Skip to main content
Top

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

45. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Produced from Microalgae

Authors : Munish Puri, Tamilselvi Thyagarajan, Adarsha Gupta, Colin J. Barrow

Published in: Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The applications of Omega-3 fatty acids for human health are rapidly expanding, which necessitates exploring alternative sources to fish. Many marine microorganisms across different kingdoms exhibit the ability to store a significant oil content, however are difficult to cultivate. Out of all marine microbes, thraustochytrids are considered a good source for the production of high value compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA s). Optimization of culture conditions will be helpful in further enhancing cellular lipid content to suit fatty acid synthesis. This chapter describes some recent advances in the development of marine microbes for fatty acid production with a special emphasis upon thraustochytrids for biotechnological applications, focussing particularly on methods to enhanced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
[45.1]
go back to reference S. Raghukumar, V. Sathepathak, S. Sharma, C. Raghukumar: Thraustochytrid and fungal component of marine detritus. 3. Field studies on decomposition of leaves of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata, Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 9, 117–125 (1995)CrossRef S. Raghukumar, V. Sathepathak, S. Sharma, C. Raghukumar: Thraustochytrid and fungal component of marine detritus. 3. Field studies on decomposition of leaves of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata, Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 9, 117–125 (1995)CrossRef
[45.2]
go back to reference B.A. Watkins, Y. Li, H.E. Lippman, S. Feng: Modulatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoblast function and bone metabolism, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 68, 387–398 (2003)CrossRef B.A. Watkins, Y. Li, H.E. Lippman, S. Feng: Modulatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoblast function and bone metabolism, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 68, 387–398 (2003)CrossRef
[45.3]
go back to reference M.S. Innis: Fatty acids and early human development, Early Hum. Dev. 83, 761–766 (2007)CrossRef M.S. Innis: Fatty acids and early human development, Early Hum. Dev. 83, 761–766 (2007)CrossRef
[45.4]
go back to reference C.J. Lavie, R.V. Milani, M.R. Mehra, H.O. Ventura: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54, 585–594 (2009)CrossRef C.J. Lavie, R.V. Milani, M.R. Mehra, H.O. Ventura: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54, 585–594 (2009)CrossRef
[45.5]
go back to reference C. Boudrault, R.P. Bazinet, D.W.L. Ma: Experimental models and mechanisms underlying the protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease, J. Nutr. Biochem. 20, 1–10 (2009)CrossRef C. Boudrault, R.P. Bazinet, D.W.L. Ma: Experimental models and mechanisms underlying the protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease, J. Nutr. Biochem. 20, 1–10 (2009)CrossRef
[45.6]
go back to reference R. Kitz, M.A. Rose, R. Schubert, C. Beermann, A. Kaufmann, H.J. Böhles, J. Schulze, S. Zielen: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bronchial inflammation in grass pollen allergy after allergen challenge, Respir. Med. 104, 1793–1798 (2010)CrossRef R. Kitz, M.A. Rose, R. Schubert, C. Beermann, A. Kaufmann, H.J. Böhles, J. Schulze, S. Zielen: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bronchial inflammation in grass pollen allergy after allergen challenge, Respir. Med. 104, 1793–1798 (2010)CrossRef
[45.7]
go back to reference M.M. Sethom, S. Fares, N. Bouaziz, W. Melki, R. Jemaa, M. Feki, Z. Hechmi, N. Kaabachi: Polyunsaturated fatty acids deficits are associated with psychotic state and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 83, 131–136 (2010)CrossRef M.M. Sethom, S. Fares, N. Bouaziz, W. Melki, R. Jemaa, M. Feki, Z. Hechmi, N. Kaabachi: Polyunsaturated fatty acids deficits are associated with psychotic state and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 83, 131–136 (2010)CrossRef
[45.8]
go back to reference L. Knott, N.C. Avery, A.P. Hollander, J.F. Tarlton: Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of disease, Osteoarthr. Cartil. 19, 1150–1157 (2011)CrossRef L. Knott, N.C. Avery, A.P. Hollander, J.F. Tarlton: Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of disease, Osteoarthr. Cartil. 19, 1150–1157 (2011)CrossRef
[45.9]
go back to reference M.A. Hull: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Best Pract. Res. Clim. Gastroenterol. 25, 547–554 (2011)CrossRef M.A. Hull: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Best Pract. Res. Clim. Gastroenterol. 25, 547–554 (2011)CrossRef
[45.10]
go back to reference S. Samuel, B. Peskin, B. Arondekar, P. Alperin, S. Johnson, I. Blumenfeld, G. Stone, T.A. Jacobson: Estimating health and economic benefits from using prescription omega-3 fatty acids in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, Am. J. Cardiol. 108, 691–697 (2011)CrossRef S. Samuel, B. Peskin, B. Arondekar, P. Alperin, S. Johnson, I. Blumenfeld, G. Stone, T.A. Jacobson: Estimating health and economic benefits from using prescription omega-3 fatty acids in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, Am. J. Cardiol. 108, 691–697 (2011)CrossRef
[45.11]
go back to reference T. Huang, J. Zheng, Y. Chen, B. Yang, M.L. Wahlqvist, D. Li: High consumption of Ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease plasma homocysteine: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials, Nutreints 27, 863–867 (2011) T. Huang, J. Zheng, Y. Chen, B. Yang, M.L. Wahlqvist, D. Li: High consumption of Ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease plasma homocysteine: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials, Nutreints 27, 863–867 (2011)
[45.12]
go back to reference R.J. Deckelbaum, C. Torrejon: The omega-3 fatty acid nutritional landscape: Health benefits and sources, J. Nutr. 142, 587S–591S (2012)CrossRef R.J. Deckelbaum, C. Torrejon: The omega-3 fatty acid nutritional landscape: Health benefits and sources, J. Nutr. 142, 587S–591S (2012)CrossRef
[45.13]
go back to reference J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, M.A. Belury, R. Andridge, W.B. Malarkey, B.S. Hwang, R. Glaser: Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 988–995 (2012)CrossRef J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, M.A. Belury, R. Andridge, W.B. Malarkey, B.S. Hwang, R. Glaser: Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 988–995 (2012)CrossRef
[45.15]
go back to reference E. Atalah, C.M.H. Cruz, M.S. Izquierdo, G. Rosenlund, M.J. Caballero, A. Valencia, L. Robaina: Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata), Aquaculture 270, 178–185 (2007)CrossRef E. Atalah, C.M.H. Cruz, M.S. Izquierdo, G. Rosenlund, M.J. Caballero, A. Valencia, L. Robaina: Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata), Aquaculture 270, 178–185 (2007)CrossRef
