1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.2 Preparation of Tosyl Cellulose
2.3 Preparation of the Cellulose/Silica Hybrid
2.4 Characterization Methods
2.5 Batch-Adsorption Study
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Structural Study
3.2 Characterization of the Cellulose/Silica Hybrid
3.2.1 Characterization of Tosyl Cellulose
3.2.1.1 FTIR
3.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy
3.2.2.1 TGA
3.3 Potential Applications of the Cellulose/Silica Microspheres for MO Adsorption
3.3.1 The Effect of Adsorbent
3.3.2 Effect of pH
3.3.3 Effect of the Contact Time
Pseudo-first-order model | Pseudo-second-order model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,exp (mg/g) | qe,cal (mg/g) | K1 (min−1) | R2 | qe,cal (mg/g) | K2 (g/mg/min) | R2 |
94 | 36 | 0. 03 | 0.83 | 100 | 14.3 × 10−4 | 0.99 |
3.3.4 Effect of the Initial Concentration of the Dye
Langmuir isotherm constants | Freundlich isotherm constants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ks (mg/l) | qm (mg/g) | R2 | P (mg/g) | n | R2 |
54.7 | 588 | 0.98 | 23 | 1.9 | 0.91 |
3.4 Adsorption Mechanism of the Cellulose/Silica Microspheres
Adsorbent | Maximum adsorption (mg/g) | Adsorbate | References |
---|---|---|---|
Glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposites | 758 | MO | [35] |
Alginate/gelatin hydrogel-decorated silver nanoparticles | 625 | Methylene blue | [36] |
Cellulose/silica microspheres | 588 | MO | This study |
Cellulose/silk fibroin/calcium phosphate biocomposite | 172.4 | Methylene blue | [13] |
Quaternary ammonium salt-modified chitosan microsphere | 131.9 | MO | [37] |