef

171.

Inselsbacher E, Wanek W, Strauss J, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Müller C (2013) A novel ¹⁵N tracer model reveals: plant nitrate uptake governs nitrogen transformation rates in agricultural soils. Soil Biol Biochem 57:301–310CrossRef

172.

Sebilo M, Mayer B, Nicolardot B, Pinay G, Mariotti A (2013) Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:18185–18189. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305372110CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

173.

Ladd JN, Amato M (1986) The fate of nitrogen from legume and fertiliser sources in soils successively cropped with wheat under field conditions. Soil Biol Biochem 18:417–425CrossRef

174.

Pilbeam CJ, Hutchison D (1998) Fate of nitrogen applied in different fertilisers to the surface of a calcareous soil in Syria. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 52:55–60CrossRef

175.

Gainey PL (1936) Total nitrogen as a factor influencing nitrate accumulation in soils. Soil Sci 42:157–163CrossRef

176.

Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS (1985) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 17:837–842CrossRef

177.

Stanford G, Smith SJ (1972) Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 36:465–472CrossRef

178.

Sharifi M, Zebarth BJ, Burton DL, Grant CA, Cooper JM (2007) Evaluation of some indices of potentially mineralisable nitrogen in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0265CrossRef

179.

Schoenheimer R, Rittenberg D, Foster GL, Keston AS, Ratner S (1938) The application of the nitrogen isotope N¹⁵ for the study of protein metabolism. Science 88:599–600PubMedCrossRef

180.

Rittenberg D, Keston AS, Rosebury F, Schoenheimer R (1939) Studies in protein metabolism: II. The determination of nitrogen isotopes in organic compounds. J Biol Chem 127:291–299

181.

Schoenheimer R, Rittenberg D (1939) Studies in protein metabolism: I. General considerations in the application of isotopes to the study of the protein metabolism. The normal abundance of nitrogen isotopes in amino acids. J Biol Chem 127:285–290

182.

McKinney CR, McCrea JM, Epstein S, Allen HA, Urey HC (1950) Improvements in mass spectrometers for the measurement of small differences in isotope abundance ratios. Rev Sci Instrum 21:724–730PubMedCrossRef

183.

Nier AO (1950) A redetermination of the relative abundances of the isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and potassium. Phys Rev 77:789–793CrossRef

184.

Matthews DE, Hayes JM (1978) Isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 50:1465–1473CrossRef

185.

Sweeley CC, Elliott WH, Fries I, Ryhage R (1966) Mass spectrometric determination of unresolved components in gas chromatographic effluents. Anal Chem 38:1549–1553PubMedCrossRef

186.

Barrie A, Bricout J, Koziet J (1984) Gas chromatography-stable isotope ratio analysis at natural abundance levels. Biomed Mass Spectrom 11:583–588CrossRef

187.

Meier-Augenstein W (1999) Applied gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 842:351–371PubMedCrossRef

188.

Merritt DA, Hayes JM (1994) Nitrogen isotopic analyses by isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 5:387–397PubMedCrossRef

189.

He HB, Li XB, Zhang W, Zhang XD (2011) Differentiating the dynamics of native and newly immobilized amino sugars in soil frequently amended with inorganic nitrogen and glucose. Eur J Soil Sci 62:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01324.xCrossRef

190.

Geisseler D, Horwath WR (2014) Investigating amino acid utilisation by soil microorganisms using compound specific stable isotope analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 74:100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.02.024CrossRef

191.

Nelson CJ, Alexova R, Jacoby RP, Millar AH (2014) Proteins with high turnover rate in barley leaves estimated by proteome analysis combined with in planta isotope labelling. Plant Physiol 166:91–108. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.243014CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

192.

Lee TA, Forrest TM, Wilson GE, Hardy JK (1990) The use of multiple mass spectral line pairs for enhanced precision in isotope enrichment studies of ¹⁵N-labeled amino acids. Anal Biochem 185:24–28PubMedCrossRef

193.

Metges CC, Petzke K-J, Hennig U (1996) Gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometric comparison of N-acetyl- and N-pivaloyl amino acid esters to measure ¹⁵N isotopic abundances in physiological samples: a pilot study on amino acid synthesis in the upper gastro-intestinal tract of minipigs. J Mass Spectrom 31:367–376PubMedCrossRef

194.