[45.16]
go back to reference M. Venegas-Calerón, O. Sayanova, J.A. Napier: An alternative to fish oils: Metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Progr. Lipid Res. 49, 108–119 (2010)CrossRef M. Venegas-Calerón, O. Sayanova, J.A. Napier: An alternative to fish oils: Metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Progr. Lipid Res. 49, 108–119 (2010)CrossRef
[45.17]
go back to reference A.P. Simopoulos: Fatty acids. In: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated, Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, 2nd edn., ed. by B. Caballero (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2005) pp. 205–219CrossRef A.P. Simopoulos: Fatty acids. In: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated, Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, 2nd edn., ed. by B. Caballero (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2005) pp. 205–219CrossRef
[45.18]
go back to reference L. Sijtsma, M.E. de Swaaf: Biotechnological production and applications of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 146–153 (2004)CrossRef L. Sijtsma, M.E. de Swaaf: Biotechnological production and applications of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 146–153 (2004)CrossRef
[45.19]
go back to reference M.H. Cheng, T.H. Walker, G.J. Hulbert, D.R. Raman: Fungal production of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from industrial waste streams and crude soybean oil, Bioresour. Technol. 67, 101–110 (1999)CrossRef M.H. Cheng, T.H. Walker, G.J. Hulbert, D.R. Raman: Fungal production of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from industrial waste streams and crude soybean oil, Bioresour. Technol. 67, 101–110 (1999)CrossRef
[45.20]
go back to reference R. Harun, M. Singh, G.M. Forde, M.K. Danquah: Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 1037–1047 (2010)CrossRef R. Harun, M. Singh, G.M. Forde, M.K. Danquah: Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 1037–1047 (2010)CrossRef
[45.21]
go back to reference R.S. Rasmussen, M.T. Morrissey: Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, ed. by L.T. Steve (Academic, Burlington 2007) pp. 237–292 R.S. Rasmussen, M.T. Morrissey: Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, ed. by L.T. Steve (Academic, Burlington 2007) pp. 237–292
[45.22]
go back to reference S.D. Varfolomeev, L.A. Wasserman: Microalgae as source of biofuel, food, fodder, and medicines, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 47, 789–807 (2011)CrossRef S.D. Varfolomeev, L.A. Wasserman: Microalgae as source of biofuel, food, fodder, and medicines, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 47, 789–807 (2011)CrossRef
[45.23]
go back to reference M.L. Colombo, P. Rise, F. Giavarini, L. De Angelis, C. Galli, C.L. Bolis: Marine macroalgae as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 61, 67–72 (2006)CrossRef M.L. Colombo, P. Rise, F. Giavarini, L. De Angelis, C. Galli, C.L. Bolis: Marine macroalgae as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 61, 67–72 (2006)CrossRef
[45.24]
go back to reference S. Hemaiswarya, R. Raja, R. Ravi Kumar, V. Ganesan, C. Anbazhagan: Microalgae: A sustainable feed source for aquaculture, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27, 1737–1746 (2011)CrossRef S. Hemaiswarya, R. Raja, R. Ravi Kumar, V. Ganesan, C. Anbazhagan: Microalgae: A sustainable feed source for aquaculture, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27, 1737–1746 (2011)CrossRef
[45.25]
go back to reference J.-Y. Lee, C. Yoo, S.-Y. Jun, C.-Y. Ahn, H.-M. Oh: Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. 101, S75–S77 (2010)CrossRef J.-Y. Lee, C. Yoo, S.-Y. Jun, C.-Y. Ahn, H.-M. Oh: Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. 101, S75–S77 (2010)CrossRef
[45.26]
go back to reference J.X. Kang: Omega-3: A link between global climate change and human health, Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 388–390 (2011)CrossRef J.X. Kang: Omega-3: A link between global climate change and human health, Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 388–390 (2011)CrossRef
[45.27]
go back to reference B. William, W. Craig, M. James: Development of a docosahexaenoic acid production technology using schizochytrium. In: Single Cell Oils, ed. by Z. Cohen, C. Ratledge (AOCS, Urbana 2005) pp. 75–96 B. William, W. Craig, M. James: Development of a docosahexaenoic acid production technology using schizochytrium. In: Single Cell Oils, ed. by Z. Cohen, C. Ratledge (AOCS, Urbana 2005) pp. 75–96
[45.28]
go back to reference V. Patil, T. Kallqvist, E. Olsen, G. Vogt, H.R. Gislerod: Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed, Aquac. Int. 15, 1–9 (2007)CrossRef V. Patil, T. Kallqvist, E. Olsen, G. Vogt, H.R. Gislerod: Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed, Aquac. Int. 15, 1–9 (2007)CrossRef
[45.29]
go back to reference C.M. Williams, G. Burdge: Long-chain n-3 PUFA: Plant v. marine sources, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 65, 42–50 (2006)CrossRef C.M. Williams, G. Burdge: Long-chain n-3 PUFA: Plant v. marine sources, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 65, 42–50 (2006)CrossRef
[45.30]
go back to reference P. Gualtieri: Morphology of photoreceptor systems in microalgae, Micron 32, 411–426 (2000)CrossRef P. Gualtieri: Morphology of photoreceptor systems in microalgae, Micron 32, 411–426 (2000)CrossRef
[45.31]
go back to reference T. Matsunaga, H. Takeyama, H. Miyashita, H. Yokouchi: Marine microalgae. In: Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, ed. by R. Ulber, Y. Le Gal (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005) pp. 165–188 T. Matsunaga, H. Takeyama, H. Miyashita, H. Yokouchi: Marine microalgae. In: Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, ed. by R. Ulber, Y. Le Gal (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005) pp. 165–188
[45.32]
go back to reference S. Varfolomeev, L. Wasserman: Microalgae as source of biofuel, food, fodder, and medicines, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 47, 789–807 (2011)CrossRef S. Varfolomeev, L. Wasserman: Microalgae as source of biofuel, food, fodder, and medicines, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 47, 789–807 (2011)CrossRef
[45.33]
go back to reference M. Xavier: Microalgae and biofuels: A promising partnership?, Trends Biotechnol. 29, 542–549 (2011)CrossRef M. Xavier: Microalgae and biofuels: A promising partnership?, Trends Biotechnol. 29, 542–549 (2011)CrossRef
[45.34]
go back to reference P. Spolaore, C. Joannis-Cassan, E. Duran, A. Isambert: Commercial applications of microalgae, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101, 87–96 (2006)CrossRef P. Spolaore, C. Joannis-Cassan, E. Duran, A. Isambert: Commercial applications of microalgae, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101, 87–96 (2006)CrossRef
