Options for Utilization of Waste

Achternbosch M, Bräutigam K-R, Hartlieb N, Kupsch C, Richers U, Stemmerman P (2005) Impact of the use of waste on trace element concentrations in cement and concrete. Waste Manag Res 23:328–337. Available at: http://wmr.sagepub.com/content/23/4/328.full.pdf

Aeslina Abdul Kadir AA, Mohajerani A (2011) Bricks: an excellent building material for recycling wastes – a review. In: Proceedings of the IASTED international conference environmental management and engineering, July 4–6, 2011 Calgary, AB, Canada

Ahmad S, Iqbal Malik M, Bashir Wani M, Ahmad R (2013) Study of concrete involving use of waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement. IOSR J Eng 3(11):6–15

Ahmadi B, Al-Khaja W (2001) Utilization of paper waste sludge in the building construction industry. Resour Conserv Recycl 32(2):105–113

Ahmaruzzaman M (2011) Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 166:36–59

Aitken MN, Lewis JG, Evans B (1995) The effects on soil fertility from applying paper mill sludge to agricultural land. Soil Use Manag 11(3):152–153

Albertson DM (1999) Paper sludge-waste disposal problem or energy opportunity. Energy Products of Idaho

Allan E, Talat M (2007) Pretreatment technologies for advancing anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper biotreatment residues. Water Res 41(19):4273–4286

Amberg HR (1984) Sludge dewatering and disposal in the pulp and paper industry. J WPCF 56(8):962–969

Anderson S (1991) Special Report 91-11, NCASI, New York, USA

Andreola F, Barbieri L, Lancellotti I, Pozzi P (2005) Recycling industrial waste in brick manufacture. Part 1. Mater Constr 55:5–16

Anon (2004) Paper mill sludge converted to glass aggregate. Recycled Pap News 14(7):2–3

Anon (2005) Turning sludge into animal bedding. Pap Technol 46(9):7

Arrouge T, Moresoli C, Soucy G (1998) Primary and secondary sludge composting: a technico-economical study. 84th Annual meeting, technical section, CPPA, Montreal, Canada

Arrouge T, Moresoli C, Soucy G (1999) Primary and secondary sludge composting: a feasibility study. Pulp Pap Can 100:33–36

Asquini L, Furlani E, Bruckner S, Maschio S (2008) Production and characterization of sintered ceramics from paper mill sludge and glass cullet. Chemosphere 71:83–89

Atkinson CF, Jones DD, Gauthier JJ (1996) Biodegradabilities and microbial activities during composting of oxidation and ditch sludge. Compost Sci Utilization 4:84–96

Atwell JS (1981) Disposal of boiler ash. Tappi J 64(8):67–70

Aycan N, Turan NG (2014) Effects of different agro-based materials on composting of pulp/paper-mill sludge. Arch Environ Protect 40(1):23–31. doi:10.2478/aep-2014-0005, ISSN (Online) 2083-4810, ISSN (Print) 2083-4772

Bajpai P (2000) Treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents with anaerobic technology. PIRA International, Surrey

Bajpai P (2011) Biotechnology for pulp and paper processing. Springer, New York

Bajpai P, Bajpai PK, Kondo R (1999) Biotechnology for environmental protection in pulp and paper industry. Springer, Berlin, pp 209–238, Chapter 10

Ballesteros M, Oliva JM, Manzanares P, Negro MJ, Ballesteros I (2002) Ethanol production from paper material using a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation system in a fed-batch basis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:559–561

Bardhan S, Watson M, Dick WA (2008) Plant growth response in experimental soilless mixes prepared from coal combustion products and organic waste materials. Soil Sci 173:489–500

Barkalow DG, Young RA (1985) Cellulose derivatives derived from pulp and paper mill sludge. J Wood Chem Technol 5:293–312

Battaglia A, Calace N, Nardi E, Maria Petronio BM, Pietroletti M (2003) Paper mill sludge–soil mixture: kinetic and thermodynamic tests of cadmium and lead sorption capability. Microchem J 75:97–102

Bayer L, Frund R, Mueller K (1992) Short-term effects of a secondary paper mill sludge application on soil properties in a Psammentic Haplumbrept under cultivation. Sci Total Environ 197:127–137

Baziramakenga R, Simard RR (2001) Effect of de-inking paper sludge compost on nutrient uptake and yields of snap bean and potatoes grown in rotation. Compost Sci Utilization 9:115–126

Baziramakenga R, Simard RR, Lalande R (2001) Effect of de-inking paper sludge compost application on soil chemical and biological properties. Can J Soil Sci 81:561–585

Beauchamp C, Charest MH, Gosselin A (2002) Examination of environmental quality of raw and composting de-inking paper sludge. Chemosphere 46:887–895

Bellamy K (1995) Prospects for the utilization of paper mill sludges in manufactured products. ORTECH, Mississauga, 95-T12- B003968

Bellamy KL, Chong C, Cline RA (1995) Paper sludge utilisation in agriculture and container nursery culture. J Environ Qual 24:1074–1082

Ben-Reuven M (1997) Conversion of paper-mill sludge into pelletized, composite activated sorbent; Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) – phase I (1997). EPA, Washington

Benito M, Masaguer A, DeAntonio R, Moliner A (2005) Use of pruning waste compost as a component in soilless growing media. Bioresour Technol 96:597–603

Berg A, Karlsson A, Jörgen E, Fredrik N (2011) Utvärdering av samrötningspotential för bioslam från massa-/pappersbruk. Skogsindustriella programmet 1175. Värmeforsk

Bernal MP, Alburquerque JA, Moral R (2009) Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment: a review. Bioresour Technol 100:5444–5453. doi:10.1016/j biortech.2008.11.027

Beyer L, Frund R, Mueller K (1997) Short-term effects of a secondary paper mill sludge application on soil properties in a Psammentic Haplumbrept under cultivation. Sci Total Environ 197:127–137

Bezigian T (1995). Alternative solutions to landfilling paper mill packaging waste. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, p 459–473

Bird M, Talbert J (2008) Waste stream reduction and re-use in the pulp and paper sector Washington State Department of Ecology Industrial Footprint Project, Center for Sustainable Economy www.sustainable-economy.org

Black BL, Zimmerman RH (2002) Mixture of coal ash and compost as substrates for highbush blueberry. J Am Soc Hort Sci 127:869–877

Blawaik SA, Raut SP (2011) Utilization of waste paper pulp by partial replacement of cement in concrete. Int J Eng Res Appl 1(2):300–309. Available at: http://ijera.com/pages/v1no2.html

Bockheim JG, Benzel TC, Lu RL, Thiel DA (1988a) Sludge increases pulpwood production. BioCycle 29:57–59

Bockheim JG, Benzel TC, Lu RL, Thiel DA (1988b) Groundwater and soil leachate inorganic nitrogen in a Wisconsin red pine plantation amended with paper industry sludge. J Environ Qual 17:729–734

Boni MR, D’Aprile L, De Casa G (2004) Environmental quality of primary paper sludge. J Hazard Mater 108:125–128

Braman JR (1993). Forest fertilization with sludge in Malaspina College research forest, Operations report on Malaspina project 1992, Feb 1993:1–46

British geological survey (2005) Cement raw materials [internet document]. Available at: www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1408

Brouillette M, Trepanier L, Gallichand J, Beauchamp C (1996) Composting paper mill sludge with forced aeration. Can Agric Eng 38(2):115–122

Bruce D (1994) Sludge combustion – current practices and issues. In: Technology and environmental enhancement in pulp and paper mills. Workshop proceedings #3, March 30–31, 1994, Ottawa, p 75

Brunjes U (2008) Pozzolans. [Online] Available at: http://ferrocement.net/ferro/files/pozzolans-uwe.html

Budhavaram NK, Fan Z (2009) Production of lactic acid from paper sludge using acid-tolerant, thermophilic Bacillus coagulan strains. Bioresour Technol 100(23):5966–5972

Bullock R (1984) U.S. Pat. 4,479,912. Fiber board composition

Busbin SJ (1995) Fuel specifications – sludge. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 349–355

Buswell AM, Mueller HF (1952) Mechanism of methane fermentation. Ind Eng Chem 44(3):550–552

Butt KR (1993) Utilization of solid paper-mill sludge and spent brewery yeast as a feed for soil-dwelling earthworms. Bioresour Technol 44:105–107

Cabral F, Vasconcelos E, Goss MJ, Cordovil CMDS (1998) The value, use, and environmental impacts of pulp-mill sludge additions to forest and agricultural lands in Europe. Environ Rev 6:55–64

Calace N, Nardi E, Petronio BM, Pietroletti M (2002) Adsorption of phenols by paper mill sludges. Environ Pollut 118:315–319

Calace N, Nardi E, Petronio BM, Pietroletti M, Tosti G (2003) Metal ion removal from water by sorption on paper mill sludge. Chemosphere 8(51):797–803

Camberato JJ, Vance ED, Someshwar AV (1997) Composition and land application of paper manufacturing residuals. In: Rechcigl JE, MacKinnon HC (eds) Agricultural uses of byproducts and wastes. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 185–202

Campbell AG, Engebretson RR, Tripepi RR (1991) Composting a combined RMP/CMP pulp and paper sludge. TAPPI 74(9):183–191

Campbell AG, Zhang X, Tripepi RR (1995) Composting and evaluating a pulp and paper sludge for use as a soil amendment/mulch. Compost Sci Utilization 3(1):84–95

Campbell A, Folk R, Tripepi RR (1997) Wood ash as an amendment in municipal sludge and yard waste composting processes. Compost Sci Utilization 5(1):62–73

Carter CN (1983) Composting disposes of sludge, yields byproduct at Glatfelter. Pulp Pap 57(3):102–104

Carvalho MA, Calil C Jr, Savastano H Jr, Tubino R, Carvalho MT (2007) Microstructure and mechanical properties of gypsum composites reinforced with recycled cellulose pulp. Mater Res J 11(4):391–397

Caulfield, P (2012) Unlocking the value in Sludge. Pulp and Paper Canada, May/June issue, 113(3):18–19

Cavaleri A, Contu D (2011) Process for manufacturing insulating material. s.l. Patent No. EP 2389479 A2

Cavka A, Guo X, Tang SJ, Winestrand S, Jönsson LJ, Feng Hong F (2013) Production of bacterial cellulose and enzyme from waste fiber sludge. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:25. doi:10.1186/1754-6834-6-25

Ceccanti B, Masciandaro G (1999) Researchers study vermicomposting of municipal and paper mill sludges. BioCycle 1999:71–72

Cernec F, Zule J, Moze A, Ivanu A (2005) Chemical and microbiological stability of waste sludge from paper industry intended for brick production. Waste Manag Res 23:106–112