Brand WA, Tegtmeyer AR, Hilkert A (1994) Compound-specific isotope analysis: extending toward ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O. Org Geochem 21:585–594CrossRef

195.

Brenna JT (1994) High-precision gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry: recent advances in instrumentation and biomedical applications. Acc Chem Res 27:340–346CrossRef

196.

Macko SA, Uhle ME, Engel MH, Andrusevich V (1997) Stable nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acid enantiomers by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 69:926–929PubMedCrossRef

197.

Hofmann D, Gehre M, Jung K (2003) Sample preparation techniques for the determination of natural ¹⁵N/¹⁴N variations in amino acids by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Isot Environ Health Stud 39:233–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/1025601031000147630CrossRef

198.

Takano Y, Chikaraishi Y, Ogawa NO, Kitazato H, Ohkouchi N (2009) Compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of _D-alanine, _L-alanine, and valine: application of diastereomer separation to δ¹⁵N and microbial peptidoglycan studies. Anal Chem 81:394–399PubMedCrossRef

199.

Walsh RG, He S, Yarnes CT (2014) Compound-specific δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analysis of amino acids: a rapid, chloroformate-based method for ecological studies. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 28:96–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6761CrossRefPubMed

200.

Hofmann D, Jung K, Segschneider H-J, Gehre M, Schüürman G (1995) ¹⁵N/¹⁴N analysis of amino acids with GC-C-IRMS—methodical investigations and ecotoxicological applications. Isot Environ Health Stud 31:367–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256019508036284CrossRef

201.

Metges CC, Petzke K-J (1997) Measurement of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N isotopic combustion in individual plasma free amino acids of human adults at natural abundance by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 247:158–164PubMedCrossRef

202.

Simpson IA, Bol R, Dockrill SJ, Petzke K-J, Evershed RP (1997) Compound-specific δ¹⁵N amino acid signals in palaeosols as indicators of early land use: a preliminary study. Archaeol Prospect 4:147–152CrossRef

203.

Simpson IA, Bol R, Bull ID, Evershed RP, Petzke K-J, Dockrill SJ (1999) Interpreting early land management through compound specific stable isotope analyses of archaeological soils. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:1315–1319PubMedCrossRef

204.

Bol R, Ostle NJ, Petzke KJ, Watson A, Cockburn J (1998) Amino acid ¹⁵N/¹⁴N analysis at natural abundances: a new tool for soil organic matter studies in agricultural systems. Isot Environ Health Stud 34:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256019708036336CrossRef

205.

Bol R, Ostle NJ, Chenu CC, Petzke K-J, Werner RA, Balesdent J (2004) Long term changes in the distribution and δ¹⁵N values of individual soil amino acids in the absence of plant and fertiliser inputs. Isot Environ Health Stud 40:243–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010412331305607CrossRef

206.

Bol R, Ostle NJ, Petzke K-J, Chenu CC, Balesdent J (2008) Amino acid ¹⁵N in long-term bare fallow soils: influence of annual N fertiliser and manure applications. Eur J Soil Sci 59:617–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01013.xCrossRef

207.

Petzke K-J, Boeing H, Klaus S, Metges CC (2005) Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic composition of hair protein and amino acids can be used as biomarkers for animal-derived dietary protein intake in humans. J Nutr 135:1515–1520PubMedCrossRef

208.

Petzke K-J, Boeing H, Metges CC (2005) Choice of dietary protein of vegetarians and omnivores is reflected in their hair protein ¹³C and ¹⁵N abundance. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:1392–1400. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1925CrossRefPubMed

209.

Petzke KJ, Fuller BT, Metges CC (2010) Advances in natural stable isotope ratio analysis of human hair to determine nutritional and metabolic status. Curr Opin Clin Nutr MetabIc Care 13:532–540. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833c3c84CrossRef

210.

Styring AK, Sealy JC, Evershed RP (2010) Resolving the bulk δ¹⁵N values of ancient human and animal bone collagen via compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of constituent amino acids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74:241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.022CrossRef

211.