[45.35]
go back to reference P. Stolz, B. Obermayer: Manufacturing microalgae for skin care, Cosmet. Toilet. 120, 99–106 (2005) P. Stolz, B. Obermayer: Manufacturing microalgae for skin care, Cosmet. Toilet. 120, 99–106 (2005)
[45.36]
go back to reference I. Rawat, R. Ranjith Kumar, T. Mutanda, F. Bux: Dual role of microalgae: Phycoremediation of domestic wastewater and biomass production for sustainable biofuels production, Appl. Energ. 88, 3411–3424 (2011)CrossRef I. Rawat, R. Ranjith Kumar, T. Mutanda, F. Bux: Dual role of microalgae: Phycoremediation of domestic wastewater and biomass production for sustainable biofuels production, Appl. Energ. 88, 3411–3424 (2011)CrossRef
[45.37]
go back to reference E.J. Olguin: Phycoremediation: Key issues for cost-effective nutrient removal processes, Biotechnol. Adv. 22, 81–91 (2003)CrossRef E.J. Olguin: Phycoremediation: Key issues for cost-effective nutrient removal processes, Biotechnol. Adv. 22, 81–91 (2003)CrossRef
[45.38]
go back to reference S. Chinnasamy, A. Bhatnagar, R.W. Hunt, K.C. Das: Microalgae cultivation in a wastewater dominated by carpet mill effluents for biofuel applications, Bioresour. Technol. 101, 3097–3105 (2010)CrossRef S. Chinnasamy, A. Bhatnagar, R.W. Hunt, K.C. Das: Microalgae cultivation in a wastewater dominated by carpet mill effluents for biofuel applications, Bioresour. Technol. 101, 3097–3105 (2010)CrossRef
[45.39]
go back to reference L. Wang, M. Min, Y. Li, P. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, R. Ruan: Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162, 1174–1186 (2010)CrossRef L. Wang, M. Min, Y. Li, P. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, R. Ruan: Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162, 1174–1186 (2010)CrossRef
[45.40]
go back to reference K. Yamaguchi: Recent advances in microalgal bioscience in Japan, with special reference to utilization of biomass and metabolites: A review, J. Appl. Phycol. 8, 487–502 (1996)CrossRef K. Yamaguchi: Recent advances in microalgal bioscience in Japan, with special reference to utilization of biomass and metabolites: A review, J. Appl. Phycol. 8, 487–502 (1996)CrossRef
[45.41]
go back to reference A. Muller-Feuga: The role of microalgae in aquaculture: Situation and trends, J. Appl. Phycol. 12, 527–534 (2000)CrossRef A. Muller-Feuga: The role of microalgae in aquaculture: Situation and trends, J. Appl. Phycol. 12, 527–534 (2000)CrossRef
[45.42]
go back to reference M.A. Borowitzka: Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints, J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 393–401 (1997)CrossRef M.A. Borowitzka: Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints, J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 393–401 (1997)CrossRef
[45.43]
go back to reference F.B. Metting: Biodiversity and application of microalgae, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 477–489 (1996)CrossRef F.B. Metting: Biodiversity and application of microalgae, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 477–489 (1996)CrossRef
[45.44]
go back to reference R.T. Lorenz, G.R. Cysewski: Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin, Trends Biotechnol. 18, 160–167 (2000)CrossRef R.T. Lorenz, G.R. Cysewski: Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin, Trends Biotechnol. 18, 160–167 (2000)CrossRef
[45.45]
go back to reference M.A. Borowitzka: Commercial production of microalgae: Ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters, J. Biotechnol. 70, 313–321 (1999)CrossRef M.A. Borowitzka: Commercial production of microalgae: Ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters, J. Biotechnol. 70, 313–321 (1999)CrossRef
[45.46]
go back to reference D. Soletto, L. Binaghi, A. Lodi, J.C.M. Carvalho, A. Converti: Batch and fed-batch cultivations of Spirulina platensis using ammonium sulphate and urea as nitrogen sources, Aquaculture 243, 217–224 (2005)CrossRef D. Soletto, L. Binaghi, A. Lodi, J.C.M. Carvalho, A. Converti: Batch and fed-batch cultivations of Spirulina platensis using ammonium sulphate and urea as nitrogen sources, Aquaculture 243, 217–224 (2005)CrossRef
[45.47]
go back to reference G. Pinto, A. Pollio, L. Previtera, M. Stanzione, F. Temussi: Removal of low molecular weight phenols from olive oil mill wastewater using microalgae, Biotechnol. Lett. 25, 1657–1659 (2003)CrossRef G. Pinto, A. Pollio, L. Previtera, M. Stanzione, F. Temussi: Removal of low molecular weight phenols from olive oil mill wastewater using microalgae, Biotechnol. Lett. 25, 1657–1659 (2003)CrossRef
[45.48]
go back to reference S.A.C. Lima, P.M.L. Castro, R. Morais: Biodegradation of nitrophenol by microalgae, J. Appl. Phycol. 15, 137–142 (2003)CrossRef S.A.C. Lima, P.M.L. Castro, R. Morais: Biodegradation of nitrophenol by microalgae, J. Appl. Phycol. 15, 137–142 (2003)CrossRef
[45.49]
go back to reference M. Kulkarni, A. Chaudhari: Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by Pseudomonas putida, Bioresour. Technol. 97, 982–988 (2006)CrossRef M. Kulkarni, A. Chaudhari: Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by Pseudomonas putida, Bioresour. Technol. 97, 982–988 (2006)CrossRef
[45.50]
go back to reference R. Bermejo Román, J.M. Alvárez-Pez, F.G. Acién Fernández, E. Molina Grima: Recovery of pure B-phycoerythrin from the microalga Porphyridium cruentum, J. Biotechnol. 93, 73–85 (2002)CrossRef R. Bermejo Román, J.M. Alvárez-Pez, F.G. Acién Fernández, E. Molina Grima: Recovery of pure B-phycoerythrin from the microalga Porphyridium cruentum, J. Biotechnol. 93, 73–85 (2002)CrossRef
[45.51]
go back to reference P.J. Viskari, C.L. Colyer: Rapid extraction of phycobiliproteins from cultured cyanobacteria samples, Anal. Biochem. 319, 263–271 (2003)CrossRef P.J. Viskari, C.L. Colyer: Rapid extraction of phycobiliproteins from cultured cyanobacteria samples, Anal. Biochem. 319, 263–271 (2003)CrossRef
[45.52]
go back to reference J.A. Kralovec, K.L. Metera, J.R. Kumar, L.V. Watson, G.S. Girouard, Y. Guan, R.I. Carr, C.J. Barrow, H.S. Ewart: Immunostimulatory principles from Chlorella pyrenoidosa – Part 1: Isolation and biological assessment in vitro, Phytomedicine 14, 57–64 (2007)CrossRef J.A. Kralovec, K.L. Metera, J.R. Kumar, L.V. Watson, G.S. Girouard, Y. Guan, R.I. Carr, C.J. Barrow, H.S. Ewart: Immunostimulatory principles from Chlorella pyrenoidosa – Part 1: Isolation and biological assessment in vitro, Phytomedicine 14, 57–64 (2007)CrossRef
[45.53]
go back to reference C. Ratledge: Fatty acid biosynthesis in microorganisms being used for single cell oil production, Biochimie 86, 807–815 (2004)CrossRef C. Ratledge: Fatty acid biosynthesis in microorganisms being used for single cell oil production, Biochimie 86, 807–815 (2004)CrossRef
[45.54]
go back to reference O.P. Ward, A. Singh: Omega-3/6 fatty acids: Alternative sources of production, Process Biochem. 40, 3627–3652 (2005)CrossRef O.P. Ward, A. Singh: Omega-3/6 fatty acids: Alternative sources of production, Process Biochem. 40, 3627–3652 (2005)CrossRef
