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2021 | Book

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Nanotechnology and the Generation of Sustainable Hydrogen

Authors: Prof. Sarah Farrukh, Prof. Dr. Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Prof. Dr. Arshad Hussain, Dr. Muhammad Ayoub, Prof. Dr. Mohammad Younas

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Green Energy and Technology

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This book explains the aspiring vision of a sustainable hydrogen generating system which employs nanotechnology one way or the other and presents a detailed update on research activities, achievements and challenges. It explores how nanotechnology is reshaping science in general and how this can be applied to the generation and storage of hydrogen energy.

This book begins by highlighting the importance of hydrogen a source of sustainable energy and its impact on the technical advances of fuel cells, internal combustion engines, batteries and power plants. The book depicts the role of nanotechnology in the development of sustainable hydrogen. Comprehensive studies on various nanotechnologies involved in hydrogen generation are discussed in separate chapters, representing a complete picture of hydrogen generation utilizing nanotechnology.

This book serves as a useful research tool for academics and practitioners looking towards new ways to develop and consume energy, without conceding our environment. Providing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology discussed, this book shows the benefits of utilizing nanotechnology in this field.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
With the ever-increasing population, the energy demands of the world are continuously increasing. Already existing sources of energy like fossils fuel are harmful for the environment and also depleting day by day. The need of the hour is to look for the sustainable fuels which can satisfy the modern requirements of humans. Hydrogen is the promising alternative to the conventional fuels because of high energy contents, zero greenhouse gas emissions, and low environmental impacts. However, generation and storage of hydrogen involve several difficult procedures to increase the efficiency, and nanotechnology plays an imperative role in increasing the efficiency of these methods. The chapter will explain the various areas of sustainable hydrogen production and storage which employs services of nanotechnology.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 2. Water Splitting Reactions and Nanotechnology
Abstract
Hydrogen can be produced from the water by splitting the molecule directly into its elements. The splitting of H-O-H bonds in the water splitting reaction can be achieved by a variety of different methods. There are different power sources involving in the splitting of the molecules like electrical energy, thermal energy, or electromagnetic radiation, normally mentioned as electrolysis, thermolysis, and photolysis. Many of these processes involve nanotechnology at one point or another. In fact, the nanomaterials are frequently employed as the catalysts and electrodes in water splitting reactions. The present chapter is focused on variety of nanomaterials like nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, nanocubanes, etc. and their involvement in water splitting reaction.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 3. Fossil Hydrocarbon Decarbonization and Nanotechnology
Abstract
Fossil fuels are the potent source of sustainable hydrogen because of their price, availability, and convenience in transportation and storage. Carbon and hydrogen are the major constituents of the hydrocarbons, and hence serve as the promising raw material for the generation of hydrogen. There are several methods for generation of hydrogen from fossil hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, of the procedure employed for the generation of hydrogen from hydrocarbons, all the carbon (present in the hydrocarbon) will be converted into oxides of the carbon and mostly CO2. This is the major challenge toward using hydrocarbons for the production of sustainable hydrogen from hydrocarbons. The decarbonization of fossil hydrocarbons cannot be discussed without the production of CO2. This chapter will explain the use of nanotechnology in the production of sustainable hydrogen from hydrocarbons and in the mitigation of the CO2, which is produced during the process of decarbonization of fossil fuels.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 4. Hydrogen Sulfide Decomposition and Nanotechnology
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is an important source of sustainable hydrogen. H2S is categorized as a highly toxic pollutant of both natural and anthropic origins. The decomposition of H2S serves two important purposes. Firstly, it eliminates one of the most toxic pollutants, and secondly, it generated the sustainable H2. There are several methods for the decomposition of H2S for the liberation of H2. Several H2S decomposition processes involve the use of nanotechnology. The common nanomaterial involved in the dissociation of H2S molecule utilizes the transition metal-based nanomaterials such as nanoparticles of different Cd chalcogens. Some carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO) powder also involve in the decomposition of the compound. The present study will cover the commonly employed nanomaterials in H2S decomposition for the liberation of sustainable hydrogen.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 5. Biomass Decomposition and Nanotechnology
Abstract
Biomass is an important source for the generation of sustainable hydrogen. Biomass is obtained through a variety of sources such as crop residues, waste of agricultural industries, and plant residues like wood and the crops. There are several methods for the generation of H2 from biomass. These methods can be broadly classified into two categories, i.e., thermochemical processes and biochemical processes. Both the thermochemical and the biochemical processes of biomass conversion for the generation of sustainable H2 involve the extensive use of nanotechnology. Many studies have used the nanotechnology for the thermochemical conversion of the algal mass to the sustainable hydrogen. This chapter will explain the applications of some notable nanomaterials involved in H2 generation from biomass.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 6. Hydrogen from Miscellaneous Sources and Nanotechnology
Abstract
Other than water and fossil fuel here are several other important substances that generate H2 upon chemical or physical treatment. Municipal solid waste is also used as the source of hydrogen. Different components of the waste like biological substances, organic materials, and other undesirable components like plastic debris are involved in the generation of hydrogen. Similarly, several chemical substances like hydrides yield hydrogen via different methods. Several of abovementioned materials involve the extensive use of nanotechnology in the liberation of hydrogen. This chapter will cover the various nanomaterials that are used for the hydrogen generation from the abovementioned substances.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 7. Physisorption
Abstract
Physisorption is a non-dissociative surface association of the hydrogen gas with the solid surfaces. The interactions involve weak van der Waals associations between the gaseous hydrogen molecules and the adsorbent. Different nanomaterials like carbons nanotubes (both single walled and multiwalled), zeolites, activated carbons, COFs, fullerene (nanocages), and covalent-organic frameworks are capable of storing hydrogen by physisorption. This chapter discusses some of the important nanomaterials that are involved in physisorption of hydrogen.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 8. Chemisorption
Abstract
Chemical adsorption or chemisorption is mechanism of hydrogen storage. In terms of hydrogen storage, any material when gets attached to the hydrogen becomes a hydride. Over the last few years, the scope of materials to get hydrogenated or hydride formation has immensely expanded. The advancement in the formation of hydrides is accompanied by the fast development in the nanotechnology. The coupling of the both resulted in the remarkable progress in the field of hydrogen storage. This chapter discusses important nanomaterial with the ability to form hydrides for hydrogen storage.
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 9. Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Nanotechnology
Abstract
A typical hydrogen fuel cell consists of two electrodes and an electrolyte membrane. The hydrogen and oxygen enter through the anode and cathode of a fuel cell, respectively. At anode, the catalyst oxidized the hydrogen molecules and obtains the electrons which move through the electric circuit, whereas the protons pass through the electrolytic membrane. The electron leads to the formation of electric current and heat, whereas the protons lead to the formation of water by combining with oxygen and electrons at cathode (reduction). The involvement of nanotechnology in the fabrication of fuels cells allows high aspect ratio, greater surface area which leads to more power generation, high energy densities, easy miniaturization, and longer shelf life. All of these characteristics are vital for the preparation of powerful fuel cell for transportable electric devices
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Chapter 10. Hydrogen Future: Toward Industrial Applications
Sarah Farrukh, Xianfeng Fan, Kiran Mustafa, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohammad Younas
Metadata
Title
Nanotechnology and the Generation of Sustainable Hydrogen
Authors
Prof. Sarah Farrukh
Prof. Dr. Xianfeng Fan
Kiran Mustafa
Prof. Dr. Arshad Hussain
Dr. Muhammad Ayoub
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Younas
Copyright Year
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-60402-8
Print ISBN
978-3-030-60401-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60402-8