Styring AK, Kuhl A, Knowles TDJ, Fraser RA, Bogaard A, Evershed RP (2012) Practical considerations in the determination of compound-specific amino acid δ¹⁵N values in animal and plant tissues by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, following derivatisation to their N-acetylisopropyl esters. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:2328–2334. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6322CrossRefPubMed

212.

Paolini M, Ziller L, Laursen KH, Husted S, Camin F (2015) Compound-specific δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C analyses of amino acids for potential discrimination between organically and conventionally grown wheat. J Agric Food Chem 63:5841–5850. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00662CrossRefPubMed

213.

Sabadel AJM, Woodward EMS, Van Hale R, Frew RD (2016) Compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids: a tool to unravel complex symbiotic trophic relationships. Food Webs 6:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2015.12.003CrossRef

214.

Faulhaber S, Hener U, Mosandl A (1997) GC/IRMS analysis of mandarin essential oils. 1. δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁵N_AIR values of methyl N-methylanthranilate. J Agric Food Chem 45:2579–2583CrossRef

215.

Palhol F, Lamoureux C, Naulet N (2003) ¹⁵N isotopic analyses: a powerful tool to establish links between seized 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets. Anal Bioanal Chem 376:486–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-1849-6CrossRefPubMed

216.

Palhol F, Lamoureux C, Chabrillat M, Naulet N (2004) ¹⁵N/¹⁴N isotopic ratio and statistical analysis: an efficient was of linking seized ecstasy tablets. Anal Chim Acta 510:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.069CrossRef

217.

Chickaraishi Y, Kashiyama Y, Ogawa NO, Kitazato H, Satoh M, Nomoto S, Ohkouchi N (2008) A compound-specific isotope method for measuring the stable nitrogen isotopic composition of tetrapyrroles. Org Geochem 39:510–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.08.010CrossRef

218.

Svensson E, Schouten S, Stam A, Middelburg JJ, Sinninghe Damsté JS (2015) Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of nitrogen-containing intact polar lipids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 29:2263–2271. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7393CrossRefPubMed

219.

Maxfield PJ, Dildar N, Hornibrook ERC, Stott AW, Evershed RP (2012) Stable isotope switching (SIS): a new stable isotope probing (SIP) approach to determine carbon flow in the soil food web and dynamics in organic matter pools. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:997–1004. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6172CrossRefPubMed

220.

Petzke KJ, Metges CC (2012) Practical recommendations for the reduction of memory effects in compound-specific ¹⁵N/¹⁴N-ratio analysis of enriched amino acids by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5319CrossRefPubMed

221.

Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, Everwand J, Benamouzig R, Tomé D (2003) Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr 133:1308–1315PubMedCrossRef

222.

Dänicke S, Nieto R, Lobley GE, Fuller MF, Brown DS, Milne E, Calder AG, Chen S, Grant I, Böttcher W (1999) Responses in the absorptive phase in muscle and liver protein synthesis rates of growing rats. Archiv für Tierernaehrung 52:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450399909386150CrossRef

223.

Dänicke S, Böttcher W, Simon O, Jeroch H (2001) The measurement of muscle protein synthesis in broilers with a flooding dose technique: use of ¹⁵N-labelled phenylalanine, GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS. Isot Environ Health Stud 37:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010108033297CrossRef

224.

Fromentin C, Sanders P, Nau F, Anton M, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Thibault J-N, Gaudichon C (2012) A pilot study for the intrinsic labeling of egg proteins with ¹⁵N and ¹³C. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5291CrossRefPubMed

225.

Mariotti F, Petzke KJ, Bonnet D, Szezepanski I, Bos C, Huneau J-F, Fouillet H (2013) Kinetics of the utilization of dietary arginine for nitric oxide and urea synthesis: insight into the arginine–nitric oxide metabolic system in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 97:972–979. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.048025CrossRefPubMed

226.

Metges CC, Petzke KJ, El-Khoury AE, Henneman L, Grant I, Bedri S, Regan MM, Fuller MF, Young VR (1999) Incorporation of urea and ammonia nitrogen into ileal and fecal microbial proteins and plasma free amino acids in normal men and ileostomates. Am J Clin Nutr 70:1046–1058PubMedCrossRef

227.