[45.55]
go back to reference Y. Jiang, F. Chen, S.Z. Liang: Production potential of docosahexaenoic acid by the heterotrophic marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, Process Biochem. 34, 633–637 (1999)CrossRef Y. Jiang, F. Chen, S.Z. Liang: Production potential of docosahexaenoic acid by the heterotrophic marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, Process Biochem. 34, 633–637 (1999)CrossRef
[45.56]
go back to reference L. Brennan, P. Owende: Biofuels from microalgae – A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 557–577 (2010)CrossRef L. Brennan, P. Owende: Biofuels from microalgae – A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 557–577 (2010)CrossRef
[45.57]
go back to reference T.M. Mata, A.A. Martins, N.S. Caetano: Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 217–232 (2010)CrossRef T.M. Mata, A.A. Martins, N.S. Caetano: Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 217–232 (2010)CrossRef
[45.58]
go back to reference J. Masojídek, G. Torzillo: Mass cultivation of freshwater microalgae. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology, (Academic, Oxford 2008) pp. 2226–2235CrossRef J. Masojídek, G. Torzillo: Mass cultivation of freshwater microalgae. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology, (Academic, Oxford 2008) pp. 2226–2235CrossRef
[45.59]
go back to reference F. Hempel, A.S. Bozarth, N. Lindenkamp, A. Klingl, S. Zauner, U. Linne, A. Steinbuechel, U.G. Maier: Microalgae as bioreactors for bioplastic production, Microb. Cell Fact. 10, 81 (2011)CrossRef F. Hempel, A.S. Bozarth, N. Lindenkamp, A. Klingl, S. Zauner, U. Linne, A. Steinbuechel, U.G. Maier: Microalgae as bioreactors for bioplastic production, Microb. Cell Fact. 10, 81 (2011)CrossRef
[45.60]
go back to reference O. Perez-Garcia: Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: Metabolism and potential products, Water Res. 45, 11–36 (2011)CrossRef O. Perez-Garcia: Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: Metabolism and potential products, Water Res. 45, 11–36 (2011)CrossRef
[45.61]
go back to reference Y.-C. Chen: The biomass and total lipid content and composition of twelve species of marine diatoms cultured under various environments, Food Chem. 131, 211–219 (2012)CrossRef Y.-C. Chen: The biomass and total lipid content and composition of twelve species of marine diatoms cultured under various environments, Food Chem. 131, 211–219 (2012)CrossRef
[45.62]
go back to reference Y. Zheng, Z. Chi, B. Lucker, S. Chen: Two-stage heterotrophic and phototrophic culture strategy for algal biomass and lipid production, Bioresour. Technol. 103, 484–488 (2012)CrossRef Y. Zheng, Z. Chi, B. Lucker, S. Chen: Two-stage heterotrophic and phototrophic culture strategy for algal biomass and lipid production, Bioresour. Technol. 103, 484–488 (2012)CrossRef
[45.63]
go back to reference Z. Li, H. Yuan, J. Yang, B. Li: Optimization of the biomass production of oil algae Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341, Bioresour. Technol. 102, 9128–9134 (2011)CrossRef Z. Li, H. Yuan, J. Yang, B. Li: Optimization of the biomass production of oil algae Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341, Bioresour. Technol. 102, 9128–9134 (2011)CrossRef
[45.64]
go back to reference T.T.Y. Doan, B. Sivaloganathan, J.P. Obbard: Screening of marine microalgae for biodiesel feedstock, Biomass Bioenerg. 35, 2534–2544 (2011)CrossRef T.T.Y. Doan, B. Sivaloganathan, J.P. Obbard: Screening of marine microalgae for biodiesel feedstock, Biomass Bioenerg. 35, 2534–2544 (2011)CrossRef
[45.65]
go back to reference J.L. Harwood, I.A. Guschina: The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism, Biochimie 91, 679–684 (2009)CrossRef J.L. Harwood, I.A. Guschina: The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism, Biochimie 91, 679–684 (2009)CrossRef
[45.66]
go back to reference A. Gupta, C.J. Barrow, M. Puri: Omega-3 biotechnology: Thraustochytrids as a novel source of omega-3 oils, Biotechnol. Adv. 30, 1733–1745 (2012)CrossRef A. Gupta, C.J. Barrow, M. Puri: Omega-3 biotechnology: Thraustochytrids as a novel source of omega-3 oils, Biotechnol. Adv. 30, 1733–1745 (2012)CrossRef
[45.67]
go back to reference S. Raghukumar: Ecology of the marine protists, the Labyrinthulomycetes (Thraustochytrids and Labyrinthulids), Eur. J. Protistol. 38, 127–145 (2002)CrossRef S. Raghukumar: Ecology of the marine protists, the Labyrinthulomycetes (Thraustochytrids and Labyrinthulids), Eur. J. Protistol. 38, 127–145 (2002)CrossRef
[45.68]
go back to reference A. Jakobsen, I. Aasen, K. Josefsen, A. Strøm: Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid in thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain T66: Effects of N and P starvation and O limitation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 80, 297–306 (2008)CrossRef A. Jakobsen, I. Aasen, K. Josefsen, A. Strøm: Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid in thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain T66: Effects of N and P starvation and O limitation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 80, 297–306 (2008)CrossRef
[45.69]
go back to reference H. Kimura, T. Fukuba, T. Naganuma: Biomass of thraustochytrid prototists in coastal water, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 189, 27–33 (1999)CrossRef H. Kimura, T. Fukuba, T. Naganuma: Biomass of thraustochytrid prototists in coastal water, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 189, 27–33 (1999)CrossRef
[45.70]
go back to reference A.D. Uttaro: Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lower eukaryotes, IUBMB Life 58, 563–571 (2006)CrossRef A.D. Uttaro: Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lower eukaryotes, IUBMB Life 58, 563–571 (2006)CrossRef
[45.71]
go back to reference M. Certik, S. Shimizu: Biosynthesis and regulation of microbial polyunsaturated fatty acid production, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 87, 1–14 (1999)CrossRef M. Certik, S. Shimizu: Biosynthesis and regulation of microbial polyunsaturated fatty acid production, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 87, 1–14 (1999)CrossRef
[45.72]
go back to reference S.L. Pereira, A.E. Leonard, Y.-S. Huang, L.-T. Chuang, P. Mukerji: Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the omega3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid, Biochem. J. 384, 357–366 (2004)CrossRef S.L. Pereira, A.E. Leonard, Y.-S. Huang, L.-T. Chuang, P. Mukerji: Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the omega3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid, Biochem. J. 384, 357–366 (2004)CrossRef
[45.73]
go back to reference J. Lippmeier, K. Crawford, C. Owen, A. Rivas, J. Metz, K. Apt: Characterization of both polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways in Schizochytrium. sp, Lipids 44, 621–630 (2009)CrossRef J. Lippmeier, K. Crawford, C. Owen, A. Rivas, J. Metz, K. Apt: Characterization of both polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways in Schizochytrium. sp, Lipids 44, 621–630 (2009)CrossRef
