Top

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Published in:

01-06-2021 | Review

Performance evaluation of basalt fibre-reinforced polymer rebars in structural concrete members–a review

Authors: Bhanavath Sagar, M. V. N. Sivakumar

Published in: Innovative Infrastructure Solutions | Issue 2/2021

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The corrosion of steel reinforcement has become a critical problem in reinforced concrete (RC) structures and has led to shortening the service life of the structures. Due to the non-corrosive characteristics of basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebars, to replace steel reinforcement with BFRP rebars in RC structures, researchers have focused their attention on investigating the performance of BFRP rebars in various concretes. Reinforcing of concrete elements is one of the most important applications in the construction of RC structures. Bond, flexure, and shear are important structural parameters that affect the performance of RC members significantly. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to summarize and analyse the reported findings of the bond strength, bond durability, flexural, and shear performance of BFRP rebar in various RC members. BFRP rebars exhibited almost similar bonding behaviour with better durability performance compared to steel reinforcement and other fibre-reinforced polymer rebars. The RC beams with pure BFRP rebars exhibited large wider cracks and higher deflections due to a lower Young’s modulus of BFRP rebars. To overcome these effects, approaches like hybrid reinforcement, pre-stressing of BFRP rebars, introduction of ECC layers in tension zone, and application of steel fibre-reinforced concrete have been investigated and the test results were satisfactory. BFRP rebars provided smaller amount of shear strength as a stirrup member in RC beams. ACI 318-92 guidelines recommend designing the pure BFRP RC beams as over-reinforced sections to reduce deflections, large and wider cracks of the beams. Further research on BFRP structural elements is required to develop practical design standards and guidelines.

previous article A study on the uniaxial compressive behaviour of graded fiber reinforced concrete using glass fiber/steel fiber

next article Evaluation of seismic performance of steel frames with stiffness irregularity subjected to mainshock–aftershock using equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Sarja A (2002) Integrated life cycle design of structures. CRC Press, Boca RatonCrossRef

Pawłowski D, Szumigała M (2015) Flexural behaviour of full-scale basalt FRP RC beams—experimental and numerical studies. In: Procedia engineering, 7th Scientific-technical conference material problems in civil engineering (MATBUD’2015), vol 108, pp 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.114

Cai J, Pan J, Zhou X (2017) Flexural behavior of basalt FRP reinforced ECC and concrete beams. Constr Build Mater 142:423–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.087CrossRef

Cosenza E, Manfredi G, Realfonzo R (1997) Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete. J Compos Constr 1:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1997)1:2(40)CrossRef

Zhu H, Cheng S, Gao D, Neaz SM, Li C (2018) Flexural behavior of partially fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars. Constr Build Mater 161:587–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.003CrossRef

Vijay PV, GangaRao HVS (2001) Bending behavior and deformability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete members. ACI Struct J 98:834–842

Kara IF, Ashour AF, Köroğlu MA (2015) Flexural behavior of hybrid FRP/steel reinforced concrete beams. Compos Struct 129:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.03.073CrossRef

Lapko A, Urbański M (2015) Experimental and theoretical analysis of deflections of concrete beams reinforced with basalt rebar. Arch Civ Mech Eng 15:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.03.008CrossRef

PCA T (2002) Causes of Concrete Deterioration. IS536, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois

10.

Elgabbas F, Vincent P, Ahmed EA, Benmokrane B (2016) Experimental testing of basalt-fiber-reinforced polymer bars in concrete beams. Compos Part B Eng 91:205–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.01.045CrossRef

11.

Nkurunziza G, Debaiky A, Cousin P, Benmokrane B (2005) Durability of GFRP bars: a critical review of the literature. Prog Struct Eng Mater 7:194–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.205CrossRef

12.

Banibayat P, Patnaik A (2013) Creep rupture performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars. J Aerosp Eng 28:04014074. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000391CrossRef

13.

Tighiouart B, Benmokrane B, Mukhopadhyaya P (1991) Bond strength of glass FRP rebar splices in beams under static loading. Constr Build Mater 13:383–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(99)00037-9CrossRef

14.

Yuan F, Pan J, Leung CKY (2013) Flexural behaviors of ECC and concrete/ECC composite beams reinforced with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer. J Compos Constr 17:591–602. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000381CrossRef

15.

Tomlinson D, Fam A (2014) Performance of concrete beams reinforced with basalt FRP for flexure and shear. J Compos Constr 19:4014036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000491CrossRef

16.

Elgabbas F, Ahmed EA, Benmokrane B (2015) Physical and mechanical characteristics of new basalt-FRP bars for reinforcing concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 95:623–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.036CrossRef

17.