Chan KY, Xu ZH (2009) Biochar – nutrient properties and their enhancement. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. Earthscan, London, pp 67–84

Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2007) Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil Res 45:629–634

Chan YK, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2008) Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Aust J Soil Res 46:437–444

Chantigny MH, Angers DA, Beauchamp CJ (1999) Aggregation and organic matter decomposition in soils amended with de-inking paper sludge. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1214–1221

Chantigny MH, Angers DA, Beauchamp CJ (2000) Decomposition of deinking paper sludge in agricultural soils as characterized by carbohydrate analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1561–1570

Charest MH, Beauchamp CJ (2002) Composting of de-inking paper sludge with poultry manure at three nitrogen levels using mechanical turning: behavior of physico-chemical parameters. Bioresour Technol 81(2002):7–17

Chen Y, Inbar Y, Hadar Y (1988) Composted agricultural wastes as potting media for ornamental plants. Soil Sci 145(4):298–303

Cheremisinoff NP (2002) Handbook of water and wastewater treatment technologies. Elsevier, Boston

Cheung S, Anderson B (1996) Ethanol production from wastewater solids. Water Environ Technol 8:55–60

Chong C (1993) Recycling Ontario papermill sludge in nursery culture. In: Proceedings of the Pulp mill waste utilization in the forest. Clear Lake, Edmonton, Ont., Canada, pp 59–60

Chong C, Cline RA (1991) Composts from paper mill wastes. Landsc Trades 13(9):8–11

Chong C, Cline RA (1993) Response of four ornamental shrub to container substrate amended with two sources of raw paper-mill sludge. HortScience 28:807–809

Chong C, Kline RA (1994) Response of container-grown nursery crops to raw and composted paper mill sludges. Compost Sci Utilisation 2:90–96

Chong C, Cline RA, Rinker DL (1987) Spent mushroom compost and papermill sludge as soil amendments for containerized nursery crops. Proc Intl Plant Prop Soc 37:347–353

Chong C, Cline RA, Rinker DL (1991) Organic wastes as growing media. Comb Proc Intl Plant Prop SOC 41:315–319

Christmas P (2002) Building materials from deinking plant residues – a sustainable solution. COST Workshop Managing Pulp and Paper Residues, Barcelona

Chun YM (2002) Investigation on the use of pulp and paper mill residual solids in producing durable concrete. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, 256 pp

Chun YM, Naik TR (2004) Repulping fibrous residuals from pulp and paper mills for recycling in concrete. Tappi J 3:7–10

Chun YM, Naik TR (2005) Concrete with paper industry fibrous residuals: mixture proportioning. ACI Mater J 102:237–243

Chun Y, Naik TR, Kraus RN (2005) Durable concrete through use of pulp and paper mill residuals, composites in construction 2005 In: Hamelin et al (eds) Third international conference. ISBN, Lyon, France, July 11–13, 2005

Cisar JL, Snyder GH (1992) Sod production on a solid-waste compost over plastic. Hortscience 27(3):219–222

Clarke M, Guidotti P (1995) Waste incineration in the pulp and paper industry. Pap Technol 36:26–30

Cline RA, Chong C (1991) Putting paper mill waste to use in agriculture. Highlights Res Ont 14(l):16–19

Coda B, Berger R, Heinn KRG (2002) Sustainable utilization of paper sludge for energy conversion: economic potential and environmental feasibility. International conference, new and renewable technologies for sustainable development. Kluwer Academic publishers, pp 155–168

Confederation of European Paper Industry (CEPI) (2004) Discovering the high potential of pulp and paper production residues

CSIRO Division of Soils (1979) Composting – making soil improver from rubbish. Discovering soils No. 3

Daft G, Poole HA, Hoitink HAJ (1979) Composted hardwood bark: a substitute for steam sterilization and fungicide drenches for control of poinsettia crown and root rot. Hortscience 14(2):185–187

Das KC, Tollne, EW, Tornabene TG (1998) Composting pulp and paper industry solid wastes: process design and product evaluation,. In: Proceedings of the composting in the southeast-conference and expo. Athens, GA, Sept. 9–11, 1998. University of Georgia, Athens

Das KC, Tollner EW, Tornabene TG (2001) Composting by-products from a bleached kraft pulping process: effect of type and amount of nitrogen amendment. Compost Sci Utilization 9(3):256–265

Das KC, Tollner EW, Tornabene TG (2002) Windrow composting of paper mill by- products: scale-up and seasonal effects. Compost Sci Utilization 10(4):347–355

Davey CB (1953) Sawdust composts: their preparation and effect on plant growth. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 17:59–60

David PK (1995) Converting paper, paper mill sludge and other industrial wastes into pellet fuel. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 365–367

Davis DA, Gounder PK, Shelor FM (1995) Combined cycle-fluidized bed combustion of sludges and other pulp and paper mill wastes to useful energy. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental Issues and Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 379–384

Davis E, Shaler SM, Goodell B (2003) The incorporation of paper deinking sludge into fiberboard. For Prod J 53(11/12):46–54, Available through: EBSCO host business source complete database

Demeyer A, Verloo M (1999) Evaluation of paper sludge as organic fertilizer for the growth of rye grass on a Belgian clay soil. Agrochimica 43:243–250

Demir I, Baspinar MS, Orhan M (2005) Utilization of kraft pulp production residues in clay brick production. Build Environ 40(11):1533–1537

Demirbas A (2004) Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues. J Anal Appl Pyrol 72:243–248

Devi P, Saroha AK (2014) Risk analysis of pyrolyzed biochar made from paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge for bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals. Bioresour Technol 162:308–315

Deviatkin I (2013) Wastewater treatment and deinking sludge utilization possibilities for energy and material recovery in the Leningrad region. Master’s thesis Lappeenranta University of Technology

Dick WA, McCoy EL (1993) Enhancing soil fertility by addition of compost. In: Hoitink HAJ, Keener HM (eds) Science and engineering of composting: design, environmental, microbiological and utilization aspects. Renaissance Publications, Worthington, pp 623–644

Diehn K (1991) Recycling a deinking mill’s waste through landspreading. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 739–746

Diehn K, Zuercher B (1990) A waste management program for paper mill sludge high in ash. TAPPI J 73(4):81–86

Directive Landfill 1999/31/EC

Dolar SG, Boyle JR, Keeney DR (1972) Paper mill sludge disposal on soils: effects on the yield and mineral nutrition of oats (Avena sativa L.). J Environ Qual 1(4):405–409

Domínguez J, Edwards CA (1997) Effects of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of Eisenia andrei (oligochaeta) in pig manure. Soil Biol Biochem 29(3/4):743–746

Domke SB, Aiello-Mazzarri C, Holtzapple MT (2004) Mixed acid fermentation of paper fines and industrial biosludge. Bioresour Technol 91:41–51

Dondi M, Marsigli M, Fabbri B (1997a) Recycling of industrial and urban wastes in brick production – a review. Tile Brick Int 13(3):218–225

Dondi M, Marsigli M, Fabbri B (1997b) Recycling of industrial and urban wastes in brick production – a review (part 2). Tile Brick Int 13(4):302–315

Dorica J, Simandl J (1995) Separation of fiber and ash in deinking effluents—a case study. Tappi J 78:109–116

Downie A, Munroe P, Crosky A (2009) Characteristics of biochar – physical and structural properties. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. Earthscan, London, pp 13–29

Drolet JY, Baril P (1997) A review of constraints and opportunities for the land application of paper mill sludges and residues. Pulp Pap Can 98(6):63–66

Duggan J (1973) Utilization of municipal refuse compost: I-field-scale compost demonstrations. Compost Sci 14(2):24–25

Dutta R, Henry M (2006) Lactic acid: recent advances in products, processes and technologies—a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1119–1129

Ecohaus Inc (2009) Homasote [internet site]. Available at: http://www.ecohaus.com/C-611/homasote

Edalat Manesh M (2012) Utilization of pulp and paper mill sludge as filler in nylon biocomposite production. Ph.D thesis, University of Toronto, Canada

Edalatmanesh M, Sain M, Liss SN (2012) Enzymatic modification of secondary sludge by lipase and laccase to improve the nylon/sludge composite properties. J Reinf Plast Compos (Impact Fact: 09) 31(3):179–188. doi:10.1177/0731684411433186

Edwards CA, Bohlen PJ (1996) Biology and ecology of earthworms. Chapman and Hall, London

Edwards CA, Burrows I (1988) The potential of earthworm composts as plant growth media. In: Edwards CA, Neuhauser EE (eds) Earthworms in waste and environmental management. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp 211–219

Edwards CA, Niederer A (1988) The production and processing of earthworms protein. In: Earthworms in waste and in environment. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp 169–180

Eifling RB, Ebbers HJ (2006) Cellulose absorbent, U.S. Patents 703,8104 B1

Einspahr D, Fiscus M (1984) Paper mill sludge as a soil amendment. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 253–257

Ekinci K, Keener HM, Elwell DL (2000) Composting short paper fibre with broiler litter and additives. Part I. Effects of initial pH and carbon/nitrogen ratio on ammonia emission. Compost Sci Util 8(2):160–172

Ekinci K, Keener HM, Elwell DL (2002) Composting short paper fiber with broiler litter and additives. II. Evaluation and optimization of decomposition rate versus mixing ratio. Compost Sci Util 10(1):16–28

Elliott A, Mahmood T (2007) Pretreatment technologies for advancing anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper biotreatment residues. Water Res 41:4273–4286

Ellis EG, Fenchel U (1980) Disposing of paper mill sludge and recovering filler clay. Ind Waste 26(2):12

Elvira C, Dominguez J (1995) Vermicomposting for the paper pulp industry. BioCycle 36(6):62–63

Elvira C, Goicoechea M, Sampedro L, Mato S, Nogales R (1996) Bioconversion of solid paper-pulp mill sludges by earthworms. Bioresour Technol 57:173–177

Elvira C, Sampedro L, Dominguez J, Mato S (1997) Vermicomposting of wastewater sludge from paper pulp industry with nitrogen rich materials. Soil Biol Biochem 29(3/4):759–762

Elvira C, Sampedro L, Benitez E, Nogales R (1998) Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: a pilot-scale study. Bioresour Technol 63:205–211

Engel P, Moore B (1998) Recycled mills seek options to turn deinking residuals into resources. Pulp Pap 72(4):83–84

Eroglu V, Saatci AM (1993) Reuse of sludge from pulp and paper industry pilot and full-scale applications. Water Sci Technol 28:17–26

Ettlin L, Stewart B (1993) Yard debris compost for erosion control. BioCycle 34(12):46–47