Petzke KJ, Korkushko OV, Semesko TM, Metges CC (1997) N-isotopic composition in human plasma protein amino acids at natural abundance level and after a single [¹⁵N₂] urea administration measured by GC-C-IRMS. Isot Environ Health Stud 33:267–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256019708234037CrossRef

228.

Petzke KJ, Grigorov JG, Korkushko OV, Kovalenko NK, Semesko TG, Metges CC (1998) Incorporation of urea nitrogen into fecal protein and plasma protein amino acids in elderly human volunteers after ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. Z Für Ernährungswissenschaft 37:368–375CrossRef

229.

Tobias C, Giblin A, McClelland J, Tucker J, Peterson B (2003) Sediment DIN fluxes and preferential recycling of benthic microalgal nitrogen in a shallow macrotidal estuary. Mar Ecol Progess Ser 257:25–36CrossRef

230.

Van Engeland T, Bouma TJ, Morris EP, Brun FG, Peralta G, Lara M, Hendriks IE, van Rijswijk P, Veuger B, Soetaert K, Middelburg JJ (2013) Dissolved organic matter uptake in a temperate seagrass ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 478:87–100. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10183CrossRef

231.

Veuger B, Middelburg JJ, Boschker HTS, Houtekamer M (2005) Analysis of ¹⁵N incorporation into D-alanine: a new method for tracing nitrogen uptake by bacteria. Limnol Ocean: Methods 3:230–240CrossRef

232.

Veuger B, Middelburg JJ (2007) Incorporation of nitrogen from amino acids and urea by benthic microbes: role of bacteria versus algae and coupled incorporation of carbon. Aquat Microb Ecol 48:35–46CrossRef

233.

Sauheitl L, Glaser B, Weigelt A (2009) Advantages of compound-specific stable isotope measurements over bulk measurements in studies on plant uptake of intact amino acids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23:3333–3342. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4255CrossRefPubMed

234.

Segschneider H-J, Hofmann D, Schmidt G, Russow R (1995) Incorporation of ¹⁵NO₂ nitrogen into individual amino acids by sunflowers using Gc-C-Irms. Isot Environ Health Stud 31:315–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256019508036277CrossRef

235.

Molero G, Aranjuelo I, Teixidor P, Araus JL, Nogués S (2011) Measurement of ¹³C and ¹⁵N isotope labeling by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to study amino acid fluxes in a plant-microbe symbiotic association. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25:599–607. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4895CrossRefPubMed

236.

Arndt K, Hofmann D, Gehre M, Krumbiegel P (1998) ¹⁵N investigation into the effect of a pollutant on the nitrogen metabolism of Tetrahymena pyriformis as a model for environmental medical research. Environ Health Perspect 106:493–497PubMedPubMedCentral

237.

Dörr N, Kaiser K, Sauheitl L, Lamersdorf N, Stange CF, Guggenberger G (2012) Fate of ammonium ¹⁵N in a Norway spruce forest under long-term reduction in atmospheric N deposition. Biogeochemistry 107:409–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9561-zCrossRef

238.

Redmile-Gordon MA, Evershed RP, Hirsch PR, White RP, Goulding KWT (2015) Soil organic matter and the extracellular microbial matrix show contrasting responses to C and N availability. Soil Biol Biochem 88:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.05.025CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

239.

Addison SL, McDonald IR, Lloyd-Jones G (2010) Stable isotope probing: technical considerations when resolving ¹⁵N-labeled RNA in gradients. J Microbiol Methods 80:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2009.11.002CrossRefPubMed

240.

Buckley DH, Huangyutitham V, Hsu S-F, Nelson TA (2007) Stable isotope probing with ¹⁵N achieved by disentangling the effects of genome G + C content and isotope enrichment on DNA density. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:3189–3195. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02609-06CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

241.

Cadisch G, Espana M, Causey R, Richter M, Shaw E, Morgan JAW, Rahn C, Bending GD (2005) Technical considerations for the use of ¹⁵N-DNA stable-isotope probing for functional microbial activity in soils. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:1424–1428. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1908CrossRefPubMed

242.