Korol E, Tejchman J, Mróz Z (2017) Experimental and numerical assessment of size effect in geometrically similar slender concrete beams with basalt reinforcement. Eng Struct 141:272–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.011CrossRef

18.

Ahmed I, Manzur T, EFAZ IH, Mahmood T (2017) Experimental study on bond performance of epoxy coated bars and uncoated deformed bars in concrete. Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Bangladesh

19.

Soriano C, Alfantazi A (2016) Corrosion behavior of galvanized steel due to typical soil organics. Constr Build Mater 102:904–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.009CrossRef

20.

Saikia B, Thomas J, Ramaswamy A, Nanjunda Rao KS (2005) Performance of hybrid rebars as longitudinal reinforcement in normal strength concrete. Mater Struct 38:857–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482252CrossRef

21.

Won JP, Park CG, Kim HH, Lee SW, Jang CI (2008) Effect of fibers on the bonds between FRP reinforcing bars and high-strength concrete. Compos Part B Eng 39:747–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.11.005CrossRef

22.

Sólyom S, Balázs GL, Borosnyói A (2015) Material characteristics and bond tests for FRP rebars. Concr Struct 16:38–45

23.

Issa MA, Ovitigala T, Ibrahim M (2015) Shear behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete beams with and without basalt FRP stirrups. J Compos Constr 20:04015083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000638CrossRef

24.

Urbanski M, Lapko A, Garbacz A (2013) Investigation on concrete beams reinforced with basalt rebars as an effective alternative of conventional R/C structures. In: Procedia engineering, 11th international conference on modern building materials, structures and techniques, MBMST 2013, vol 57, pp 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.149

25.

ACI 440.1R-06 (2006) Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars. ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA

26.

Lawrence CB (2006) Composites for construction: structural design with FRP materials. Wiley, Hoboken

27.

Wu Zhishen, Wang Xin WG (2012) Advancement of structural safety and sustainability with basalt fiber reinforced polymers. In: Proceedings of CICE 2012 6th international conference on FRP composites in civil engineering, Rome, Italy 29

28.

Gopinath S, Murthy AR, Patrawala H (2016) Near surface mounted strengthening of RC beams using basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars. Constr Build Mater 111:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.046CrossRef

29.

Lopresto V, Leone C, De Iorio I (2011) Mechanical characterisation of basalt fibre reinforced plastic. Compos Part B Eng 42:717–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.030CrossRef

30.

Zhang L, Sun Y, Xiong W (2014) Experimental study on the flexural deflections of concrete beam reinforced with Basalt FRP bars. Mater Struct Constr 48:3279–3293. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0398-0CrossRef

31.

El Refai A, Ammar MA, Masmoudi R (2014) Bond performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars to concrete. J Compos Constr 19:04014050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000487CrossRef

32.

High C, Seliem HM, El-Safty A, Rizkalla SH (2015) Use of basalt fibers for concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 96:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.138CrossRef

33.

Wang X, Wang Z, Wu Z, Cheng F (2014) Shear behavior of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and hybrid FRP rods as shear resistance members. Constr Build Mater 73:781–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.104CrossRef

34.

Li W, Xu J (2009) Mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymeric concrete under impact loading. Mater Sci Eng A 505:178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.063CrossRef

35.

Fan X, Zhang M (2016) Behaviour of inorganic polymer concrete columns reinforced with basalt FRP bars under eccentric compression: An experimental study. Compos Part B Eng 104:44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.08.020CrossRef

36.

Ge W, Zhang J, Cao D, Tu Y (2015) Flexural behaviors of hybrid concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars and steel bars. Constr Build Mater 87:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.113CrossRef

37.

Shi JW, Zhu H, Wu ZS, Wu G (2011) Durability of BFRP and hybrid FRP sheets under freeze-thaw cycling. Adv Mater Res 163–167:3297–3300. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.163-167.3297CrossRef

38.

Vladimir BB (1997) Basalt fiber composite reinforcement for concrete. NCHRP-96-IDO25, IDEA PROJECT FINAL REPORT, Washington, DC United States

39.

Sim J, Park C, Moon DY (2005) Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures. Compos Part B Eng 36:504–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.02.002CrossRef

40.

Wu J, Li H, Xian G (2011) Influence of elevated temperature on the mechanical and thermal performance of BFRP rebar. In: Ye L, Feng P, Yue Q (eds) Advances in FRP composites in civil engineering. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17487-2_12CrossRef

41.

Altalmas A, El Refai A, Abed F (2015) Bond degradation of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars exposed to accelerated aging conditions. Constr Build Mater 81:162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.036CrossRef

42.