European Commission (2001) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Reference document on best available techniques in the pulp and paper industry. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Seville

European Commission (2006) Reference document on best available techniques for waste incineration. [Online] Available at: http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/wi_bref_0806.pdf. Accessed 4 May 2013

European Commission (2010) Reference document on best available techniques in the cement, lime and magnesium oxide manufacturing industries. [Online] Available at: http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/clm_bref_0510.pdf. Accessed 4 May 2013

Evans JC (1983) Rayonier produces animal feed from secondary sludge at sulfite mill. Pulp Pap 57(3):124–126

Evanylo GK, Daniels WL, Li RS (1999) Paper mill sludge composting and compost utilization. Compost Sci Util 7:30–39

Evanylo G, Booze-Daniels JN, Daniels WL, Haering K (2000) Soil Amendments for Roadside Vegetation in Virginia. In: Proceedings of the 2000 conference: Y2K composting in the Southeast, October, 2000, Charlottesville, Virginia, pp 89–97

Fan Z, Lynd LR (2006) Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol. I: impact of feeding frequency and mixing energy characterization. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 30:27–34

Fan Z, Lynd LR (2007a) Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol. I: impact of feeding frequency and mixing energy characterization. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 30:27–34

Fan Z, Lynd LR (2007b) Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol. II: process design and economics analysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 30:35–45

Fan Z, South C, Lyford K, Munsie J, van Walsum P, Lynd LR (2003) Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol in a semicontinuous solids-fed reactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 26:93–101

Feagley SE, Valdez MS, Hudnall WH (1994a) Papermill sludge, phosphorous, potassium, and lime effect on clover grown on a mine soil. J Environ Qual 23:759–765

Feagley SE, Valdez MS, Hudnall WH (1994b) Bleached, primary papermill sludge effect on bermudagrass grown on a mine soil. Soil Sci 157:389–397

Fein JE, Patel GB, Cook CR (1989) Anaerobic digestion of Kraft Mill primary sludge. In: TAPPI environmental conference proceedings, Orlando, pp 143–148

Ferguson KH (1992) Prime fiber recycles laser-inked waste with chemical/mechanical technologies. Pulp Pap 57(Dec):64

Field LA (1989) The effect of tannic on anaerobic wastewater treatment. PhD thesis, Department Water Pollution Control, Agricultural University of Wageningin, Wageningin, The Netherlands

Field A, Leyendeckers MH, Sierra-Alvarez R, Lettinga G, Habets LHA (1988) The methanogenic toxicity of bark tannins and the anerobic biodegradability of water soluble bark matter. Water Sci Technol 20:219–240

Finstein MS, Morris ML (1975) Microbiology of municipal waste composting. Appl Microbiol 19:113–151

FioRito WA (1995) Destructive distillation – paper mill sludge management alternative. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-a Tappi Press anthology of published papers 1991–1994. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 425–429

Fisher C (1988) The nutritional value of earthworm meal for poultry. In: Earthworms in waste and in environment. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp 181±192

Fitzpatrick GE (1989) Solid waste composts as growing media. BioCycle 30(9):6363

Fitzpatrick J, Seiler GS (1995) Fluid bed incineration of paper mill sludge. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 369–378

Fowler PA, Hughes JM, Elias RM (2006) Biocomposites: technology, environmental credentials and market forces. J Sci Food Agric 86:1781–1789

Frederick J, Iisa K, Lundy JR, O’ Connor WK, Reis K, Scott AT, Sinquefield SA, Sricharoenchaikul V, Van Vooren CA (1996) Energy and materials recovery from recycled paper sludge. Tappi J 79(6):123–131

Frederickson J, Butt KR, Morris RM, Daniel C (1997) Combining vermiculture with traditional green waste composting systems. Soil Bio Biochem 29(314):725–730

Frias M, Vegas I, Vigil de la Villa R, Garcia R (2011) Recycling of waste paper sludge in cements: characterization and behavior of new eco-efficient matrices. In: Integrated waste management – vol II. Croatia, pp 302–318

Furlani E, Brückner S, Minichelli D, Maschio S (2008) Synthesis and characterization of ceramics from coal fly ash and incinerated paper mill sludge. Ceram Int 34(8):2137–2142

Gagnon D, Haney HE (2005) Oxycair solution: new and unique technology for pulp and paper secondary sludge management. 91st Annual Meeting Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada (PAPTAC). February 7–10, 2005. Palais des Congrès, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Preprints 2005 PAPTAC ATPPC, 4pp

Gajalakshmi S, Ramasamy EV, Abbasi SA (2001) Screening of four species of detritivorous (humus-former) earthworms for sustainable vermicomposting of paper waste. Environ Technol 22:679–685

Gallardo RS, Adajar MAQ (2006) Structural performance of concrete with paper sludge as fine aggregates partial replacement enhanced with admixtures. In: Symposium on infrastructure development and the environment, University of the Philippines, December 2006

Garcia C, Hernande T, Costa F (1991) Agronomic value of urban waste and the growth of ryegrass (Latium perenne).in a calciorthid soil amended with this waste. J Sci Food Agric 56:457–467

Garcia Alba L, Torri C, Samori C, Spek JJ, Fabbri D, Kersten SRA, Brilman DWF (2012) Hydrothermal Treatment (HTT) of microalgae: evaluation of the process as conversion method in an algae biorefinery concept. Energy Fuels 26(1):642–657, ISSN 0887-0624

Garcia-Becerra FY, Acosta EJ, Allen DG (2010) Alkaline extraction of wastewater activated sludge biosolids. Bioresour Technol 101(18):6983–6991

Garg N (2009) Multicriteria assessment of alternative sludge disposal methods. [Online] Available at: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Documents/MSc_2009/Garg.pdf

Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Harris K, Das KC, Bibens B (2008) Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochars for agricultural use. Trans ASABE 51:2061–2069

Gavala HN, Yenal U, Skiadas V, Westermann P, Ahring BK (2003) Mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of primary and secondary sludge. Effect of pre-treatment at elevated temperature. Water Res 37:4561–4572

Gavrilescu D (2004) Solid waste generation in kraft pulp mills. Environ Eng Manag J 3:399–404

Gavrilescu D (2005) Sources of solid wastes in pulp mills. Bulletin of Polytechnic Institute of Iasi (Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iasi), LI (LV):99–105

Gavrilescu D (2008) Energy from biomass in pulp and paper mills. Environ Eng Manag J 7(5):537–546

Gea T, Artola A, Sanchez A (2005) Composting of deinking sludge from the recycled paper manufacturing industry. Bioresour Technol 96:1161–1167

Gellman I (1989) Experience with and laboratory studies of the use of pulp and paper mill solids wastes in landfill cover systems, vol 559, Technical bulletin. NCASI, New York

Gellman I (1990) Experience with and laboratory studies of the use of pulp and paper mill solids wastes in landfill cover systems, vol 595, Technical bulletin. NCASI, New York

Geng X, Deng J, Zhang SY (2006) Effects of hot-pressing parameters and wax content on the properties of fiberboard made from paper mill sludge. Wood Fiber Sci 38:736–741

Geng X, Deng J, Zhang SY (2007a) Characteristics of paper mill sludge and its utilization for the manufacture of medium density fiberboard. Wood Fiber Sci 39(2):345–351

Geng X, Deng J, Zhang SY (2007b) Paper mill sludge as a component of wood adhesive formulation. Holzforschung 61:688–692

Ghosh S, Taylor D (1999) Kraft-mill biosolids treatment by conventional and biphasic fermentation. Water Sci Technol 40:169–177

Ghosh S, Conrad JR, Klass DL (1975) Anaerobic acidogenesis of wastewater sludge. J Water Pollut Control Fed 47(1):30–45

Gineys N, Aouad G, Sorrentino F, Damidot D (2010) Incorporation of trace elements in Portland cement clinker: threshold limits for Cu, Ni, Sn or Zn. Cem Concr Res 41:1177–1184, Available through: Elsevier database. [Accessed 18 Nov 2011]

Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002) Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal a review. Biol Fertil Soils 35:219–230. doi:10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4

Glenn J (1997) Paper mill sludge: feedstock for tomorrow. Biocycle 38(11):30–35

Glover M (2009) Taking biochar to market: some essential concepts for commercial success. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London. ISBN: 9781844076581, London, pp 375–392

Glowacki JJ (1994) Landfilling of sludge remains most viable, but new options on horizon. Pulp Pap 68:95–97

Goldstein N (1996) Odor control experiences: lessons from the biofilter. Biocycle 37(3):70–74

Gonzalez R (2012) Ethanol production from paper industry sludge examined. Ethanol producer magazine, October, 05. www.ethanolproducer.com/.../ethanol-production-from-paper-industry-s

Goroyias G, Elias R, Fan M (2004) Research into using recycled waste paper residues in construction products. WRAP Project PAP009-011. The Waste and Resources Action Programme, UK, 185 p

Goss MJ, Rashid MT (2004) Best management practices, barriers and opportunities to the use of paper mill biosolids on field crops. Annual reports, 2002, 2003 and 2004. Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1

Göttsching L, Pakarinen H (2000) Papermaking science and technology, vol 7, Recycled fiber and deinking. Fapet Oy, Helsinki

Gouin FR (1982) Using composted waste for growing horticultural crops. Biocycle 23:45–47

Gracia R, Vigil de la Villa R, Vegas I, Frias M, Sanchez de Rojas MI (2008) The pozzolanic properties of paper sludge waste. Construct Build Mater 22(7):1484–1490

Guidoni G (1996) Sustainable development: progress on the green front. Papermaker 59(3):38–40

Haataja BA, Lund AE (1980) Articles molded from paper mill sludge. U.S. Patent 4,221,751

Haataja BA, Lund, AE (1981) Articles molded from paper mill sludge. U.S. Patent 4,303,019

Hackett GAR, Easton CA, Duff SJB (1999) Composting of pulp and paper mill fly ash with wastewater treatment sludge. Bioresour Technol 70:217–224. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00048-6

Haintz J (2005) Sludge power innovation in drying and waste-to-energy. Waste Manage World January–February:83–89. http://www.sigov.si/mop/

Hall L (2011a) Drywall. How products are made [internet site]. Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Drywall.html

Hall L (2011b) Shingle. How products are made [internet site]. Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Shingle.html

Hamm U (2005) Deinking waste management in Germany. COST Action E26 Effective solutions to reduce the impact of waste arisings from papermaking. In: Workshop solid waste management in the papermaking prevention, creation of new products and energy recovery Milan, 17–18 March

Hamm U (2006) Environmental aspects. In: Holik H (ed) Handbook of paper and board. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 422–445

Hand P, Hayes WA, Frankland JC, Satchell JE (1988) The vermicomposting of cow slurry. Pedobiologia 31:199–209

Hanson (2009) Standard specification for concrete brick. [Online] Available at: http://www.hansonbrick.com/english/pdf/techNotes/Specs_Concrete_Brick.pdf

Hammond D, Empie HJ (2007) Gasification of mixtures of black liquor and secondary sludge. Tappi J 6(3):9–15

Harada Y, Inoko A (1980) The measurement of the cation-exchange capacity of composts for the estimation of the degree of maturity. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 26(1):127–134

Hardesty KL, Beer EH (1993) Drying and recycling of primary sludge from Champion International Corporation’s Non-Integrated Paper mill in Hamilton, Ohio. Part of TAPPI environmental conference 1993 [internet document]. Available at: http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/unsorted/UNTITLED---env93815pdf.aspx

Harkin JM (1982) Wise use of Wisconsin’s papermill sludge. In: Rock CA, Alexander JA (eds) Long range disposal alternatives for pulp and paper sludges. University of Maine, Orono, p 65

Harris GD, Platt WL, Price BC (1990) Vermicomposting in a rural community. BioCycle 31:48–51

Hartz TK, Costa FJ, Schrader WL (1996) Suitability of composted green waste for horticultural uses. Hortscience 31(6):961–964

Haug RT (1993) The practical handbook of compost engineering. Lewis Publishers, London

Hea X, Yaoa L, Lianga Z, Ni J (2010) Paper sludge as a feasible soil amendment for the immobilization of Pb2+. J Environ Sci 22(3):413–420

Hernando S, Lobo MC, Polo A (1989) Effect of the application of a municipal refuse compost on the physical and chemical properties of a soil. Sci Total Environ 81(82):589–596

Hoffman R, Coghill R, Sykes J (1995) Solid waste management at ANM, Albury-from waste problems to resource opportunity. Appita 48(1):12–14

Hoitink HAJ (1980) Composted bark, a lightweight growth medium with fungicidal properties. Plant Dis 64(2):142–147

Hoitink HAJ, Poole HA (1980) Factors affecting quality of composts for utilization in container media. Hortscience 15(2):171–173

Holt WH (1983) Solid waste landfills at paper mills. Tappi J 66(9):51–54

Home PA, Williams PT (1996) Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel 75:1051–1059. doi:10.1016/0016-2361(96)00081-6

Honeycutt GW, Zibilske CM, Clapham WM (1998) Heat units for describing carbon mineralisation and predicting net nitrogen mineralization. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52:1346–1350

Hortenstine CC, Rothwell DF (1972) Use of municipal compost in reclamation of phosphate-mining sand tailings. J Environ Qual 1(4):415–418

Hundebol S (1994) Method for manufacturing a pozzolanic material from paper sludge Patent No. EP 0613867 A1

Hundebol S (1997) Method and plant for manufacturing cement clinker. US, Patent No. 5,614,016

Huston B (1992) How Champion International recycles plant sludge and boiler ash into portland cement. Pollut Prev Rev 2(4): 453–458

Hwang J, Zhang L, Seo S, Lee Y, Jahng D (2008) Protein recovery from excess sludge for its use as animal feed. Bioresour Technol 99:8949–8954

Ioannidou O, Zabaniotou A (2007) Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11:1966–2005

Jackson MJ, Line MA (1997a) Windrow composting of a pulp and paper mill sludge: process performance and assessment of product quality. Compost Sci Util 5(3):6–14

Jackson MJ, Line MA (1997b) Composting pulp and paper mill sludge. Effect of temperature and nutrient addition method. Compost Sci Util 5(1):74–81

Jackson MJ, Line MA, Wilson S, Hetherington SJ (2000) Application of composted pulp and paper mill sludge to a young pine plantation. J Environ Qual 29:407–414

James BA, Kane PW (1991) Sludge dewatering and incineration at Westvaco, North Charleston, SC. Tappi J 74:131–137

Jeffries TW, Scartman R (1999) Bioconversion of secondary fiber fines to ethanol using counter-current enzymatic saccharification and co-fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 78:435–444

Jegatheeswaran D, Malathy R (2011) Utilization of papermill sludge in manufacturing of bricks – an environmental friendly approach. Pollut Res 30:299–303

Jesus AG, Alda OD (2008) Feasibility of recycling pulp and paper mill sludge in the paper and board industries. Resour Conserv Recycl 52:965–972

Johnston JH, Milestone CB, Northcote PT, Wiseman N (2000) The alkaline digestion of reject fibre in deinking sludge as a precursor to filler recovery by wet air oxidation. Appita J 53:54–58

Jokela J, Rintala J, Oikari A, Reinikainen O, Mutka K, Nyrönen T (1997) Aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill sludges. Water Sci Technol 36:181–188

Jung J, Xing XH, Matsumoto K (2001) Kinetic analysis of disruption of excess activated sludge by Dyno Mill and characteristics of protein release for recovery of useful materials. Biochem Eng J 8:1–7

Jung J, Xing XH, Matsumoto K (2002) Recoverability of protease released from disrupted excess sludge and its potential application to enhanced hydrolysis of proteins in wastewater. J Biochem Eng 10:67–72

Jurgensen SJ, Benjamin MM, Ferguson JF (1985) Treatability of thermomechanical pulping process effluents with anaerobic biological reactor. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 83–92

Kadar Z, Szengyel Z, Reczey K (2004) Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of industrial wastes for the production of ethanol. Ind Crops Prod 20:103–110

Kang L, Wang W, Lee YY (2010) Bioconversion of kraft paper mill sludges to ethanol by SSF and SSCF. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 161:53–66

Kang L, Wang W, Pallapolu VR, Lee YY (2011) Enhanced ethanol production from de-ashed paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation. BioResources 6:3791–3808

Karam GN, Gibson LJ (1994) Evaluation of commercial wood-cement composites for sandwich-panel facing. J Mater Civ Eng 6:100–116

Karlsson A, Truong XB, Gustavsson J, Svensson BH, Nilsson F, Ejlertsson J (2011) Anaerobic treatment of activated sludge from Swedish pulp and paper mills – biogas production potential and limitations. Environ Technol 32(14):1559–1571

Kay M (2002) Development of waste management options for paper sludge. In: 4th annual Dutch international paper and board technology event. Pira International

Kay M (2003) What to do with sludge? It’s best to determine local needs before choosing an option. Pulp Pap Int 45(8):19–21

Kay M (2007) The power of waste. Tappi J 49(2):21–22

Kenny R, Coghill R, Almost S, Easton C (1995) CPPA international sludge dewatering survey. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Tappi environmental conference, Atlanta, GA, April 1995

Khalili NR, Campbell M, Sandi G, Golas J (2000) Production of micro-and mesoporous activated carbon from paper mill sludge I. Effect of zinc chloride activation. Carbon: Sci Technol 38:1905–1915

Khalili NR, Vyasa JD, Weangkaewa W, Westfalla SJ, Parulekara SJ, Sherwood R (2002) Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon and bioactive adsorbent produced from paper mill sludge. Sep Purif Technol 26(2–3):295–304

Kilborn JF, Weaver JR (1984) Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, p 259

King B, McBurney B, Barnes TW, Cantrell M (1994) Operating experience with stoker firing TMP clarifier sludge with wood waste. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 393–403

Kiphann H (2001) Handbook of printing media- technologies and production methods. Springer, New York

Klyosov AA (2007) Wood plastic composites. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 111–112

Kok JM (1983) Process for the preparation of a liquid-absorbing and shock-absorbing material. U.S. Patent 4,374,794

Kortnik J, Černec F, Hrast K (2008) Paper sludge layer as low permeability barrier on waste landfills. Soil Sediment Contam 17(4):381–392. doi:10.1080/15320380802146586

Koubaa A, Najdi H, Reidel B, Zhang T, Deng J (2010) Medium density fibreboard produced using pulp and paper sludge from different pulping processes. Wood Fiber Sci 42(3):1–12

Kozinski JA, Zheng G, Saade R, DiLalla S (1997) On the clean and efficient thermal treatment of deinking solid residues. Can J Chem Eng 75(1):113–120

Kraft DL, Orender HC (1993) Considerations for using sludge as a fuel. Tappi J 76(3):175–183

Krigstin S, Sain M (2006) Characterization and potential utilization of recycled paper mill sludge. Pulp Pap Can 107(5):29–32

Kujala A (2012) Papermaking sludges and possibilities of utilization as material. Lappeenranta University of Technology, Bachelor Seminar of Environmental Technology

Kumar S (2000) Technology options for municipal solid waste-to-energy project. TERI Inf Monit Environ Sci 5:1–11

Kunzler C (2001) Pulp and paper industry’s diverse organics stream. Biocycle 42(5):30–33

Kyllönen HL, Lappi MK, Thun RT, Mustranta AH (1988) Treatment and characterization of biological sludges from the pulp and paper industry. Water Sci Technol 20(1):183–192

La Fond JF, Lantz D, Ritter LG (1995) Combustion of clarifier underflow solids in a hog fuel boiler with a new high energy air system. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 385–392

LaFleur LE (1996) Sources of pulping and bleaching derived chemicals in effluents. In: Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Carey JH, van der Kraak GJ (eds) Environmental fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents CRC Press, ISBN:1884015719, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp 21–31

Lark N, Xia YK, Qin CG, Gong CS, Tsao GT (1997) Production of ethanol from recycled paper sludge using cellulase and yeast, Kluveromyces marxianus. Biomass Bioenergy 12:135–143

Larson KL, McCartney DM (2000a) Effect of C:N ratio on microbial activity and N retention: bench scale study using pulp and paper biosolids. Compost Sci Utilization 8(2):147–159

Larson KL, McCartney DM (2000b) The effect of carbon to nitrogen (C:N). Ratio on bench-scale composting of pulp and paper biosolids. In: Proceedings of the 8th annual conference of the Composting Council of Canada, Ottawa

Lau DCW (1981) Utilization of sewage sludge as a resource for protein extraction and recovery. Conserv Recycl 4(3):193–200

Servos MR (1996) Origins of effluent chemicals and toxicity: recent research and future directions. In: Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Carey JH, van der Kraak GJ (eds) Environmental fate and effects of pulp and paper mill effluents. CRC Press, Delray Beach, pp 159–166. ISBN 1884015719

Leão AL, Ferrão PC, Teixeira R, Sator S (2007) Cultura Acadêmica. In: Bertoli AC (ed) Biopolymers technology. Biopolymers Applications on Automotive Industry, São Paulo, p 165

Leão AL, Cherian BM, Ferreira de Souza S, Sain M, Narine S, Caldeira MS, Toledo MAS (2012) Use of primary sludge from pulp and paper mills for nanocomposites. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 556(1):254–263. doi:10.1080/15421406.2012.635974

Ledbetter RH (1976) Design considerations for pulp and paper mill sludge landfills. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-600/3-76-11, December 1976

Lee SM (2005) Production of lactic acid from paper sludge using integrated biological process, Ph.D. thesis 2005

Lehmann J, Joseph S (2009) Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. Earthscan, London

Lerch RN (1991) Characterization of sewage sludge proteins. Ph.D. dissertation Colorado State University, Fort Collins (Diss. Abstr. 9207333)

Lerch RN, Barbarick KA, Azari P, Sommers LE, Westfall DG (1993a) Sewage sludge proteins: I. Extraction methodology. J Environ Qual 22:620–624

Lerch RN, Barbarick KA, Azari P, Sommers LE, Westfall DG (1993b) Sewage sludge proteins: II. Extract characterization. J Environ Qual 22:625–629

Leuthold DA, Leuthold MA (1996) Method of dry separating fibers from paper making waste sludge and fiber product thereof. U.S. Patent 5,527,432

Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Grossman J, O’Neill B, Skjemstad JO, Thies J, Luizao FJ, Peterson J, Neves EG (2006) Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1719–1730. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383

Liaw CT, Chang HL, Hsu WC, Huang CR (1998) A novel method to reuse paper sludge and co-generation ashes from paper mill. J Hazard Mater 58(1–3):93–102

Likon M, Trebše P (2012) Recent advances in paper mill sludge management, industrial waste, Prof. Kuan-Yeow Show (ed) ISBN: 978-953-51-0253-3, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/industrial-waste/papermill-sludge-as-valuable-raw-material. Directive Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control 96/61/CE

Likon M, Černec F, Svegl F, Saarela J, Zimmie TF (2011) Paper mill industrial waste as a sustainable source for high efficiency absorbent production. Waste Manag 6(31):1350–1356

Lima IM, Mcaloon AJ, Boateng AA (2008) Activated carbon from broiler litter: process description and cost of production. Biomass Bioenergy 32:568–572

Lin Y, Wang D, Wu S, Wang C (2009) Alkali pretreatment enhances biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge. J Hazard Mater 170:366–373

Lin Y, Wang D, Li Q, Xiao M (2011) Mesophilic batch anaerobic co-digestion of pulp & paper sludge and monosodium glutamate waste liquor for methane production in a bench-scale digester. Bioresour Technol 102(4):3673–3678

Lin Y, Wang D, Wang T (2012) Ethanol production from pulp & paper sludge and monosodium glutamate waste liquor by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in batch condition. Chem Eng J 191:31–37

Line MA (1995) Compost recycling of wood fibre waste produced by paper manufacture. Compost Sci Util 3(1):39–45

Loatva-Somppi J, Moisio M, Kauppinen E, Valmari T, Ahonen P, Tapper U, Keskinen J (1998) Ash formation during fluidized-bed incineration of paper mill waste sludge. J Aerosol Sci 29:461–480

Logsdon G (1993) Using compost for plant disease control. BioCycle 34(10):33–36

Logsdon G (1994) Worldwide progress in vermicomposting. BioCycle 35(10):63–65

Lowe HE, Yoder, LR, Clayton CN (1988) Nonclay oil and grease absorbent. US. Patent 4,734,393

Lu Q, He ZL, Stoffella PJ (2012) Land application of biosolids in the USA: a review applied and environmental soil science, vol 2012 (2012), Article ID 201462, 11 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/201462

Lumsden RO, Lewis A, Millner PO (1983) Effect of composted sewage sludge on several soilborne pathogens and diseases. Phytopathology 73(11):1543–1548

Mabee W (2001) Study of woody fibre in papermill sludge. Doctor thesis, University of Toronto, Canada, 202 p

MacLean B, de Vegt A, van Oriel E (1990) Full-scale anaerobic/aerobic treatment of TMP/BCTMP effluent at a Quesnel River pulp. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 647–661

Macyk TM (1996) Research relative to land application of pulp mill wastes in Alberta. Pulp Pap Can 97(3):48–52

Macyk TM (1999a) Land application of mechanical pulp mill sludges in Alberta: research and operational activities. Pulp Pap Can 100(6):T166–T169

Macyk TM (1999b) Deinked and non-deinked sludges are beneficial in soil application. Pulp Pap Can 100(6):34–37, ISSN: 0316-4004

Macyk TM, Smith G (2000) Composting pulp mill sludges for development of horticultural Products. http://www.compost.org/2000macyk.PDF

Maheshwari DK, Gohade S, Paul J, Varma A (1994) Paper-mill sludge as a potential source for cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei. QM-9123 and Aspergillus niger using mixed cultivation. Carbohydr Polym 23:161–163

Mahmood T, Elliott A (2006) A review of secondary sludge reduction technologies for the pulp and paper industry. Water Res 40:2093–2112

Maloney TM (1993) Modern particleboard and dry-process fiberboard manufacturing resins used in the wood composites industry. Miller Freeman, San Francisco

Marche T, Schnitzer M, Dine H, Pare T, Champagne P, Schulten HR, Facey G (2003) Chemical changes during composting of a paper mill sludge – hardwood sawdust mixture. Geoderma 116:345–356

Mari EM, Moran MSR, Austria CO (2009) Paper mill sludge as fiber additive for asphalt road pavement. Philipp J Sci 138(1):29–36, ISSN 0031-7683

Marques S, Alves L, Roseiro JC, Girio MS (2008a) Conversion of recycled paper sludge to ethanol by SHF and SSF using Pichia stipitis. Biomass Bioenergy 32:400–406

Marques S, Alves L, Roseiro JC Gírio FM (2008b) Conversion of recycled paper sludge to ethanol by SSF using Pichia stipitis. Biomass Bioenergy 32(5):400–406

Marques S, Santos JAL, Girio FM, Roseiro JC (2008c) Lactic acid production from recycled paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Biochem Eng J 41:210–216

Matthews P (1996) A global atlas of wastewater sludge and biosolids use and disposal, Scientific and Technical Report No. 4. International Association on Water Quality, London, UK

Maxham JV (1991) Conversion of pulp and paper mill waste solids to papermaking pulp. U.S. Patents 4,983,258 and 5,002,633

Maxham JV (1992a) Conversion of pulp and paper mill waste solids into pulp substitute and papermaking clay. NSF SBIR Phase II Final Report, Grant #-ISI 8920723

Maxham JV (1992b) Conversion of pulp and paper mill waste solids to papermaking pulp. U.S. Patent 5,137,599

Maxham JV (1992c) Conversion of pulp and paper mill sludge into pulp substitute and papermaking clay: Phase 2. U.S. Dept. Commerce, Washington D.C. NTIS Rept. PB91 -105467

Maxham JV (1994) Conversion of pulp and paper mill waste solids to a papermaking filler product. U.S. Patent 5,332,474; 1994

McAndrew BJ (1985) In-mill reuse of sludge. In: Proceedings of the 1984 NCASI Northeast regional meeting. NCASI Spec. Rept. 85-02

McBeath AV, Smemik RJ (2009) Variation in the degree of aromatic condensation of chars. Org Geochem 40:1161–1168. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.006

McGovern JN, Berbee JG, Bockheim TG, Baker AJ (1983) Characteristics of combined effluent treatment sludges from several types of pulp and paper mills. Tappi J 66(3):115–118

McKeown JJ (1979) Sludge dewatering and disposal. A review of practices in the U.S. paper industry. Tappi J 62(8):97–100

Meade W, Kopp B, Pearson J (1994) Lightweight aggregate from paper-mill sludge and ash. In: Proceedings of the international environmental conference book 2, TAPPI, p 771

MetaPro (2011) Highly reactive metakaolin. [Online] Available at: http://www.meta-pro.ru/mixbuild.html. Accessed 21 Apr 2013

Mick A, Ross D, Fleming JD (1982) Processing primary clarifier sludge into compost. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 93–96

Millet MA, Baker AJ, Satter LD, McGovern JN, Dinius DA (1973) Pulp and paper making residues as feedstuffs for ruminants. J Anim Sci 37(2):599–607

Milovidova L, Sevastianova U, Komarova, G, Duboviy V (2010) Lime recovering from caistisizing lime sludge. In: Chemicals recovering in Kraft-pulping. Arhangelsk: North Federal University, pp 72–116

Miner RA (1981) A review of sludge burning practices in combination fuel-fired boilers. National Council of the paper industry for air and stream improvement, New York, Nov 1981; Technical Bulletin No. 360

Miner R, Gellman I (1988) Sludge disposal practices in the USA and Soviet paper industries. National Council of the Paper Industry for air and Steam improvement, Inc., Technical Bulletin No 552

Mitchell WH, Molnar CJ, Barton SS (1994) Using composts to grow wildflower sod. BioCycle 35(2):62–63

Mladenov M, Pelovski Y (2010) Utilization of wastes from pulp and paper industry. J Univ Chem Technol Metall 45(1):33–38

Modell M (1985) Gasification and liquefaction of forest products in supercritical water. Fundamentals of thermochemical biomass conversion. Elsevier Applied Science, Crown House, Barking (Chapter 6)

Mohammed BS, Fang OC (2011) Mechanical and durability properties of concretes containing papermill residuals and fly ash. Construct Build Mater 25(2011):717–725

Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2002) Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources: opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. J Polym Environ 10(1/2):19–26

Monte MC, Fuente E, Blanco A, Negro C (2009) Waste management from pulp and paper production in the European Union. Waste Manag 29:293–308

Moo-Young HK (1998) Overview of the use of paper clay in landfill construction in the northeastern USA. In: Second international workshop on the use of paper industry sludges in environmental geotechnology and construction, proceedings, 2–5 June 1998, pp 1–20

Moo-Young HK, Zimmie TF (1996) Geotechnical properties of paper mill sludges for use in landfill covers. J Geotech Eng 9(122):755–768

Moo-Young HK, Zimmie TF (1997) Waste minimization and reuse of paper sludge in landfill covers: a case study. Waste Manag Res 15:593–605

Morozova G, Shargatov A (2001) Raw construction mixture for production of insulating materials, its production method, and production method of insulating material out of the mixture. Russia, Patent No. 2176220

Moss, CS, Johnstone J (1993) Fibre recovery from paper-mill sludge at Ponderosa Pulp Products – Oshkosh, Wisconsin. In: Proceedings of the environmental conference (Bookl), TAPPI, p 28