[45.74]
go back to reference J.G. Wallis, J.L. Watts, J. Browse: Polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis: What will they think of next?, Trends Biochem. Sci. 27, 467–473 (2002)CrossRef J.G. Wallis, J.L. Watts, J. Browse: Polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis: What will they think of next?, Trends Biochem. Sci. 27, 467–473 (2002)CrossRef
[45.75]
go back to reference N. Nagano, K. Sakaguchi, Y. Taoka, Y. Okita, D. Honda, M. Ito, M. Hayashi: Detection of genes involved in fatty acid elongation and desaturation in thraustochytrid marine eukaryotes, J. Oleo Sci. 60, 475–481 (2011)CrossRef N. Nagano, K. Sakaguchi, Y. Taoka, Y. Okita, D. Honda, M. Ito, M. Hayashi: Detection of genes involved in fatty acid elongation and desaturation in thraustochytrid marine eukaryotes, J. Oleo Sci. 60, 475–481 (2011)CrossRef
[45.76]
go back to reference A. Makri, S. Bellou, M. Birkou, K. Papatrehas, N.P. Dolapsakis, D. Bokas, S. Papanikolaou, G. Aggelis: Lipid synthesized by micro-algae grown in laboratory- and industrial-scale bioreactors, Eng. Life Sci. 11, 52–58 (2011)CrossRef A. Makri, S. Bellou, M. Birkou, K. Papatrehas, N.P. Dolapsakis, D. Bokas, S. Papanikolaou, G. Aggelis: Lipid synthesized by micro-algae grown in laboratory- and industrial-scale bioreactors, Eng. Life Sci. 11, 52–58 (2011)CrossRef
[45.77]
go back to reference Z.-Y. Wen, F. Chen: Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae, Biotechnol. Adv. 21, 273–294 (2003)CrossRef Z.-Y. Wen, F. Chen: Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae, Biotechnol. Adv. 21, 273–294 (2003)CrossRef
[45.78]
go back to reference S.M. Renaud, L.V. Thinh, D.L. Parry: The gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of 18 species of tropical Australian microalgae for possible use in mariculture, Aquaculture 170, 147–159 (1999)CrossRef S.M. Renaud, L.V. Thinh, D.L. Parry: The gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of 18 species of tropical Australian microalgae for possible use in mariculture, Aquaculture 170, 147–159 (1999)CrossRef
[45.79]
go back to reference M.P. Mansour, D.M.F. Frampton, P.D. Nichols, J.K. Volkman, S.I. Blackburn: Lipid and fatty acid yield of nine stationary-phase microalgae: Applications and unusual C-24-C-28 polyunsaturated fatty acids, J. Appl. Phycol. 17, 287–300 (2005)CrossRef M.P. Mansour, D.M.F. Frampton, P.D. Nichols, J.K. Volkman, S.I. Blackburn: Lipid and fatty acid yield of nine stationary-phase microalgae: Applications and unusual C-24-C-28 polyunsaturated fatty acids, J. Appl. Phycol. 17, 287–300 (2005)CrossRef
[45.80]
go back to reference E. Morita, Y. Kumon, T. Nakahara, S. Kagiwada, T. Noguchi: Docosahexaenoic acid production and lipid-body formation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, Mar. Biotechnol. 8, 319–327 (2006)CrossRef E. Morita, Y. Kumon, T. Nakahara, S. Kagiwada, T. Noguchi: Docosahexaenoic acid production and lipid-body formation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, Mar. Biotechnol. 8, 319–327 (2006)CrossRef
[45.81]
go back to reference M.K.M. Wong, C.K.M. Tsui, D.W.T. Au, L.L.P. Vrijmoed: Docosahexaenoic acid production and ultrastructure of the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium mangrovei MP2 under high glucose concentrations, Mycoscience 49, 266–270 (2008)CrossRef M.K.M. Wong, C.K.M. Tsui, D.W.T. Au, L.L.P. Vrijmoed: Docosahexaenoic acid production and ultrastructure of the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium mangrovei MP2 under high glucose concentrations, Mycoscience 49, 266–270 (2008)CrossRef
[45.82]
go back to reference S.D. Scott, R.E. Armenta, K.T. Berryman, A.W. Norman: Use of raw glycerol to produce oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by a thraustochytrid, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 48, 267–272 (2011)CrossRef S.D. Scott, R.E. Armenta, K.T. Berryman, A.W. Norman: Use of raw glycerol to produce oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by a thraustochytrid, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 48, 267–272 (2011)CrossRef
[45.83]
go back to reference S.H. Oh, J.G. Han, Y. Kim, J.H. Ha, S.S. Kim, M.H. Jeong, H.S. Jeong, N.Y. Kim, J.S. Cho, W.B. Yoon, S.Y. Lee, D.H. Kang, H.Y. Lee: Lipid production in Porphyridium cruentum grown under different culture conditions, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 108, 429–434 (2009)CrossRef S.H. Oh, J.G. Han, Y. Kim, J.H. Ha, S.S. Kim, M.H. Jeong, H.S. Jeong, N.Y. Kim, J.S. Cho, W.B. Yoon, S.Y. Lee, D.H. Kang, H.Y. Lee: Lipid production in Porphyridium cruentum grown under different culture conditions, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 108, 429–434 (2009)CrossRef
[45.84]
go back to reference F. Guihéneuf, V. Mimouni, L. Ulmann, G. Tremblin: Combined effects of irradiance level and carbon source on fatty acid and lipid class composition in the microalga Pavlova lutheri commonly used in mariculture, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 369, 136–143 (2009)CrossRef F. Guihéneuf, V. Mimouni, L. Ulmann, G. Tremblin: Combined effects of irradiance level and carbon source on fatty acid and lipid class composition in the microalga Pavlova lutheri commonly used in mariculture, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 369, 136–143 (2009)CrossRef
[45.85]
go back to reference M. Harel, W. Koven, I. Lein, Y. Bar, P. Behrens, J. Stubblefield, Y. Zohar, A.R. Place: Advanced DHA, EPA and ArA enrichment materials for marine aquaculture using single cell heterotrophs, Aquaculture 213, 347–362 (2002)CrossRef M. Harel, W. Koven, I. Lein, Y. Bar, P. Behrens, J. Stubblefield, Y. Zohar, A.R. Place: Advanced DHA, EPA and ArA enrichment materials for marine aquaculture using single cell heterotrophs, Aquaculture 213, 347–362 (2002)CrossRef
[45.86]
go back to reference K.W. Fan, F. Chen: Production of high-value products by marine microalgae thraustochytrids. In: Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources, ed. by Y. Shang-Tian (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2007) pp. 293–323CrossRef K.W. Fan, F. Chen: Production of high-value products by marine microalgae thraustochytrids. In: Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources, ed. by Y. Shang-Tian (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2007) pp. 293–323CrossRef
[45.87]
go back to reference P.K. Bajpai, P. Bajpai, O.P. Ward: Optimization of production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68, 509–514 (1991)CrossRef P.K. Bajpai, P. Bajpai, O.P. Ward: Optimization of production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68, 509–514 (1991)CrossRef
[45.88]
go back to reference Z.Y. Li, O.P. Ward: Production of DHA by Thraustochytrium roseum, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13, 238–241 (1994) Z.Y. Li, O.P. Ward: Production of DHA by Thraustochytrium roseum, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13, 238–241 (1994)