Cupples AM, Shaffer EA, Chee-Sanford JC, Sims GK (2007) DNA buoyant density shifts during ¹⁵N-DNA stable isotope probing. Microbiol Res 162:328–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.01.016CrossRefPubMed

243.

Buckley DH, Huangyutitham V, Hsu S-F, Nelson TA (2007) Stable isotope probing with ¹⁵N₂ reveals novel noncultivated diazotrophs in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:3196–3204. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02610-06CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

244.

Buckley DH, Huangyutitham V, Hsu S-F, Nelson TA (2008) ¹⁵N₂-DNA-stable isotope probing of diazotrophic methanotrophs in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1272–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.05.006CrossRef

245.

Roh H, Yu C-P, Fuller ME, Chu K-H (2009) Identification of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading microorganisms via ¹⁵N-stable isotope probing. Environ Sci Technol 43:2505–2511PubMedCrossRef

246.

Andeer P, Stahl DA, Lillis L, Strand SE (2013) Identification of microbial populations assimilating nitrogen from RDX in munitions contaminated military training range soils by high sensitivity stable isotope probing. Environ Sci Technol 47:10356–10363. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401729cCrossRefPubMed

247.

Jayamani I, Manzella MP, Cupples AM (2013) RDX degradation potential in soils previously unexposed to RDX and the identification of RDX-degrading species in one agricultural soil using stable isotope probing. Water Air Soil Pollut 224:1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1745-4CrossRef

248.

Cho K-C, Lee DG, Fuller ME, Hatzinger PB, Condee CW, Chu K-H (2015) Application of ¹³C and ¹⁵N stable isotope probing to characterize RDX degrading microbial communities under different electron-accepting conditions. J Hazard Mater 297:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.059CrossRefPubMed

249.

Wawrik B, Callaghan AV, Bronk DA (2009) Use of inorganic and organic nitrogen by Synechococcus spp. and diatoms on the West Florida Shelf as measured using stable isotope probing. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:6662–6670. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01002-09CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

250.

España M, Rasche F, Kandeler E, Brune T, Rodriguez B, Bending GD, Cadisch G (2011) Assessing the effect of organic residue quality on active decomposing fungi in a tropical Vertisol using ¹⁵N-DNA stable isotope probing. Fungal Ecol 4:115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.005CrossRef

251.

España M, Rasche F, Kandeler E, Brune T, Rodriguez B, Bending GD, Cadisch G (2011) Identification of active bacteria involved in decomposition of complex maize and soybean residues in a tropical Vertisol using ¹⁵N-DNA stable isotope probing. Pedobiologia 54:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.03.001CrossRef

252.

Bell TH, Yergeau E, Martineau C, Juck D, Whyte LG, Greer CW (2011) Identification of nitrogen-incorporating bacteria in petroleum-contaminated Arctic soils by using [¹⁵N] DNA-based stable isotope probing and pyrosequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:4163–4171. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00172-11CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

253.

Niu J, Kasuga I, Kurisu F, Furumai H, Shigeeda T (2013) Evaluation of autotrophic growth of ammonia-oxidizers associated with granular activated carbon used for drinking water purification by DNA-stable isotope probing. Water Res 47:7053–7065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.056CrossRefPubMed

254.

Wang X, Han C, Zhang J, Huang Q, Deng H, Deng Y, Zhong W (2015) Long-term fertilization effects on active ammonia oxidizers in an acidic upland soil in China. Soil Biol Biochem 84:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.013CrossRef

255.

Brink C, van Grinsven H, Jacobsen BH, Rabl A, Gren I-M, Holland M, Klimont Z, Hicks K, Brouwer R, Dickens R, Willems J, Termansen M, Velthof G, Alkemade R, van Oorschot M, Webb J (2011) Costs and benefits of nitrogen in the environment. In: Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G, Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B (eds) The European nitrogen assessment: sources, effects and policy perspectives. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp 513–540CrossRef

256.

Knowles TDJ (2009) Following the fate of proteinaceous material in soil using a compound-specific ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labelled tracer approach, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

257.

White R, Murray S, Rohweder M (2000) Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: grassland ecosystems. World Resources Institute, USA

Springer Professional

1. Introduction

Abstract

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners