Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Rare Metals 6/2022

23-02-2022 | Original Article

Microstructure and magnetic properties evolution of Al/CoCrFeNi nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy composite

Authors: Jun-Jie Wang, Zong-De Kou, Shu Fu, Shang-Shu Wu, Si-Nan Liu, Meng-Yang Yan, Di Wang, Si Lan, Horst Hahn, Tao Feng

Published in: Rare Metals | Issue 6/2022

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

A systematic microstructure-oriented magnetic property investigation for Al/CoCrFeNi nanocrystalline high-entropy alloys composite (nc-HEAC) is presented. In the initial state, the Al/CoCrFeNi nc-HEAC is composed of face-centered cubic (FCC)-Al, FCC-CoCrFeNi and hexagonal close-packed (HCP)-CoNi phases. High energy synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to reveal the relationship between microstructure evolution and magnetic mechanism of Al/CoCrFeNi nc-HEAC during heat treatment. At low-temperature annealing stage, the magnetic properties are mainly contributed by the HCP-CoNi phase. With the increase of temperature, the diffusion-induced phase transition process including the transformation of AlCoCrFeNi HEA from FCC to BCC structure and the growth of B2 phase plays a dominant role in the magnetic properties. It was found that the magnetic properties can be effectively regulated through the control of the thermal diffusion process. The nano dual-phase thermal diffusion-induced phase transition behavior of nanocomposites prepared based on laser-IGC technology provides guidance for the diffusion process and microstructure evolution of two phases in composites.