[45.89]
go back to reference T. Yamasaki, T. Aki, M. Shinozaki, M. Taguchi, S. Kawamoto, K. Ono: Utilization of Shochu distillery wastewater for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and xanthophylls using thraustochytrid, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 102, 323–327 (2006)CrossRef T. Yamasaki, T. Aki, M. Shinozaki, M. Taguchi, S. Kawamoto, K. Ono: Utilization of Shochu distillery wastewater for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and xanthophylls using thraustochytrid, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 102, 323–327 (2006)CrossRef
[45.90]
go back to reference Z. Chi, D. Pyle, W. Zhiyou, C. Frear, S. Chen: A laboratory study of producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste by microalgae fermentation, Process Biochem. 42, 1537–1545 (2007)CrossRef Z. Chi, D. Pyle, W. Zhiyou, C. Frear, S. Chen: A laboratory study of producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste by microalgae fermentation, Process Biochem. 42, 1537–1545 (2007)CrossRef
[45.91]
go back to reference P. Unagul, C. Assantachai, S. Phadungruengluij, M. Suphantharika, M. Tanticharoen, C. Verduyn: Coconut water as a medium additive for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C$22:6$ n3) by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02, Bioresour. Technol. 98, 281–287 (2007)CrossRef P. Unagul, C. Assantachai, S. Phadungruengluij, M. Suphantharika, M. Tanticharoen, C. Verduyn: Coconut water as a medium additive for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C$22:6$ n3) by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02, Bioresour. Technol. 98, 281–287 (2007)CrossRef
[45.92]
go back to reference D.J. Pyle, R.A. Garcia, Z. Wen: Producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich algae from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: Effects of impurities on DHA production and algal biomass composition, J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 3933–3939 (2008)CrossRef D.J. Pyle, R.A. Garcia, Z. Wen: Producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich algae from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: Effects of impurities on DHA production and algal biomass composition, J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 3933–3939 (2008)CrossRef
[45.93]
go back to reference L. Zhu, X. Zhang, X. Ren, Q. Zhu: Effects of culture conditions on growth and docosahexaenoic acid production from Schizochytrium limacinum, J. Ocean Univ. China Engl. Ed. 7, 83–88 (2008)CrossRef L. Zhu, X. Zhang, X. Ren, Q. Zhu: Effects of culture conditions on growth and docosahexaenoic acid production from Schizochytrium limacinum, J. Ocean Univ. China Engl. Ed. 7, 83–88 (2008)CrossRef
[45.94]
go back to reference B. Quilodran, I. Hinzpeter, A. Quiroz, C. Shene: Evaluation of liquid residues from beer and potato processing for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) by native thraustochytrid strains, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 2121–2128 (2009)CrossRef B. Quilodran, I. Hinzpeter, A. Quiroz, C. Shene: Evaluation of liquid residues from beer and potato processing for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) by native thraustochytrid strains, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 2121–2128 (2009)CrossRef
[45.95]
go back to reference Y. Liang, N. Sarkany, Y. Cui, J. Yesuf, J. Trushenki, J.W. Blackburn: Use of sweet sorghum juice for lipid production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, Bioresour. Technol. 101, 3623–3627 (2010)CrossRef Y. Liang, N. Sarkany, Y. Cui, J. Yesuf, J. Trushenki, J.W. Blackburn: Use of sweet sorghum juice for lipid production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, Bioresour. Technol. 101, 3623–3627 (2010)CrossRef
[45.96]
go back to reference S. Ethier, K. Woisard, D. Vaughan, Z. Wen: Continuous culture of the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol for producing docosahexaenoic acid, Bioresour. Technol. 102, 88–93 (2011)CrossRef S. Ethier, K. Woisard, D. Vaughan, Z. Wen: Continuous culture of the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol for producing docosahexaenoic acid, Bioresour. Technol. 102, 88–93 (2011)CrossRef
[45.97]
go back to reference W.-K. Hong, C. Kim, D. Rairakhwada, S. Kim, B.-K. Hur, A. Kondo, J.-W. Seo: Growth of the oleaginous microalga Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 on cellulosic biomass and the production of lipids containing high levels of docosahexaenoic acid, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 35, 129–133 (2012)CrossRef W.-K. Hong, C. Kim, D. Rairakhwada, S. Kim, B.-K. Hur, A. Kondo, J.-W. Seo: Growth of the oleaginous microalga Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 on cellulosic biomass and the production of lipids containing high levels of docosahexaenoic acid, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 35, 129–133 (2012)CrossRef
[45.98]
go back to reference B.-G. Ryu, K. Kim, J. Kim, J.-I. Han, J.-W. Yang: Use of organic waste from the brewery industry for high-density cultivation of the docosahexaenoic acid-rich microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp., KRS101, Bioresour. Technol. 129, 351–359 (2013)CrossRef B.-G. Ryu, K. Kim, J. Kim, J.-I. Han, J.-W. Yang: Use of organic waste from the brewery industry for high-density cultivation of the docosahexaenoic acid-rich microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp., KRS101, Bioresour. Technol. 129, 351–359 (2013)CrossRef
[45.99]
go back to reference A. Mendes, P. Guerra, V. Madeira, F. Ruano, T. da Lopes Silva, A. Reis: Study of docosahexaenoic acid production by the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii, CCMP 316 using carob pulp as a promising carbon source, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 1209–1215 (2007)CrossRef A. Mendes, P. Guerra, V. Madeira, F. Ruano, T. da Lopes Silva, A. Reis: Study of docosahexaenoic acid production by the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii, CCMP 316 using carob pulp as a promising carbon source, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 1209–1215 (2007)CrossRef
[45.100]
go back to reference S. Goldstein: Studies of a new species of Thraustochytrium that displays light stimulated growth, Mycologia 55, 799–811 (1963)CrossRef S. Goldstein: Studies of a new species of Thraustochytrium that displays light stimulated growth, Mycologia 55, 799–811 (1963)CrossRef
[45.101]
go back to reference A.M. Burja, H. Radianingtyas, A. Windust, C.J. Barrow: Isolation and characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acid producing Thraustochytrium species: Screening of strains and optimization of omega-3 production, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72, 1161–1169 (2006)CrossRef A.M. Burja, H. Radianingtyas, A. Windust, C.J. Barrow: Isolation and characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acid producing Thraustochytrium species: Screening of strains and optimization of omega-3 production, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72, 1161–1169 (2006)CrossRef