Moss CS, Kovacs D (1995) Recovering usable fiber from pulp mill/paper millsludge. Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry. A TAPPI PRESS Anthology of Published Papers, 1991–1994, pp 475–480

Mukhopadhyay A (2006) Bioconversion of paper mill lignocellulosic materials to lactic acid using cellulase enzyme complex and microbial cultures, Thesis, Master of Science, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA

Mymrin V, Ferreira AMC, Gardolinski JE, Guimaraes B, Okimoto MLLR (2009) Paper production sludge application for producing of new construction materials. In: 11th international conference on non-conventional materials and technologies, 6–9 September 2009, Bath, UK

N’Dayegamiye A, Huard S, Thibault Y (2002) Paper mill sludges (biosolids) applications in agriculture: agronomic and environmental impacts. In: International environmental conference. Montreal, QC, pp 651–656

N’Dayegamiye A, Huard S, Thibault Y (2003) Influence of paper mill sludges on corn yields and N recovery. Can J Soil Sci 83:497–505

Naik TR (2005) Concrete with paper industry fibrous residuals: mixture proportioning. ACI Mater J 102:237–243

Naik TR, Moriconi G (2005) Environmental-friendly durable concrete made with recycled materials for sustainable concrete construction, In V.M. Malhotra, K. Sakai (eds.), Sustainable development of cement, concrete and concrete structures, Proc. three-day intern. symp., Toronto, Canada, 5–7 Oct 2005, pp 485–505

Naik TR, Friberg T, Chun Y (2003) Use of pulp and paper mill residual solids in production of cellucrete, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 11 December 2003

Naik TR, Friberg TS, Chun YM (2004) Use of pulp and paper mill residual solids in production of cellucrete. Cem Concr Res 34:1229

Nakasaki K, Akakura N, Adachi T, Akiyama T (1999) Use of wastewater sludge as a raw material for production of L-lactic acid. Environ Sci Technol 33:198–200

Naresh K (1980) Clay agglomeration process. U.S. Patent 4,343,751

Nazar AM, Abas NF, Othuman Mydin MA (2014) Study on the utilization of paper mill sludge as partial cement replacement in concrete MATEC Web of Conferences 10, 02001

NCASI (1984) The land application and related utilization of pulp and paper mill sludges. NCASI Tech Bull. 439

NCASI (1992) Solid waste management and disposal practices in the U.S. paper industry. NCASI Tech Bull. 641

NCASI (1993) Alternative management of pulp and paper industry solid wastes. NCASI Tech Bull. 655

NCASI (1999) Solid waste management practices in the U.S. paper industry – 1995. Technical Bulletin No. 793, Research Triangle Park, NC

NCASI (2005) Composting of by-product solids from the pulp and paper industry. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ndegwa PM, Thompson SA, Das KC (2000) Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresour Technol 71:5–12

Neckermann EF, Wooding JF (1982) Insulating and filler material comprising cellulose fibres and clay, and method of making same from papermaking waste. U.S. Patent 4,356,060

Negi R, Suthar S (2012) Vermistabilization of paper mill wastewater sludge using Eisenia fetida. Bioresour Technol 128:193–198. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.022, Epub 2012 Oct 16

Nemati MR, Caron J, Gallichand J (2000) Using paper de-inking sludge to maintain soil structural form. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:275–285

Nemerow LF, Agardy FJ (1998) Strategies of industrial and hazardous waste management. Wiley, New York, p 207, ISBN 0471292168, 9780471292166

Nepenin U (1990) In: Kraft-pulp production Moscow: Lesnaya promishlennost’, pp 451–528

Nguyen BT, Lehmann J, Hockaday WC, Joseph S, Masiello CA (2010) Temperature sensitivity of black carbon decomposition and oxidation. Environ Sci Tech 44:3324–3331. doi:10.1021/es903016y

Nichols WE, Flanders LN (1995) An evaluation of pelletizing technology. In: Joyce TW (ed) Environmental issues and technology in the pulp and paper industry-A Tappi Press Anthology of Published Papers 1991–1994, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 357–363

Nickull O, Lehtonen O, Mullen J (1991) Burning mill sludge in a fluidized-bed incinerator and waste-heat-recovery system. TAPPI 74(3):119–122

Norrie J, Fierro A (1998) Paper sludges as soil conditioners. In: Wallace A, Terry RE (eds) Handbook of soil conditioners. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 97–115

Norris M, Titshall LW (2011) The potential for direct application of papermill sludge to land: a greenhouse study. Int J Environ Res 5(3):673–680

Novak JM, Lima I, Xing B, Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Das KC, Ahmedna M, Rehrah D, Watts DW, Busscher WJ, Schomberg H (2009) Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Annals Environ Sci 3:195–206

O’Brien TA, Herbert SJ, Barker AV (2002) Growth of corn in varying mixtures of paper mill sludge and soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 33:635–646

O’Brien TA, Herbert SJ, Barker AV (2003) Paper sludge as a soil amendment for production of corn. Commun Soil Sci Plan 34:2229–2241

Ochoa de Alda JAG, Torrea JA (2006) Applications of recycled paper mill effluents to wood substitutive products (RESPRO): executive summary. Oppidum 2:381–398

Olofsson K, Rudolf A, Lidén G (2008) Designing simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for improved xylose conversion by a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 134:112–120

Omya AG (2011) [internet site]. Available at: http://www.omya.com

Oral J, Stehlik P, Sikula J, Puchyr R, Hajny Z, Martinak P (2005a) Energy utilization from industrial sludge processing. Energy 30:1343–1352

Oral J, Sikula J, Puchyr R, Hajny Z, Stehlik P, Bebar L (2005b) Processing of waste from pulp and paper plant. J Clean Prod 13:509–515

Ouadi M, Brammer GJ, Kay M, Hornung A (2012) Waste to power. Tappi J 11(2):55–64

Ozturk Ι, Eroglu V, Basturk A (1992) Sludge utilization and reduction experiences in the pulp and paper industry. Water Sci Technol 26(9–11):2105–2108

Pagliai M, Guidi G, La Marca M, Giachetti M, Lucamante G (1981) Effects of sewage sludges and composts on soil porosity and aggregation. J Environ Qual 10(4):556–561

Pamment N, Robinson CW, Moo-Young M (1979) Pulp and paper solid wastes as substrate for SCP protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 21:561–573

Parr JF, Epstein E, Willson GB (1978) Composting sewage sludge for land application. Agric Environ 4:123–137

Pavel (2008) Sludge-concrete. [Online] Available at: http://www.jocelyngourvennec.com/2008/05/04/print:page,1,skopobeton.html

Peng L, Chen Y (2011) Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1600–1606

Pepin, RG, Britton WA, Johnson RT (1983) Utilization of pulp and paper mill sludge through a land application system – a case study. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference, (pI>. 57–60). TAPPI Press, Atlanta

Pera J, Ambroise J (1998) Pozzolanic properties of metakaolin obtained from paper sludge. In: Malhotra VM (ed) Fly ash, silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans in concrete Farmington Hills. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, pp 1007–1020

Pervaiz M (2012) Protein recovery from secondary paper sludge and its potential use as wood adhesive. Ph.D thesis, University of Toronto, Canada

Phillips VR (1988) Engineering problems in animal waste by earthworms. In: Earthworms in waste and in environment management. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp 111±118

Phillips VR, Kirkpatrick N, Scotford IM, White RP, Burton RGO (1997) The use of paper-mill sludges on agricultural land. Bioresour Technol 60:73–80

Pickell J, Wunderlich R (1995) Sludge disposal: current practices and future options. Pulp Pap Can 96(9):T300–T306

Pinamonti F, Stringari G, Zorzi G (1997) Use of compost in soilless cultivation. Compost Sci Util 5(2):38–46

Pinchak BA, Schuman GE, Depuit EJ (1985) Top soil and mulch effects on plant species and community responses of revegetated mined land. J Range Manage 38(3):262–265

Poincelot RP (1974) A scientific examination of the principles and practice of composting. Compost Sci 15:24–31

Ponsá S, Ferrer I, Vázquez F, Font X (2008) Optimization of the hydrolytic-acidogenic anaerobic digestion stage (55 °C) of sewage sludge: Influence of pH and solid content. Water Res 42:3972–3980

Ponsá S, Pagans E, Sánchez A (2009) Composting of dewatered wastewater sludge with various ratios of pruning waste used as a bulking agent and monitored by respirometer. Biosyst Eng 102:433–443. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.01.002

Porteous A (2005) Why energy from waste incineration is an essential component of environmentally responsible waste management. Waste Manag 25:451–459

Pozzolanic additives to cement (2010) [Online] Available at: http://booster-perm.ru/xolodnye-asfaltovye-mastiki/puccolanovye-dobavki-k-cementu

Prasetyo J, Park EY (2013) Waste paper sludge as a potential biomass for bio-ethanol production. Korean J Chem Eng 30(2):253–261. doi:10.1007/s11814-013-0003-1

Pridham NF, Cline RA (1988) Paper mill sludge disposal: completing the ecological cycle. Pulp Pap Can 89(2):70–72

Puhakka JA, Alavakeri M, Shieh W (1992a) Anaerobic treatment of kraft pulp-mill waste activated-sludge: gas production and solids reduction. Bioresour Technol 39:61–68

Puhakka JA, Alavakeri M, Shieh WK (1992b) Anaerobic treatment of kraft pulp-mill waste activated sludge: sludge dewaterability and filtrate quality. Bioresour Technol 39:69–75

Radovenchik V, Goncharuk A, Koval A, Ivanenko E (2010) Assessment of perspective use of waste generated in cardboard production in construction materials manufacturing. [Online] Available at: http://www.vrenergy.ru/index.php/water/164-2010-12-10-05-58-33.html. Accessed 4 May 2013

Rantala PR, Vaajasaari K, Juvonen R, Schultz E, Joutti A, Makela Kurtto R (1999) Composting of forest industry wastewater sludges for agricultural use. In: Proceedings of the 6th IAWQ symposium forest-industry wastewaters, 6–10 June, 1999, Tampere, Finland, pp 181–188

Ratnieks E, Gaylardeb CC (1997) Anaerobic degradation of paper mill sludge. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 39(4):287–293

Raymond CL, Martin Jr JH, Neuhauser EF (1988) Stabilization of liquid municipal sludge using earthworms. In: Earthworms in waste and in environment management. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp 95±110

Rintala JA, Puhakka JA (1994) Anaerobic treatment in pulp- and paper-mill waste management: a review. Bioresour Technol 47:1–18

Risse H, Datschewski P (2004) Modernisation of wastewater treatment plant at Sappi Alfeld: anaerobic precleaning of effluents from the paper and pulp production. Allg Pap Rundsch 128(6):22–23