Graphical abstract

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
[1]
go back to reference Niu SZ, Kou HC, Wang J, Li JS. Improved tensile properties of Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy by tailoring microstructures. Rare Metal. 2021;40(9):2508.CrossRef Niu SZ, Kou HC, Wang J, Li JS. Improved tensile properties of Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy by tailoring microstructures. Rare Metal. 2021;40(9):2508.CrossRef
[2]
go back to reference Rao JC, Diao HY, Ocelík V, Vainchtein D, Zhang C, Kuo C, Tang Z, Guo W, Poplawsky D, Zhou Y, Liaw PK, Hosson JTMD. Secondary phases in AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys: an in-situ TEM heating study and thermodynamic appraisal. Acta Mater. 2017;131(3):206.CrossRef Rao JC, Diao HY, Ocelík V, Vainchtein D, Zhang C, Kuo C, Tang Z, Guo W, Poplawsky D, Zhou Y, Liaw PK, Hosson JTMD. Secondary phases in AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys: an in-situ TEM heating study and thermodynamic appraisal. Acta Mater. 2017;131(3):206.CrossRef
[3]
go back to reference Yang HX, Li JS, Guo T, Wang WY, Kou HC, Wang J. Evolution of microstructure and hardness in a dual-phase Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy with different grain sizes. Rare Metal. 2020;39(2):156.CrossRef Yang HX, Li JS, Guo T, Wang WY, Kou HC, Wang J. Evolution of microstructure and hardness in a dual-phase Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy with different grain sizes. Rare Metal. 2020;39(2):156.CrossRef
[4]
go back to reference Wang WR, Wang WL, Yeh JW. Phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at elevated temperatures. J Alloy Compd. 2014;589(7):143.CrossRef Wang WR, Wang WL, Yeh JW. Phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at elevated temperatures. J Alloy Compd. 2014;589(7):143.CrossRef
[5]
go back to reference Yang T, Xia S, Liu S, Wang C, Liu S, Zhang Y, Xue JM, Yan S, Wang YG. Effects of Al addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi High-entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;648(9):15.CrossRef Yang T, Xia S, Liu S, Wang C, Liu S, Zhang Y, Xue JM, Yan S, Wang YG. Effects of Al addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi High-entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;648(9):15.CrossRef
[6]
go back to reference Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li D, Zuo T, Zhou K, Gao M, Sun B, Shen TD. Compositional design of soft magnetic high entropy alloys by minimizing magnetostriction coefficient in (Fe0.3Co0.5Ni0.2)100–x(Al1/3Si2/3)x system. Metals. 2019;9(3):382. Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li D, Zuo T, Zhou K, Gao M, Sun B, Shen TD. Compositional design of soft magnetic high entropy alloys by minimizing magnetostriction coefficient in (Fe0.3Co0.5Ni0.2)100–x(Al1/3Si2/3)x system. Metals. 2019;9(3):382.
[7]
go back to reference Hariharan VS, Karati A, Parida T, John R, Babu DA, Murty BS. Effect of Al addition and homogenization treatment on the magnetic properties of CoFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. J Mater Sci. 2020;55(36):17204.CrossRef Hariharan VS, Karati A, Parida T, John R, Babu DA, Murty BS. Effect of Al addition and homogenization treatment on the magnetic properties of CoFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. J Mater Sci. 2020;55(36):17204.CrossRef
[8]
go back to reference Zhao C, Li J, He Y, Wang J, Wang WY, Kou HC, Wang J. Effect of strong magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical-magnetic properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. J Alloy Compd. 2020;820:153407.CrossRef Zhao C, Li J, He Y, Wang J, Wang WY, Kou HC, Wang J. Effect of strong magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical-magnetic properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. J Alloy Compd. 2020;820:153407.CrossRef
[9]
go back to reference Guo YX, Liu QB, Shang XJ. In situ TiN-reinforced CoCr2FeNiTi0.5 high-entropy alloy composite coating fabricated by laser cladding. Rare Metal. 2019;39(9):1190. Guo YX, Liu QB, Shang XJ. In situ TiN-reinforced CoCr2FeNiTi0.5 high-entropy alloy composite coating fabricated by laser cladding. Rare Metal. 2019;39(9):1190.
[10]
go back to reference Lu T, Scudino S, Chen W, Wang P, Li D, Mao M, Kang LM, Liu YX, Fu ZQ. The influence of nanocrystalline CoNiFeAl0.4Ti0.6Cr0.5 high-entropy alloy particles addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/7075Al composites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;726(4):126.CrossRef Lu T, Scudino S, Chen W, Wang P, Li D, Mao M, Kang LM, Liu YX, Fu ZQ. The influence of nanocrystalline CoNiFeAl0.4Ti0.6Cr0.5 high-entropy alloy particles addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/7075Al composites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;726(4):126.CrossRef
[11]
go back to reference Karthik GM, Panikar S, Ram GDJ, Kottada RS. Additive manufacturing of an aluminum matrix composite reinforced with nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy particles. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;679(10):193.CrossRef Karthik GM, Panikar S, Ram GDJ, Kottada RS. Additive manufacturing of an aluminum matrix composite reinforced with nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy particles. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;679(10):193.CrossRef
[12]
go back to reference Yang X, Dong P, Yan ZF, Cheng BY, Zhai X, Chen HS, Zhang HX, Wang WX. AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy particle reinforced 5083Al matrix composites with fine grain structure fabricated by submerged friction stir processing. J Alloy Compd. 2020;836:155411.CrossRef Yang X, Dong P, Yan ZF, Cheng BY, Zhai X, Chen HS, Zhang HX, Wang WX. AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy particle reinforced 5083Al matrix composites with fine grain structure fabricated by submerged friction stir processing. J Alloy Compd. 2020;836:155411.CrossRef
[13]
go back to reference Liu Y, Chen J, Li Z, Wang X, Fan X, Liu J. Formation of transition layer and its effect on mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy/Al composites. J Alloy Compd. 2019;780(11):558.CrossRef Liu Y, Chen J, Li Z, Wang X, Fan X, Liu J. Formation of transition layer and its effect on mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy/Al composites. J Alloy Compd. 2019;780(11):558.CrossRef
[14]
go back to reference Yuan Z, Tian W, Li F, Fu Q, Hu Y, Wang X. Microstructure and properties of high-entropy alloy reinforced aluminum matrix composites by spark plasma sintering. J Alloy Compd. 2019;806(7):901.CrossRef Yuan Z, Tian W, Li F, Fu Q, Hu Y, Wang X. Microstructure and properties of high-entropy alloy reinforced aluminum matrix composites by spark plasma sintering. J Alloy Compd. 2019;806(7):901.CrossRef
[15]
go back to reference Huhn WP, Widom M. Prediction of A2 to B2 phase transition in the high-entropy alloy Mo-Nb-Ta-W. Jom. 2013;65(5):1772.CrossRef Huhn WP, Widom M. Prediction of A2 to B2 phase transition in the high-entropy alloy Mo-Nb-Ta-W. Jom. 2013;65(5):1772.CrossRef
[16]
go back to reference Liu H, Liu J, Chen P, Yang H. Microstructure and high temperature wear behaviour of in-situ TiC reinforced AlCoCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloy composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding. Optics Laser Technol. 2019;118(5):140.CrossRef Liu H, Liu J, Chen P, Yang H. Microstructure and high temperature wear behaviour of in-situ TiC reinforced AlCoCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloy composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding. Optics Laser Technol. 2019;118(5):140.CrossRef
[17]
go back to reference Wang JJ, Wu SS, Fu S, Liu SN, Yan MY, Lai QQ, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Ultrahigh hardness with exceptional thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy prepared by inert gas condensation. Scripta Mater. 2020;187(6):335.CrossRef Wang JJ, Wu SS, Fu S, Liu SN, Yan MY, Lai QQ, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Ultrahigh hardness with exceptional thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy prepared by inert gas condensation. Scripta Mater. 2020;187(6):335.CrossRef
[18]
go back to reference Na SM, Yoo JH, Lambert PK, Jones NJ. Room-temperature ferromagnetic transitions and the temperature dependence of magnetic behaviors in FeCoNiCr-based high-entropy alloys. AIP Advances. 2018;8(5):056412.CrossRef Na SM, Yoo JH, Lambert PK, Jones NJ. Room-temperature ferromagnetic transitions and the temperature dependence of magnetic behaviors in FeCoNiCr-based high-entropy alloys. AIP Advances. 2018;8(5):056412.CrossRef
[19]
go back to reference Lucas MS, Mauger L, Muñoz JA, Xiao Y, Sheets AO, Semiatin SL, Horwath J, Turgut Z. Magnetic and vibrational properties of high-entropy alloys. J Appl Phys. 2011;109(7):07E307.CrossRef Lucas MS, Mauger L, Muñoz JA, Xiao Y, Sheets AO, Semiatin SL, Horwath J, Turgut Z. Magnetic and vibrational properties of high-entropy alloys. J Appl Phys. 2011;109(7):07E307.CrossRef
[20]
go back to reference Huang S, Li W, Li X, Schönecker S, Bergqvist L, Holmström E, Varga LK, Vitos L. Mechanism of magnetic transition in FeCrCoNi-based high entropy alloys. Mater Des. 2016;103(4):71.CrossRef Huang S, Li W, Li X, Schönecker S, Bergqvist L, Holmström E, Varga LK, Vitos L. Mechanism of magnetic transition in FeCrCoNi-based high entropy alloys. Mater Des. 2016;103(4):71.CrossRef
[21]