[45.102]
go back to reference T. Yaguchi, S. Tanaka, T. Yokochi, T. Nakahara, T. Higashihara: Production of high yields of docosahexaenoic acid by Schizochytrium sp. strain SR21, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 74, 1431–1434 (1997)CrossRef T. Yaguchi, S. Tanaka, T. Yokochi, T. Nakahara, T. Higashihara: Production of high yields of docosahexaenoic acid by Schizochytrium sp. strain SR21, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 74, 1431–1434 (1997)CrossRef
[45.103]
go back to reference T. Yokochi, D. Honda, T. Higashihara, T. Nakahara: Optimization of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49, 72–76 (1998)CrossRef T. Yokochi, D. Honda, T. Higashihara, T. Nakahara: Optimization of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49, 72–76 (1998)CrossRef
[45.104]
go back to reference L.-J. Ren, H. Huang, A.-H. Xiao, M. Lian, L.-J. Jin, X.-J. Ji: Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production by reinforcing acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply in Schizochytrium sp. HX-308, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 32, 837–843 (2009)CrossRef L.-J. Ren, H. Huang, A.-H. Xiao, M. Lian, L.-J. Jin, X.-J. Ji: Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production by reinforcing acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply in Schizochytrium sp. HX-308, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 32, 837–843 (2009)CrossRef
[45.105]
go back to reference Y. Taoka, N. Nagano, Y. Okita, H. Izumida, S. Sugimoto, M. Hayashi: Effect of Tween 80 on the growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 111, 420–424 (2011)CrossRef Y. Taoka, N. Nagano, Y. Okita, H. Izumida, S. Sugimoto, M. Hayashi: Effect of Tween 80 on the growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 111, 420–424 (2011)CrossRef
[45.106]
go back to reference T. Aki, K. Hachida, M. Yoshinaga, Y. Katai, T. Yamasaki, S. Kawamoto, T. Kakizono, T. Maoka, S. Shigeta, O. Suzuki, K. Ono: Thraustochytrid as a potential source of carotenoids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 80, 789–794 (2003)CrossRef T. Aki, K. Hachida, M. Yoshinaga, Y. Katai, T. Yamasaki, S. Kawamoto, T. Kakizono, T. Maoka, S. Shigeta, O. Suzuki, K. Ono: Thraustochytrid as a potential source of carotenoids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 80, 789–794 (2003)CrossRef
[45.107]
go back to reference M.L. Carmona, T. Naganuma, Y. Yamaoka: Identification by HPLC-MS of carotenoids of the Thraustochytrium CHN-1 strain isolated from the Seto Inland Sea, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67, 884–888 (2003)CrossRef M.L. Carmona, T. Naganuma, Y. Yamaoka: Identification by HPLC-MS of carotenoids of the Thraustochytrium CHN-1 strain isolated from the Seto Inland Sea, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67, 884–888 (2003)CrossRef
[45.108]
go back to reference R.E. Armenta, A. Burja, H. Radianingtyas, C.J. Barrow: Critical assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and co-enzyme Q10 from the thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 9752–9758 (2006)CrossRef R.E. Armenta, A. Burja, H. Radianingtyas, C.J. Barrow: Critical assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and co-enzyme Q10 from the thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 9752–9758 (2006)CrossRef
[45.109]
go back to reference W. Chatdumrong, Yongmanitchai Wichien, Limtong Savitree, W. Worawattanamateekul: Optimization of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production and improvement of astaxanthin content in a mutant Schizochytrium limacinum isolated from mangrove forest in Thailand, Nature Sci. 41, 324–334 (2007) W. Chatdumrong, Yongmanitchai Wichien, Limtong Savitree, W. Worawattanamateekul: Optimization of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production and improvement of astaxanthin content in a mutant Schizochytrium limacinum isolated from mangrove forest in Thailand, Nature Sci. 41, 324–334 (2007)
[45.110]
go back to reference Z. Perveen, H. Ando, A. Ueno, Y. Ito, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yamada, T. Takagi, T. Kaneko, K. Kogame, H. Okuyama: Isolation and characterization of a novel thraustochytrid-like microorganism that efficiently produces docosahexaenoic acid, Biotechnol. Lett. 28, 197–202 (2006)CrossRef Z. Perveen, H. Ando, A. Ueno, Y. Ito, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yamada, T. Takagi, T. Kaneko, K. Kogame, H. Okuyama: Isolation and characterization of a novel thraustochytrid-like microorganism that efficiently produces docosahexaenoic acid, Biotechnol. Lett. 28, 197–202 (2006)CrossRef
[45.111]
go back to reference Y. Zeng, X.-J. Ji, M. Lian, L.-J. Ren, L.-J. Jin, P.-K. Ouyang, H. Huang: Development of a temperature shift strategy for efficient docosahexaenoic acid production by a marine fungoid protist, Schizochytrium sp. HX-308, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 164, 249–255 (2011)CrossRef Y. Zeng, X.-J. Ji, M. Lian, L.-J. Ren, L.-J. Jin, P.-K. Ouyang, H. Huang: Development of a temperature shift strategy for efficient docosahexaenoic acid production by a marine fungoid protist, Schizochytrium sp. HX-308, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 164, 249–255 (2011)CrossRef
[45.112]
go back to reference J. Fang, M.J. Barcelona, Y. Nogi, C. Kato: Biochemical implications and geochemical significance of novel phospholipids of the extremely barophilic bacteria from the marianas trench at 11,000 m, Deep-Sea Res. I 47, 1173–1182 (2000)CrossRef J. Fang, M.J. Barcelona, Y. Nogi, C. Kato: Biochemical implications and geochemical significance of novel phospholipids of the extremely barophilic bacteria from the marianas trench at 11,000 m, Deep-Sea Res. I 47, 1173–1182 (2000)CrossRef
[45.113]
go back to reference J. Huang, T. Aki, T. Yokochi, T. Nakahara, D. Honda, S. Kawamoto, S. Shigeta, K. Ono, O. Suzuki: Grouping newly isolate docosahexaenoic acid-producing thraustochytrids based on their polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles and comparative analysis of 18S rRNA genes., Mar. Biotechnol. 5, 450–457 (2003)CrossRef J. Huang, T. Aki, T. Yokochi, T. Nakahara, D. Honda, S. Kawamoto, S. Shigeta, K. Ono, O. Suzuki: Grouping newly isolate docosahexaenoic acid-producing thraustochytrids based on their polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles and comparative analysis of 18S rRNA genes., Mar. Biotechnol. 5, 450–457 (2003)CrossRef
[45.114]
go back to reference Y. Kumon, T. Yokochi, T. Nakahara: High yield of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by labyrinthulids on soybean lecithin-dispersed agar medium, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69, 253–258 (2005)CrossRef Y. Kumon, T. Yokochi, T. Nakahara: High yield of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by labyrinthulids on soybean lecithin-dispersed agar medium, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69, 253–258 (2005)CrossRef