Robus CLL (2013) Production of bioethanol from paper sludge using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Stellenbosch University. http://scholar.sun.ac.za

Rodden G (1993) The new alchemy: turning waste into oils and chemicals. Can Chem News 45(8):45–48

Rodland G, Helge K (1977) Pulp and paper mill sludge in fibre board. Nor Skogin 31(10):258

Rogers DS (1982) Conversion of waste activated sludge to animal feed. In: Symposium on long range disposal alternatives for pulp and paper sludges proceedings, University of Maine, Orono, p 104

Rokainen N, Kujala K, Saarela J (2009) Use of industrial by-products in landfill cover. Paper in proceedings Sardinia 2009, twelfth international waste and landfill symposium, S. Margarita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, pp 5–9

Romani A, Yanez R, Garrote G, Alonso JL, Parajo JC (2007) Sugar production from cellulosic biosludges generated in a water treatment plant of a Kraft pulp mill. Biochem Eng J 37:319–327

Romani A, Yanez R, Garrote G, Alonso JL (2008) SSF production of lactic acid from cellulosic biosludges. Bioresour Technol 99:4247–4254

Rosenqvist GV (1978) The use of primary waste water treatment sludge in the manufacture of printing paper at Kymi Kymmene. Paperi Ja Puu 60(4a):205–217

Rothwell A, Éclair-Heath G (2007) A new approach to paper mill sludge. Waste and Resources Action Programme, Oxon

Rundell DD (1985) Sludge fibre utilization. In: Proceedings of the 1985 southern regional meeting, NCASI Special Rept. 85-05

Russel C, Odendahl S (1996) Environmental considerations for landfill development in the pulp and paper industry. Pulp Pap Can 97(1):T17–T22

Sabine JR (1988) Earthworms as animal feed. In: Earthworms in waste and in environment management. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp 181±192

Scanlon DH, Duggan C, Bean SD (1973) Evaluation of municipal compost for strip mine reclamation. Compost Sci 14(3):4–8

Scott GM, Smith A (1995) Sludge characteristics and disposal alternatives for the pulp and paper industry. In: Proceedings of the 1995 international environmental conference. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 269–279

Sell NJ, McΙntosh TH (1988) Technical and economic feasibility of briquetting mill sludge for boiler fuel. Tappi J 71(3):135–139

Sellers G, Cook HF (2003) Paper mill sludge as a soil amendment: the performance of field beans on a site restored with Gault Clay. In: Land reclamation: extending the boundaries. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference of the international affiliation of land reclamationists, Runcorn, UK, pp 193–200

Sesay AA, Lasaridi K, Stentiford E, Budd T (1997) Controlled composting of paper pulp sludge using the aerated static pile method. Compost Sci Util 5(1):82–96

Sharipudin, SS; Ridzuan, ARM, Mohd Saman H (2012) Performance of foamed concrete with waste paper sludge ash (wpsa) and fine recycled concrete aggregate (frca) contents. Int Sustain Civ Eng J 1(2):(Dec 2012), 19–27, ISSN No: 2289-3253

Sherman WR (1995) A review of the Maine ‘Appendix A’ sludge research program. Tappi J 78(6):135–150

Shi S, Sajja VSK, Lee YY (2012) Lactic acid production from the mixture of kraft paper mill sludge and hemicellulose prehydrolysate, 2012 annual meeting, Pittsburgh, USA

Shimek S, Nessman M, Charles T, Ulrich D (1988) Paper sludge land application studies for three Wisconsin mills. Tappi J 71(9):101–107

Shin D, Jang S, Hwang J (2005) Combustion characteristics of paper mill sludge in a lab-scale combustor with internally cycloned circulating fluidized bed. Waste Manag 25:680–685

Shinogi Y, Yoshida H, Koizumi T, Yamaoka N, Saito T (2003) Basic characteristics of low-temperature carbon products from waste sludge. Adv Environ Res 7:661–665. doi:10.1016/S1093-0191(02)00040-0

Shiralipour A, McConnell DB, Smith WH (1993) Applying compost to crops. BioCycle 34(6):70–72

Shulze KL (1962) Continuous thermophilic composting. Appl Microbiol 10:108–122

Simard RR, Lalande R, Gagnon B, Parent G (1999) Beneficial use of paper-mill residue compost in potato-spring wheat rotation. In: Halifax NS, Warman PR, Taylor BR(eds) ICS-Symposium, CBA Press, Truro, NS, pp 716-736

Simpson GG, King LD, Corlile BL, Blickensderfer PS (1983) Paper mill sludges, coal flyash, and surplus lime mud as soil amendments in crop production. Tappi J 66(7):71–74

Simpson CW, Lam R (1998) Method for forming pulp from processed recycled fibers. US Patent 5,772,847

Singh BP, Cowie AL (2008) A novel approach, using [sup.13]C natural abundance for measuring decomposition of biochars in soil. In: Currie, LD, Yates LJ (eds.) Carbon and nutrient management in agriculture, fertilizer and lime research centre workshop proceedings. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Occasional Report No. 21, Massey University, New Zealand

Singh B, Singh BP, Cowie AL (2010) Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil Res 48:516–525. doi:10.1071/SR10058

Slejska A (1996) Vermicomposting of wastes from paper pulp industry. http://stary.biom.cz/clen/as/engl_verm.html

Slivka DC, McClure TA, Buhr AR, Albrecht R (1992) Compost: United States supply and demand potential. Biomass Bioenergy 3(3–4):281–299

Sloan JJ, Dowdy RH, Dolan MS, Rehm GW (1999) Plant and soil responses to field-applied flue gas desulfurization residue. Fuel 78:169–174

Smyser S (1982) Compost paying its way for paper producer. BioCycle 23(3):25–26

Soderhjelm L (1976) Possible uses for fibrous sludges from pulp and paper industry. Pap Puu Pap Tim 58:620–627

Song YC, Kwon SJ, Woo JH (2004) Mesophilic and thermophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion compared with single-stage mesophilic- and thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge. Water Res 38:1653–1662

Spinosa L (2004) EU Strategy and practice for sludge utilization in agriculture, disposal and landfilling. J Residual Sci Technol 1(1):7–14

Spinosa L, Kempa ES, Okuno N, Vesilind PA (1994) Global sludge management: a status report and perspective. Water Sci Technol 30(8):73–80

Springer AM (1993) Solid waste management and disposal. In: Springer AM (ed) Industrial environmental control-pulp and paper industry, 2nd edn. Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 458–493

Springer AM, Dietrich-Velazquez, Higby CM, Digiacomo D (1996) Feasibility study of sludge lysis and recycle in the activated-sludge process. Tappi J 79(5):162–170

Sreenath HK, Moldes AB, Koegel RG, Straub RJ (2001) Lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of alfalfa fiber. J Biosci Bioeng 92:518–523

Srinivasan R, Sathiya K, Palanisamy M (2010) Experimental investigation in developing low cost concrete from paper industry waste, the bulletin of the polytechnic institute of Jassy, construction. Architecture Section (Romania), 2010

Stabnikova O, Goh WK, Ding HB, Tay JH, Wang J (2005) The use of sewage sludge and horticultural waste to develop artificial soil for plant cultivation in Singapore. Bioresour Technol 96:1073–1080

Stahl N, Tenenbaum A, Habets L (2004) American–Israeli paper mills benefits from pretreatment with an anaerobic reactor to improve its activated sludge plant performance. Pulp Pap Int 46(11):29–32

Stark K, Plaza E, Hultmank B (2006) Phosphorus release from ash, dried sludge and sludge residue from supercritical water oxidation by acid or base. Chemosphere 62:827–832

Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, Vasconcelos de Macêdo JL, Blum WEH, Zech W (2007) Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant Soil 291: 275–290

Sultana F (2013) Derivatization of cellulose fibres — a useful prospect for recycling mill waste. CHE Thoughts Chem Eng Sci Mag 04(01):18–22

Sutcu M, Akkurt S (2009) The use of recycled paper processing residues in making porous brick with reduced thermal conductivity. Ceram Int 35(7):2625–2631

Takáts P, Takáts A (2012) Utilisation of fiber sludge refuse in gypsum fiberboards. In: International scientific conference March 26–27 2012 on sustainable development & ecological footprint, Sopron, Hungar

Takeshita N, Fujimura E, Mimoto N (1981) Energy recovery by methane fermentation of pulp mill waste water and sludges. Pulp Pap Can 82(5):171175

Talat M, Allan E (2006) A review of secondary sludge reduction technologies for the pulp and paper industry. Water Res 40(11):2093–2112

Tan LP, He J, Lee SK (2004) Growth of some tropical ornamental plants on artificial topsoils derived from mixtures of fly ash, sludge, biochips, and Rengam series subsoil. J Plant Nutr 27:75–94

Taramian A, Doosthoseini K, Mirshokraii SA, Faezipour M (2007) Particleboard manufacturing: an innovative way to recycle paper sludge. Waste Manag 27(12):1739–1746

Taylor BR, Mcdonald MA, Kimmins JP, Hawkins BJ (1992) Combining pulp mill sludges with municipal sewage to produce slow-release forest fertilizers. Pacific Paper Expo, pp 63–65

Tchobanoglous R (1975) Solid waste management. McGraw-Hill, New York

Thacker WE (1985) Silvicultural land application of waste-water and sludge from the pulp and paper industry. In: Cole DW, Henery CL, Nutter WL (eds) The forest alternative for treatment and utilization of municipal and industrial waste. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 41–54

Thacker WE (1986) Silvicultural land application of wastewater and sludge from the pulp and paper industry. In: Cole DW, Henry CL, Nutter WL (eds) The forest alternative for treatment and utilization of municipal and industrial wastes. University of Washington Press, Seattle, p 41

Thacker WE, Vriesman R (1984) The land application and related utilization of pulp and paper mill sludges. National Council of the paper industry for air and stream improvement, Technical Bulletin No: 439, New York, USA

The engineering toolbox (2013) Thermal conductivity of some common materials and gases. [Online] Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html

Thiel DA (1985) Combined primary/secondary sludge proves beneficial for potatoes and corn. In: Proceedings of the TAPPI environmental conference, pp 261–278. TAPPI Press, Atlanta

Thomas CO, Thomas RC, Hover KC (1987) Wastepaper fibers in cementitious composites. J Environ Eng 113:16–31

Tiedje JM, Quensen JF, Chee-Sanford J, Schimel JP, Boyd SA (1993) Microbial reductive dechlorination of PCBs. Biodegradation 4:231–240

Tim SC, John S, Klingenberg J, Dan K, Stefan Z (2000) Beneficial use of pulp and paper residuals: extrusion for the manufacture of building panels. NCASI Tech. Bull. 814; NCASI, Research Triangle Park, NC