ACI 440.1R-15 (2015) Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars. ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA

43.

Bi Q, Wang H (2011) Bond strength of BFRP bars to basalt fiber reinforced high-strength concrete. In: Ye L, Feng P, Yue Q (eds) Advances in FRP composites in civil engineering. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17487-2_125CrossRef

44.

Bi QW, Wang QX, Wang H (2011) Study on bond properties of BFRP bars to basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Adv Mater Res 163–167:1251–1256. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.163-167.1251CrossRef

45.

Ovitigala T, Issa MA (2013) Mechanical and bond strength of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars for concrete structures. In: Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on FRP for reinforced concrete structures. Guimaraes, Portugal

46.

Eligehausen R, Popov EP, Bertero VV (1982) Local bond stress–slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations. In: Proceedings of the 7th European conference on earthquake engineering. Athens: Techn. Chamber of Greece https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-415

47.

El Refai A, Abed F, Altalmas A (2014) Bond durability of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars embedded in concrete under direct pullout conditions. J Compos Constr 19:04014078. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000544CrossRef

48.

Hassan M, Benmokrane B, ElSafty A, Fam A (2016) Bond durability of basalt-fiber-reinforced-polymer (BFRP) bars embedded in concrete in aggressive environments. Compos Part B Eng 106:262–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.039CrossRef

49.

Dong Z, Wu G, Xu B, Wang X, Taerwe L (2016) Bond durability of BFRP bars embedded in concrete under seawater conditions and the long-term bond strength prediction. Mater Des 92:552–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.066CrossRef

50.

Li C, Gao D, Wang Y, Tang J (2017) Effect of high temperature on the bond performance between basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and concrete. Constr Build Mater 141:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.125CrossRef

51.

ACI 440.3R-04 (2004) Guide test methods for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures. ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA

52.

ASTM D7913/D7913M-14 (2014) Standard test method for bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite bars to concrete by pullout testing. ASTM standards, West Conshohocken

53.

ACI 440.6M-08 (2008) Specification for carbon and glass fiber-reinforced polymer bar materials for concrete reinforcement. ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA

54.

CSA S807-15 (2015) Specification for fibre reinforced polymers. Canadian Standard Association, Rexdale

55.

Fib Bulletin 40 (2007) FRP reinforcement in RC structures. In: International federation for structural concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.35789/fib.BULL.0040

56.

GB/T50152 (2012) Standard for test method of concrete structures. China Academy of Building Research, China Building Industry Press, Beijing

57.

CSA-S6-14 (2014) Canadian highway bridge design code. Canadian Standard Association, Rexdale

58.

Elgabbas F, Ahmed EA, Benmokrane B (2016) Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with ribbed basalt-FRP bars under static loads. J Compos Constr 21:04016098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000752CrossRef

59.

BS 4449:2005+A2:2009 (2009) Steel for the reinforcement of concrete: weldable reinforcing steel: bar, coil and decoiled product: specification. British Standards Institution, London

60.

Seis M, Beycioǧlu A (2015) Bond performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars in conventional Portland cement concrete: a relative comparison with steel rebar using the hinged beam approach. Sci Eng Compos Mater 24:909–918. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0210CrossRef

61.

Meng W, Liu H, Liu G, Kong X, Wang X (2016) Bond-slip constitutive relation between BFRP bar and basalt fiber recycled-aggregate concrete. KSCE J Civ Eng 20:1996–2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0350-zCrossRef

62.

Liu H, Yang J, Wang X (2017) Bond behavior between BFRP bar and recycled aggregate concrete reinforced with basalt fiber. Constr Build Mater 135:477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.161CrossRef

63.

Wang H, Sun X, Peng G, Luo Y, Ying Q (2015) Experimental study on bond behaviour between BFRP bar and engineered cementitious composite. Constr Build Mater 95:448–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.135CrossRef

64.

Ahmed SAS, Fahmy MFM, Wu Z (2018) Experimental study and numerical modeling of cyclic bond—slip behavior of basalt FRP Bars in Concrete. J Compos Constr 22:04018050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000887CrossRef

65.

Huo B, Yang G, Zhang X (2012) Research on the flexural behavior of BFRP concrete beams. Adv Mater Res 598:351–355. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.598.351CrossRef

66.

CSA-S806-12 (2012) Design and construction of building structures with fiber reinforced polymers. Canadian Standard Association, Rexdale

67.

Yost JR, Gross SP, Dinehart DW (2003) Effective moment of inertia for glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete beams. ACI Struct J 100:732–739

68.

CEN 2004, Eurocode 2 (2004) Design of Concrete Structures—Part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings. PN EN 1992-1-1, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

69.