[45.115]
go back to reference E. Ganuza, A. Anderson, C. Ratledge: High-cell-density cultivation of Schizochytrium sp. in an ammonium/pH-auxostat fed-batch system, Biotechnol. Lett. 30, 1559–1564 (2008)CrossRef E. Ganuza, A. Anderson, C. Ratledge: High-cell-density cultivation of Schizochytrium sp. in an ammonium/pH-auxostat fed-batch system, Biotechnol. Lett. 30, 1559–1564 (2008)CrossRef
[45.116]
go back to reference D.D.R.B. Bailey, J.M. Hansen, P.J. Mirrasoul, C.M. Ruecker, I.I.I. Veeder, T. George, T. Kaneko, W.R. Barclay: Enhanced production of lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids by very high density cultures of eukaryotic microbes in fermentors, U.S. Patent 660790032 (2003) D.D.R.B. Bailey, J.M. Hansen, P.J. Mirrasoul, C.M. Ruecker, I.I.I. Veeder, T. George, T. Kaneko, W.R. Barclay: Enhanced production of lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids by very high density cultures of eukaryotic microbes in fermentors, U.S. Patent 660790032 (2003)
[45.117]
go back to reference P.P. Zhou, M.B. Lu, W. Li, L.J. Yu: Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid by a low temperature-adaptive strain Thraustochytriidae sp. Z105: Screening and optimization, J. Basic Microbiol. 50, 380–387 (2010)CrossRef P.P. Zhou, M.B. Lu, W. Li, L.J. Yu: Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid by a low temperature-adaptive strain Thraustochytriidae sp. Z105: Screening and optimization, J. Basic Microbiol. 50, 380–387 (2010)CrossRef
[45.118]
go back to reference L. Qu, X.J. Ji, L.J. Ren, Z.K. Nie, Y. Feng, W.J. Wu, P.K. Ouyang, H. Huang: Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp. using a two-stage oxygen supply control strategy based on oxygen transfer coefficient, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52, 22–27 (2011)CrossRef L. Qu, X.J. Ji, L.J. Ren, Z.K. Nie, Y. Feng, W.J. Wu, P.K. Ouyang, H. Huang: Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp. using a two-stage oxygen supply control strategy based on oxygen transfer coefficient, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52, 22–27 (2011)CrossRef
[45.119]
go back to reference S.T. Wu, L.P. Lin: Application of response surface methodology to optimise DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. SR31, J. Food Chem. 27, 127–139 (2003) S.T. Wu, L.P. Lin: Application of response surface methodology to optimise DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. SR31, J. Food Chem. 27, 127–139 (2003)
[45.120]
go back to reference S.J. Kalil, F. Maugeri, M.I. Rodrigues: Response surface analysis and simulation as a tool for bioprocess design and optimization, Process Biochem. 35, 539–550 (2000)CrossRef S.J. Kalil, F. Maugeri, M.I. Rodrigues: Response surface analysis and simulation as a tool for bioprocess design and optimization, Process Biochem. 35, 539–550 (2000)CrossRef
[45.121]
go back to reference T. Nakahara, T. Yokochi, T. Higashihara, S. Tanaka, T. Yaguchi, D. Honda: Production of docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids by Schizochytrium sp. isolated from Yap Islands, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73, 1421–1426 (1996)CrossRef T. Nakahara, T. Yokochi, T. Higashihara, S. Tanaka, T. Yaguchi, D. Honda: Production of docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids by Schizochytrium sp. isolated from Yap Islands, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73, 1421–1426 (1996)CrossRef
[45.122]
go back to reference Z. Chi, Y. Liu, C. Frear, S. Chen: Study of a two-stage growth of DHA-producing marine algae Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 with shifting dissolved oxygen level, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81, 1141–1148 (2009)CrossRef Z. Chi, Y. Liu, C. Frear, S. Chen: Study of a two-stage growth of DHA-producing marine algae Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 with shifting dissolved oxygen level, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81, 1141–1148 (2009)CrossRef
[45.123]
go back to reference W.-K. Hong, D. Rairakhwada, P.-S. Seo, S.-Y. Park, B.-K. Hur, C. Kim, J.-W. Seo: Production of lipids containing high levels of docosahexaenoic acid by a newly isolated microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 164, 1468–1480 (2011)CrossRef W.-K. Hong, D. Rairakhwada, P.-S. Seo, S.-Y. Park, B.-K. Hur, C. Kim, J.-W. Seo: Production of lipids containing high levels of docosahexaenoic acid by a newly isolated microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 164, 1468–1480 (2011)CrossRef
[45.124]
go back to reference E. Ganuza, M. Izquierdo: Lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium G13/2S produced in continuous culture, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76, 985–990 (2007)CrossRef E. Ganuza, M. Izquierdo: Lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium G13/2S produced in continuous culture, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76, 985–990 (2007)CrossRef
[45.125]
go back to reference K. Kim, E. Jung Kim, B.-G. Ryu, S. Park, Y.-E. Choi, J.-W. Yang: A novel fed-batch process based on the biology of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 for the production of biodiesel and docosahexaenoic acid, Bioresour. Technol. 135, 269–274 (2013)CrossRef K. Kim, E. Jung Kim, B.-G. Ryu, S. Park, Y.-E. Choi, J.-W. Yang: A novel fed-batch process based on the biology of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 for the production of biodiesel and docosahexaenoic acid, Bioresour. Technol. 135, 269–274 (2013)CrossRef
[45.126]
go back to reference T.Y. Huang, W.C. Lu, I.M. Chu: A fermentation strategy for producing docosahexaenoic acid in Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 and increasing C$22:6$ proportions in total fatty acid, Bioresour. Technol. 123, 8–14 (2012)CrossRef T.Y. Huang, W.C. Lu, I.M. Chu: A fermentation strategy for producing docosahexaenoic acid in Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 and increasing C$22:6$ proportions in total fatty acid, Bioresour. Technol. 123, 8–14 (2012)CrossRef
[45.127]
go back to reference P.K. Zuñiga, F.A. Ciobanu, O.M. Nuñeza, K.D. Stark: The use of direct transesterification methods and autoclaving for determining fatty acid yields from dried Philippine thraustochytrids, a potential source of docosahexaenoic acid, J. Funct. Foods 4, 915–923 (2012)CrossRef P.K. Zuñiga, F.A. Ciobanu, O.M. Nuñeza, K.D. Stark: The use of direct transesterification methods and autoclaving for determining fatty acid yields from dried Philippine thraustochytrids, a potential source of docosahexaenoic acid, J. Funct. Foods 4, 915–923 (2012)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Produced from Microalgae
Authors
Munish Puri
Tamilselvi Thyagarajan
Adarsha Gupta
Colin J. Barrow
Copyright Year
2015
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53971-8_45

Premium Partners