go back to reference Hung PT, Kawasaki M, Han JK, Lábár JL, Gubicza J. Microstructure evolution in a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi multi-principal element alloy during annealing. Mater Chara. 2021;171:110807.CrossRef Hung PT, Kawasaki M, Han JK, Lábár JL, Gubicza J. Microstructure evolution in a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi multi-principal element alloy during annealing. Mater Chara. 2021;171:110807.CrossRef
[22]
go back to reference Wu Z, Bei H, Pharr GM, George EP. Temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of equiatomic solid solution alloys with face-centered cubic crystal structures. Acta Mater. 2014;81(8):428.CrossRef Wu Z, Bei H, Pharr GM, George EP. Temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of equiatomic solid solution alloys with face-centered cubic crystal structures. Acta Mater. 2014;81(8):428.CrossRef
[23]
go back to reference Lu P, Zhang TW, Zhao D, Ma SG, Li Q, Wang ZH. Mechanical behaviors and texture evolution of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy under shear-tension deformation. J Alloy Compd. 2020;815:152479.CrossRef Lu P, Zhang TW, Zhao D, Ma SG, Li Q, Wang ZH. Mechanical behaviors and texture evolution of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy under shear-tension deformation. J Alloy Compd. 2020;815:152479.CrossRef
[24]
go back to reference Wang B, He H, Naeem M, Lan S, Harjo S, Kawasaki T, Nie YX, Kui HW, Ungár T, Ma D, Stoica AD, Li Q, Ke YB, Liu CT, Wang XL. Deformation of CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy at large strain. Scripta Mater. 2018;155(6):54.CrossRef Wang B, He H, Naeem M, Lan S, Harjo S, Kawasaki T, Nie YX, Kui HW, Ungár T, Ma D, Stoica AD, Li Q, Ke YB, Liu CT, Wang XL. Deformation of CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy at large strain. Scripta Mater. 2018;155(6):54.CrossRef
[25]
go back to reference Liu J, Guo X, Lin Q, He Z, An X, Li L, Liaw PK, Liao XZ, Yu LP, Lin JP, Xie L, Ren JL, Zhang Y. Excellent ductility and serration feature of metastable CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy at extremely low temperatures. Sci China Mater. 2018;62(6):853.CrossRef Liu J, Guo X, Lin Q, He Z, An X, Li L, Liaw PK, Liao XZ, Yu LP, Lin JP, Xie L, Ren JL, Zhang Y. Excellent ductility and serration feature of metastable CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy at extremely low temperatures. Sci China Mater. 2018;62(6):853.CrossRef
[26]
go back to reference Kao YF, Chen TJ, Chen SK, Yeh JW. Microstructure and mechanical property of as-cast, -homogenized, and -deformed AlxCoCrFeNi (0≤x≤2) high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2009;488(1):57. Kao YF, Chen TJ, Chen SK, Yeh JW. Microstructure and mechanical property of as-cast, -homogenized, and -deformed AlxCoCrFeNi (0≤x≤2) high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2009;488(1):57.
[27]
go back to reference Butler T, Weaver M. Influence of annealing on the microstructures and oxidation behaviors of Al8(CoCrFeNi)92, Al15(CoCrFeNi)85, and Al30(CoCrFeNi)70 high-entropy alloys. Metals. 2016;6(9):222.CrossRef Butler T, Weaver M. Influence of annealing on the microstructures and oxidation behaviors of Al8(CoCrFeNi)92, Al15(CoCrFeNi)85, and Al30(CoCrFeNi)70 high-entropy alloys. Metals. 2016;6(9):222.CrossRef
[28]
go back to reference Butler TM, Weaver ML. Oxidation behavior of arc melted AlCoCrFeNi multi-component high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2016;674(2):229.CrossRef Butler TM, Weaver ML. Oxidation behavior of arc melted AlCoCrFeNi multi-component high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2016;674(2):229.CrossRef
[29]
go back to reference Jiang S, Wang H, Wu Y, Liu X, Chen H, Yao M, Gault B, Ponge D, Raabe D, Hirata A, Chen MW, Wang YD, Lu ZP. Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation. Nature. 2017;544(7651):460.CrossRef Jiang S, Wang H, Wu Y, Liu X, Chen H, Yao M, Gault B, Ponge D, Raabe D, Hirata A, Chen MW, Wang YD, Lu ZP. Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation. Nature. 2017;544(7651):460.CrossRef
[31]
go back to reference Wang J, Wu S, Fu S, Liu S, Ren Z, Yan M, Chen SQ, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy with tunable ferromagnetic properties. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;77(10):126.CrossRef Wang J, Wu S, Fu S, Liu S, Ren Z, Yan M, Chen SQ, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy with tunable ferromagnetic properties. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;77(10):126.CrossRef
[32]
