Novel transportation layers of NiO and ZnO for the fabrication of perovskite solar cell for e-monitoring of healthcare

Inorganic n-type NiO and p-type ZnO has been used as hole transport layers (HTL) and electron transport layers (ETL), respectively, for the fabricated perovskite solar cells. The sols of NiO and ZnO have been synthesized using sol–gel method. The structural, morphological, and optical analysis of the synthesized ZnO and NiO nanoparticles prepared from sol has been done. The spin coating technique was used for the fabrication of HTL, ETL, and perovskite layers. The thickness of the fabricated solar cell is about 2 μm. The current density versus voltage (JV) characteristics of the fabricated solar cell was investigated. The JV characteristics revealed the value of various parameters such as short-circuit current density (J_SC), open-circuit voltage (V_OC), fill factor (FF), power conversion efficiency, and maximum power (P_max) is 15.90 mA/cm², 0.93 V, 73%, 10.70%, and 10.70 W, respectively. The fabricated solar cell has been used to design a special electronic circuit with maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for monitoring of patient suffering from the heart diseases. The performance parameters of MPPT circuit have been tested under “direct sunlight” and “artificial shadow.” The energy consumption and 1-day performance load of the designed circuit is tested with the solar cell. The e-monitoring of patient suffering from heart diseases is done with the help of bluetooth low energy (BLE) to measure blood pressure (BP), heartbeat, photoplethysmography (PPG), electrocardiogram (ECG) signals.