Bischoff PH (2007) Deflection calculation of FRP reinforced concrete beams based on modifications to the existing branson equation. J Compos Constr 11:4–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:1(4)CrossRef

70.

CSA-S806-02 (2002) Design and construction of building components with fiber-reinforced polymers. Canadian Standard Association, Rexdale

71.

Inman M, Thorhallsson ER, Azrague KA (2017) Mechanical and environmental assessment and comparison of basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebar and steel rebar in concrete beams. In: Energy procedia, 8th international conference on sustainability in energy and buildings, SEB-16, Turin, Italy, vol 111, pp 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.005

72.

Fan X, Zhang M (2016) Experimental study on flexural behaviour of inorganic polymer concrete beams reinforced with basalt rebar. Compos Part B Eng 93:174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.021CrossRef

73.

Ovitigala T, Ibrahim MA, Issa MA (2016) Serviceability and ultimate load behavior of concrete beams reinforced with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars. ACI Struct J 113:757–768. https://doi.org/10.14359/51688752CrossRef

74.

Rafi MM, Nadjai A (2009) Evaluation of ACI 440 deflection model for fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams and suggested modification. ACI Struct J 106:762–771. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663177CrossRef

75.

Alsayed SH, Al-Salloum YA, Almusallam TH (2000) Performance of glass fiber reinforced plastic bars as a reinforcing material for concrete structures. Compos Part B Eng 31:555–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(99)00049-9CrossRef

76.

Bischoff PH (2007) Rational model for calculating deflection of reinforced concrete beams and slabs. Can J Civ Eng 34:992–1002. https://doi.org/10.1139/l07-020CrossRef

77.

Newhook J, Svecova D (2007) Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymers. Design manual No. 3, SIS Canada research network, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

78.

Duic J, Kenno S, Das S (2018) Performance of concrete beams reinforced with basalt fibre composite rebar. Constr Build Mater 176:470–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.208CrossRef

79.

Wu YF, Oehlers DJ, Griffith MC (2004) Rational definition of the flexural deformation capacity of RC column sections. Eng Struct 26:641–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.01.001CrossRef

80.

Younes T, Al-Mayah A, Topper T (2017) Fatigue performance of prestressed concrete beams using BFRP bars. Constr Build Mater 157:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.086CrossRef

81.

Abed F, Rahman A (2019) Effect of basalt fibers on the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars. Compos Struct 215:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.02.050CrossRef

82.

Qu W, Zhang X, Huang H (2009) Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (GFRP and steel) bars. J Compos Constr 13:350–359. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000035CrossRef

83.

El Refai A, Abed F, Al-Rahmani A (2015) Structural performance and serviceability of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (GFRP and steel) bars. Constr Build Mater 96:518–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.063CrossRef

84.

Harris HG, Somboonsong W (1998) New ductile hybrid FRP reinforcing bar for concrete structure. J Compos Constr 2:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:1(28)CrossRef

85.

Ju M, Lee S, Park C (2017) Response of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-steel hybrid reinforcing bar in uniaxial tension. Int J Concr Struct Mater 11:677–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0212-9CrossRef

86.

Gopinath S, Nachiappan P, Murthy AR, Iyer NR (2017) Use of basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars in the development of hybrid beam—investigations on the flexural response. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 24:153–161

87.

Akiel MS, El-Maaddawy T, El Refai A (2018) Serviceability and moment redistribution of continuous concrete members reinforced with hybrid steel-BFRP bars. Constr Build Mater 175:672–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.202CrossRef

88.

Hoult NA, Sherwood EG, Bentz EC, Collins MP (2008) Does the use of FRP reinforcement change the one-way shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs? J Compos Constr 12:125–133. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:2(125)CrossRef

89.

ACI 318-92 (1992) Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and commentary. American Concrete Institute, USA

Title: Performance evaluation of basalt fibre-reinforced polymer rebars in structural concrete members–a review
Authors: Bhanavath Sagar
M. V. N. Sivakumar
Publication date: 01-06-2021
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Innovative Infrastructure Solutions / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 2364-4176
Electronic ISSN: 2364-4184
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00452-2

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

High-temperature performance of ambient-cured alkali-activated binder concrete

Plastic fiber-strengthened interlocking bricks for load bearing applications

Behavior of high-strength concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash as replacement for cement

Evaluation of seismic performance of steel frames with stiffness irregularity subjected to mainshock–aftershock using equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system

Effect of the interfacial shearing stress of soil–geogrid interaction on the bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced sand

Effect of limestone powder on mechanical strength, durability and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag pastes