Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Experimental Mechanics
Published in: Experimental Mechanics 2/2012

01-02-2012

Normal and Transverse Displacement Interferometers Applied to Small Diameter Kolsky Bars

Authors: D.T. Casem, S.E. Grunschel, B.E. Schuster

Published in: Experimental Mechanics | Issue 2/2012

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

For Kolsky bar testing beyond strain-rates of 10,000/s, it is useful to employ bars with diameters of only a few millimeters or less. Furthermore, very small (sub-millimeter) systems are compatible with micron-sized specimens, to be used, for example, for the determination of mesoscale properties. However, at these sizes, traditional strain-gage measurements of the longitudinal waves within the bars become impractical. In this paper we describe the application of optical measurement techniques to two Kolsky bars, with 3.2 and 1.6 mm diameters. A transverse displacement interferometer is used to measure the displacement of the mid-point of the incident bar and provide measurements of the incident and reflected pulses. Similarly, a normal displacement interferometer is used to measure the displacement of the free-end of the transmitter bar and provide a measurement of the transmitted pulse. The new methods are used to characterize the behavior of 6061-T6 aluminum at rates greater than 100,000/s. The feasibility of application to smaller bars is also discussed.
previous article Erratum to: In Situ Optical Investigations of Hypervelocity Impact Induced Dynamic Fracture
next article Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Response of an UFG Aluminum Alloy at High Rates

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Footnotes
1
Stress and strain, whether referring to the specimen or to the bars, are assumed positive in compression.
 
2
A bar with a higher wave speed, and/or lower Poisson’s ratio can also be used.
 
3
If strain and particle velocity are measured simultaneously at the same location, a simple wave separation method is available, see for example [18].
 
4
An expanded beam is used to simplify alignment.
 
5
The grating also deforms slightly; this is assumed negligible.
 
6
There is also a reflected beam (0th order diffracted beam) that is not used, although it is used as one leg of an NDI in the PSPI application.
 
7
Subscripts i, r, and t denote the incident, reflected, and transmitted pulses. Subscripts I and T denote the incident and transmitter bars. Subscripts 1 and 2 denote the I 1 and I 2 interfaces, as labeled in Figs. 1, 2 and 3.
 
8
It is possible to use a momentum trap and measure its free surface displacement to measure the transmitted pulse, but care must be taken that the trap and transmitter bar do not separate until after the required time window.
 
9
[19] has used the fact that the free-end is stress-free for wave separation in a strain-gage instrumented bar.
 
10
In general, the strain-rate of the specimen is not constant during a Kolsky bar experiment. The reported rates are the true strain-rates at 10% true strain.
 
Literature
1.
2.
Follansbee PS (1985) “The Hopkinson Bar,” Metals Handbook, 8 (9), American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, pp 198–217
3.
Gorham DA (1983) A numerical method for the correction of dispersion in pressure bar signals. J Phys E Sci Instrum 16:477–479CrossRef
4.
Follansbee PS, Franz C (1983) Wave propagation in the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar. J Eng Mat Tech 105:61CrossRef
5.
Gong JC, Malvern LE, Jenkins DA (1990) Dispersion investigation in the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar. J Eng Mat Tech 112:309–314CrossRef
6.
Davies ED, Hunter SC (1963) The dynamic compression testing of solids by the method of the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar. J Mech Phys Solids 11:155CrossRef
7.
Ames RG (2005) “Limitations of the Hopkinson Pressure Bar for High-Frequency Measurements. In: Furnish MD, Elert M, Russell TP, White CT (eds) Shock compression of condenser matter, pp. 1233–1237
8.
Casem DT (2009) “A Small Diameter Kolsky bar for High-rate Compression,” Proc. of the 2009 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Albuquerque, NM, June 1–4, 2009
9.
Gorham DA (1979) “Measurements of Stress-Strain Properties of Strong Metals at Very High Rates of Strain,” In: Proc. Conf. on Mech. Prop. at High Rates of Strain, conf. no. 47, Oxford, March 16, 1979
10.
Gorham DA, Pope PH, Field JE (1992) An improved method for compressive stress-strain measurements at very high strain-rates. Proc R Soc Lond A 438:153–170MATHCrossRef
11.
Safford NA (1992) “Materials testing up to 105/s using a Miniaturized Hopkinson Bar with Dispersion Corrections,” In: Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. on Intense Dynamic Loading and its Effects, Sichuan UniversityPress, Chengdu, China, p 378
12.
Kamler F, Niessen P, Pick RJ (1995) Measurement of the behavior of high purity copper at very high rates of strain. Can J Phys 73:295–303CrossRef
13.
Jia D, Ramesh KT (2004) A rigorous assessment of the benefits of miniaturization in the Kolsky Bar system. Exp Mech 44:445–454CrossRef
14.
Malinowski JZ, Klepaczko JR, Kowalewski ZL (2007) Miniaturized compression test at very high strain rates by direct impact. Exp Mech 47:451–463CrossRef
15.
Casem DT, Grunschel SE, Schuster BE (2010) “Interferometric Measurement Techniques for Small Diameter Kolsky Bars,” Proc. of the 2010 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Indianapolis, Indiana, pp. 973–977, June 6–10, 2010
16.
Clifton RJ, Klopp RW (1985) “Pressure-Shear plate impact testing,” Metals Handbook, vol 8, 9th edn. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, pp 230–239
17.
Kim KS, Clifton RJ, Kumar P (1977) Combined normal-displacement and transverse-displacement interferometer with an application to impact of y-cut quartz. J App Phys 48(10):4132–4139CrossRef
18.
Casem DT, Fourney W, Chang P (2003) “Wave Separation in Viscoelastic Pressure Bars using Single-point Measurements of Strain and Velocity. Polymer Test 22(2)
19.
Park SW, Zhou M (1999) Separation of elastic waves in Split Hopkinson Bars using one-point strain measurements. Exp Mech 39(4):287–294CrossRef
20.
Bacon C (1998) An experimental method for considering dispersion and attenuation in a Viscoelastic Hopkinson Bar. Exp Mech 38(4):242–249CrossRef
21.
Johnson GR, Cook WH (1983) “A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates, and high temperatures,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ballistics, The Hague (Netherlands), pp 541–547, 1983
Metadata
Title
Normal and Transverse Displacement Interferometers Applied to Small Diameter Kolsky Bars
Authors
D.T. Casem
S.E. Grunschel
B.E. Schuster
Publication date
01-02-2012
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Experimental Mechanics / Issue 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0014-4851
Electronic ISSN: 1741-2765
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-011-9524-x

Other articles of this Issue 2/2012

Experimental Mechanics 2/2012 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

High Strain Rate Torsion Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum

OriginalPaper

Modeling Damage Induced Initiation of Explosives

OriginalPaper

Technique for Combined Dynamic Compression–Shear Testing of PBXs

Guest Editorial

Dynamic Behavior of Materials

OriginalPaper

On the Failure and Dynamic Performance of Materials

OriginalPaper

Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Response of an UFG Aluminum Alloy at High Rates

Premium Partners

    Image Credits