go back to reference Schuh B, Mendez-Martin F, Völker B, George EP, Clemens H, Pippan R, Hohenwarter A. Mechanical properties, microstructure and thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy after severe plastic deformation. Acta Mater. 2015;96(6):258.CrossRef Schuh B, Mendez-Martin F, Völker B, George EP, Clemens H, Pippan R, Hohenwarter A. Mechanical properties, microstructure and thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy after severe plastic deformation. Acta Mater. 2015;96(6):258.CrossRef
[33]
go back to reference Klimova MV, Shaysultanov DG, Zherebtsov SV, Stepanov ND. Effect of second phase particles on mechanical properties and grain growth in a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;748(1):228.CrossRef Klimova MV, Shaysultanov DG, Zherebtsov SV, Stepanov ND. Effect of second phase particles on mechanical properties and grain growth in a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;748(1):228.CrossRef
[34]
go back to reference Kelly R, Miotello A, Braren B, Gupta A, Casey K. Primary and secondary mechanisms in laser-pulse sputtering. Nucl Instrum Meth B. 1992;65:187.CrossRef Kelly R, Miotello A, Braren B, Gupta A, Casey K. Primary and secondary mechanisms in laser-pulse sputtering. Nucl Instrum Meth B. 1992;65:187.CrossRef
[35]
go back to reference Geohegan DB, Puretzky AA. Dynamics of laser ablation plume penetration through low pressure background gases. Appl Phys Lett. 1995;67(2):197.CrossRef Geohegan DB, Puretzky AA. Dynamics of laser ablation plume penetration through low pressure background gases. Appl Phys Lett. 1995;67(2):197.CrossRef
[36]
go back to reference Wood JNLRF, Chen KR, Geohegan DB, Puretzky AA. Dynamics of plume propagation, splitting, and nanoparticle formation during pulsed-laser ablation. Appl Surf Sci. 1998;127–129:151.CrossRef Wood JNLRF, Chen KR, Geohegan DB, Puretzky AA. Dynamics of plume propagation, splitting, and nanoparticle formation during pulsed-laser ablation. Appl Surf Sci. 1998;127–129:151.CrossRef
[37]
go back to reference Garrelie F, Champeaux C, Catherinot A. Study by a Monte Carlo simulation of the influence of a background gas on the expansion dynamics of a laser-induced plasma plume. Appl Phys A. 1999;69:45.CrossRef Garrelie F, Champeaux C, Catherinot A. Study by a Monte Carlo simulation of the influence of a background gas on the expansion dynamics of a laser-induced plasma plume. Appl Phys A. 1999;69:45.CrossRef
[38]
go back to reference Lu W, Sun D, Yu H. Synthesis and magnetic properties of size-controlled CoNi alloy nanoparticles. J Alloy Compd. 2013;546(8):229.CrossRef Lu W, Sun D, Yu H. Synthesis and magnetic properties of size-controlled CoNi alloy nanoparticles. J Alloy Compd. 2013;546(8):229.CrossRef
[39]
go back to reference Aubry E, Liu T, Billard A, Dekens A, Perry F, Mangin S, Hauet T. Influence of the Cr and Ni concentration in CoCr and CoNi alloys on the structural and magnetic properties. J Magn Magn Mater. 2017;422(9):391.CrossRef Aubry E, Liu T, Billard A, Dekens A, Perry F, Mangin S, Hauet T. Influence of the Cr and Ni concentration in CoCr and CoNi alloys on the structural and magnetic properties. J Magn Magn Mater. 2017;422(9):391.CrossRef
[40]
go back to reference Mohanta M, Parida SK, Sahoo A, Hussain Z, Gupta M, Reddy VR, Medicherla VRR. Structural and magnetic properties of CoNi surface alloys. Physica B. 2019;572(7):105. Mohanta M, Parida SK, Sahoo A, Hussain Z, Gupta M, Reddy VR, Medicherla VRR. Structural and magnetic properties of CoNi surface alloys. Physica B. 2019;572(7):105.
[41]
go back to reference Zhao C, Li J, Liu Y, Wang WY, Kou H, Beaugnon E, Wang J. Tailoring mechanical and magnetic properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy via phase transformation. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;73(8):83.CrossRef Zhao C, Li J, Liu Y, Wang WY, Kou H, Beaugnon E, Wang J. Tailoring mechanical and magnetic properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy via phase transformation. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;73(8):83.CrossRef
[42]
go back to reference Kao YF, Chen SK, Chen TJ, Chu PC, Yeh JW, Lin SJ. Electrical, magnetic, and Hall properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2011;509(5):1607.CrossRef Kao YF, Chen SK, Chen TJ, Chu PC, Yeh JW, Lin SJ. Electrical, magnetic, and Hall properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2011;509(5):1607.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Microstructure and magnetic properties evolution of Al/CoCrFeNi nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy composite
Authors
Jun-Jie Wang
Zong-De Kou
Shu Fu
Shang-Shu Wu
Si-Nan Liu
Meng-Yang Yan
Di Wang
Si Lan
Horst Hahn
Tao Feng
Publication date
23-02-2022
Publisher
Nonferrous Metals Society of China
Published in
Rare Metals / Issue 6/2022
Print ISSN: 1001-0521
Electronic ISSN: 1867-7185
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01931-w

Other articles of this Issue 6/2022

Rare Metals 6/2022 Go to the issue

Premium Partners