Tirsch FS (1990) Pulp and paper effluent management. J Water Pollut Control Fed 62:478–484

Tong WU, Fua XY, Leeb SM, Yuc J, Liua JW, Weia DZ, Koob YM (2004) Purification of l(+)-lactic acid from fermentation broth with paper sludge as a cellulosic feedstock using weak anion exchanger Amberlite IRA-92. Biochem Eng J 18:89–96

Tran HN (1993) Utilization of deinking by-product in building materials. U.S. Pat. 5,496,441

Tremier A, Guardia A, Massiani C, Paul E, Martel JL (2005) A respirometric method for characterising the organic composition and biodegradation kinetics and the temperature influence on the biodegradation kinetics, for a mixture of sludge and bulking agent to be co-composted. Bioresour Technol 96:169–180. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.005

Trepanier L, Gallichand J, Caron J, Theriault G (1998) Environmental effects of deinking sludge application on soil and soilwater quality. Am Soc Agric Eng 41(5):1279–1287

Treschev A, Mishunina G, Lipatova E, Korablin, I (2007) Ceramic mass. Russia, Patent No. 2300507

Tripepi RR, Zhang X, Campbell AG (1996) Use of a raw and composted paper sludge as a soil additive or mulch for cottonwood plants. Compost Sci Util 4(2):26–36

Trutschler JD (1999) Fibre recovery—reducing operating costs and sludge. Pap Technol 40(7):97–100

Tsai WT, Lee MK, Chang YM (2006) Fast pyrolysis office straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an induction heating reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 76:230–237. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2005.11.007

Tucker P (2005) Co-composting paper mill sludges with fruit and vegetable wastes. The University of Paisley, Paisley

Tucker P, Polson J, Douglas P (2004) Mass balance of UK newspapers. University of Paisley, Paisley

Turnbull A (1982) Pulp sludge could provide food for hungry millions. Pulp Pap Can 83(5):43

Turner J (1982) Long-term superphosphate trial in regeneration of Pinus radiata at Belanglo state forest, N.S.W. Aust For Res 12:1–9

United Nations New York (2003) A general review by United Nations New York 2003 United Nations Publications, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. (Waste water technologies) ISBN NO. 03-0695 2003-1673

Unwin J (2000) Why bury it when you can use it?: NCASI’s support of the industry’s efforts to find beneficial uses for solid wastes, In: Proceedings of the 2000 NCASI National Meeting, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), Research Triangle Park, NC, pp 57–74

US EPA (1991) Proposed regulation of land application of sludge from pulp and paper mills using chlorine and chlorine derivative bleaching processes. Federalregister, 56 (91), 40 CFR. Part 744, OPTS-62100; FRL 3873-2

US EPA (2006) Emerging technologies for biosolids management. U.S. EPA Document No. 832-R-06-005, September 2006

US EPA (2012) Technology assessment report aqueous sludge gasification technologies EPA/600/R-12/540 June 2012

Usherson J (1992) Recycled paper and sludge. Resour Recycl 3:95–99

Vadlani PV, Matthews AP, Karr GS (2008) A two-stage fermentation process: production of propionate and acetate salt as road deicer from cheese whey. Biol Eng 1(1):95–104

Vagstad N, Broch-Due A, Lymgstad I (2001) Direct and residual effects of pulp and paper mill sludge on crop yield and soil mineral. Soil Use Manag 17:173–178

Valente CA, Vaz AR, De Carvalho AP (1987) Composting pulp mill sludge. BioCycle 28(6):46–49

Valette P (1982) Paper mill sludges: utilization. ATIP Rev 36(9):503

Van Ham M, Dampier L, Morton K, Mullen S (2009) Pulp and paper sludge as a barrier layer in landfill closure: a new opportunity. Pulp Pap Can, April 2009: T42–T47. Paper presented at the 2008 PACWEST conference in Jasper, Alta., June 18–21, 2008

VAN Maltby C (2005) Compilation of alternative landfill cover experience using wastewater treatment plant residuals. NCASI Technical Bulletin No. 900, Kalamazoo, MI USA

van Wyk JPH, Mohulatsi M (2003) Biodegradation of wastepaper by cellulase from Trichoderma viride. Bioresour Technol 86:21–23

Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan YK, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph S, Cowie A (2010) Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil 327:235–546. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x

Vasconcelos E, Cabral F (1993) Use and environmental implications of pulp-mill sludge as an organic fertilizer. Environ Pollut 80(2):159–162

Vegas I, Urreta J, Frias M, Garcia R (2009) Freeze thaw resistance of blended cement containing calcined paper sludge. Construct Build Mater 23(8):2862–2868

Veillette AX, Tanguay MG (1997) Agricultural land application of pulp and paper mill sludges in the Donnacona area, Quebec: chemical evaluation and crop response. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ., STP 1275 (Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials), pp 141–154

Velema G (2003) Management and benefits of pulp and paper mill residuals 2003 TAPPI international environmental conference

Venta GJ (1997) Life cycle analysis of gypsum board and associated finishing products. Available at: http://www.athenasmi.ca/tools/impactEstimator/companionReports/Gypsum_Wallboard.pdf

Wang JY, Stabnikova O, Ivanov V, Tiong-Lee S, Tay JH (2003) Intensive aerobic bioconversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertiliser. Waste Manag Res 21:405–415. doi:10.1177/0734242X0302100503

Wardwell RE, Cooper SR, Charlie WA (1978) Disposal of paper mill sludge in landfills. Tappi J 61(12):72–76

Watson ME, Hoitink H (1985a) Use of paper mill sludge. BioCycle 26(5):50–52

Watson ME, Hoitink HAJ (1985b) Utilizing papermill sludge. BioCycle 26(7–8):51–53

Wei YS, Fan YB, Wang MJ (2001) A cost analysis of sewage sludge composting for small and mid-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. Resour Conserv Recycl 33:203–216. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00087-8

Weiander T (1988) An anaerobic process for treatment of CTMP effluent. Water Sci Technol 20:143–147

Weigand PS, Unwin JP (1994) Alternative management of pulp and paper industry solid wastes. Tappi J 77(4):91–97

Weltzien HC (1989) Some effects of composted organic materials on plant health. Agric Ecosyst Environ 27:439–446

WESA, Bates TE (2002) Guidelines for the utilization of pulp and paper mill biosolids on agricultural lands. Ontario Forest Industries Association, Toronto

Wiseman N, Rook MJ, Frederic G, Muratore E (2000) Composition of deinking sludges arising from paper recycling, and implications for filler recovery. Int Papierwirtschaft IPW (3):T36–T39

Wolfer EP, Willemsen B, Venkat B, Maroju BV, Martiny A (1997) Method for recovering fiber from effluent streams. U.S. Patent 5,593,542

Wong WJ, Fang M, Li GX, Wong MH (1997) Feasibility of using coal ash residues as co-composting materials for sewage sludge. Environ Technol 18:563–568. doi:10.1080/09593331808616574

Wood N, Tran H, Master E (2009) Pretreatment of pulp mill secondary sludge for high rate anaerobic conversion to biogas. Bioresour Technol 100:5729–5735

WRC (2001) Survey of wastes spread on land – final report. European Communities Report CO 4953-2, ISBN 92-894-1732-3

Wysong ML (1976) CZ’s solids waste problems at Wauna are reduced by composting. Pulp Pap 50(10):112–113

Xing S, Ried B, Koubaa A, James Deng A (2012) Optimal percentage of pulp and paper mill secondary sludge incorporated in particleboard. In: Proceedings of the 55th international convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology August 27–31, 2012 – Beijing, China

Xu C, Lancaster J (2008) Conversion of secondary pulp/paper sludge powder to liquid oil products for energy recovery by direct liquefaction in hot-compressed water. Water Res 42:1571–1582

Xu C, Lancaster J (2009) Treatment of secondary pulp and paper sludge for energy recovery. In: DuBois E, Nercier A (eds) Energy recovery. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, pp 187–212

Yamashita Y, Kurosumi A, Sasaki C, Nakamura Y (2008) Ethanol production from paper sludge by immobilized Zymomonas mobilis. Biochem Eng J 42:314–319

Yan S, Sagoe-Crentsil K, Shapiro G (2011) Reuse of deinking sludge from wastepaper recycling in cement mortar products. J Environ Manage 92(8):2085–2090, Available through: Elsevier database. [Accessed 20 Oct 2011]

Yonghong F, Yingge Y, Zhiming Z, Wen L, Peng W, Liming Y, Zengliang Y (2008) Enhancement of L(+)-lactic acid production of immobilized Rhizopus oryzae implanted by ion beams. Plasma Sci Technol 10:136–140

Young MM (1982) Bioconversion of industrial cellulosic pulp materials to protein-enriched product. U.S. Patent 4,447,530

Yunqin L, Dehan W, Lishang W (2010) Biological pretreatment enhances biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge. Waste Manag Res 28:800–810

Zani A, Tenaglia A, Panigada A (1990) Reuse of paper making sludge in brick production. Ziegelindustries Int 12:682–690

Zhang YP, Lynd LR (2004) Towards an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: non-complexed cellulase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 88:797–824

Zhang J, Lynd LR (2010) Ethanol production from paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation using recombinant xylose-fermenting microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 107:235–244

Zhang X, Campbell G, Mahlar RL (1993) Newsprint pulp and paper sludge as a soil additive/amendment for alfalfa and bluegrass: Greenhouse study. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 24(11&12):1371–1388

Zhang J, Shao X, Townsend OV, Lynd LR (2009) Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of paper sludge to ethanol by saccharomyces cerevisiae RWB222-part I: kinetic modeling and parameters. Biotechnol Bioeng 104:920–931

Zhang LH, Xu CB, Champagne P (2010) Energy recovery from secondary pulp/paper mill sludge and sewage sludge with supercritical water treatment. Bioresour Technol 2010(101):2713–2721

Zimmie TF, Quiroz JD (1999) Technical possibilities for paper sludge utilization. In: Third international workshop on the use of paper industry sludge in environmental geotechnology and construction, proceedings, Finland, pp 8–19

Zuibilske LM (1987) Dynamics of nitrogen and carbon in soil during papermill sludge decomposition. Soil Sci 143(1):26–33

Zule J, Cernec F, Likon M (2007) Waste using paper sludge as a substitute for wood fiber to. Manag Res 25(6):538–546

Zvyagina A, Pushnoy V (1996) Raw mixture for insulating material and the method of its production. Russia, Patent No. 2055055

Springer Professional

6. Options for Utilization of Waste

Abstract

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"