Top

Published in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Photobiocatalysis: At the Interface of Photocatalysis and Biocatalysts

Authors : Madan L. Verma, Sarita Devi, Motilal Mathesh

Published in: Green Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Process

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Photobiocatalysis is a novel concept that aims at merging the features from photocatalysis and enzymatic catalysis. The process of photocatalysis involves the degradation of contaminants in water and air. It has also shown promising application in solar energy. However, many photocatalytic processes have low efficiency as compared to other enzymatic processes. Therefore, to improve the performance of such photocatalytic processes, a promising photobiocatalysis approach shows a great promise to enhance the effectiveness of the photocatalytic system. The combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis technologies is an alternative to develop environmentally benign process for the synthesis of renewable chemicals. In photobiocatalysis, the semiconductor coupled with the enzyme which regularly needs a natural compound and a relay transferring charge carriers from the semiconductor. The enzyme diminution mediated by NAD⁺/NADH along with an electron relay utilized the conductivity band electrons of excited semiconductors for photobiocatalysis. The photosynthetic organisms are the natural source for photobiocatalysis.

The present write-up discusses the working mechanism and applications of the current photocatalytic system such as metal oxide photocatalyst and graphene-based photocatalyst. Advances in enzyme-mediated photocatalysis are particularly discussed. The critical factors to control the photobiocatalytic process and key enzymes involved in deciphering the reaction mechanism of photobiocatalysis are critically discussed. Cofactor vs mediator medicated photobiocatalysis is also discussed.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Designing Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Photocatalyst for Specific Photocatalytic Reactions: A Crystal Engineering Approach

next chapter Photo-/Electro-catalytic Applications of Visible Light-Responsive Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Toward Environmental Remediation and Solar Energy Conversion

Aksu S, Arends IW, Hollmann F (2009) A new regeneration system for oxidized nicotinamide cofactors. Adv Synth Catal 351(9):1211–1216. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200900033CrossRef

Amalric L, Guillard C, Pichat P (1994) Use of catalase and superoxide dismutase to assess the roles of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in the TiO₂ or ZnO photocatalytic destruction of 1, 2-dimethoxybenzene in water. Res Chem Intermed 20(6):579–594. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856794X00234CrossRef

Ameta R, Solanki MS, Benjamin S, Ameta SC (2018) Photocatalysis. In: Ameta SC, Ameta R (eds) Advanced oxidation processes for waste water treatment. Academic, London, pp 135–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810499-6.00006-1CrossRef

Antonio JMA, Corma A, Garcia H (2015) Photobiocatalysis: the power of combining photocatalysis and enzymes. Chem Eur J 21(31):10940–10959. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201406437CrossRef

Asahi RY, Morikawa TA, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 293(5528):269–271. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061051CrossRef

Babot ED, del Río JC, Kalum L, Martínez AT, Gutiérrez A (2013) Oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds by a recombinant peroxygenase from Coprinopsiscinerea. Biotechnol Bioeng 110(9):2323–2332. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24904CrossRef

Blake DM, Maness PC, Huang Z, Wolfrum EJ, Huang J, Jacoby WA (1999) Application of the photocatalytic chemistry of titanium dioxide to disinfection and the killing of cancer cells. Sep Purif Methods 28:1–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602549909351643CrossRef

Bryson (2004) A short history of nearly everything. Black Swan, p 362. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1004856/a-short-history-of-nearly-everything/9781409095484.html

Cao B, Cao S, Dong P, Gao J, Wang J (2013) High antibacterial activity of ultrafine TiO₂/graphene sheets nanocomposites under visible light irradiation. Mater Lett 93:349–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.11.136CrossRef

Cargnello M, Fornasiero P (2010) Photocatalysis by nanostructured TiO₂ based semiconductors. In: Selva M, Perosa A (eds) Handbook of green chemistry, green nanoscience. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527628698.hgc088CrossRef

Chen D, Zhang H, Li X, Li J (2010) Biofunctional titania nanotubes for visible-light-activated photoelectrochemical biosensing. Anal Chem 82(6):2253–2261. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9021055CrossRef

Churakova E (2014) Novel approaches for biocatalytic oxyfunctionalization reactions. TU Delft, Delft University of Technology. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:421f5969-82bb-4978-94f7-b393ed455d3f

Darnell JE, Lodish H, Baltimore D (1990) Molecular cell biology. Scientific American Books, New York. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21475/

De Silva AP, Gunaratne HN, Gunnlaugsson T, Huxley AJ, McCoy CP, Rademacher JT, Rice TE (1997) Signaling recognition events with fluorescent sensors and switches. Chem Rev 97(5):1515–1566. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr960386pCrossRef

Drauz K, Gröger H, May O (eds) (2012) Enzyme catalysis in organic synthesis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201304466CrossRef

Esswein AJ, Nocera DG (2007) Hydrogen production by molecular photocatalysis. Chem Rev 107(10):4022–4047. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050193eCrossRef

Ferrandi EE, Monti D, Patel I, Kittl R, Haltrich D, Riva S, Ludwig R (2012) Exploitation of a laccase/meldola’s blue system for NAD⁺ regeneration in preparative scale hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidations. Adv Synth Catal 354(14–15):2821–2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201200429CrossRef

Frank SN, Bard AJ (1977) Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide ion in aqueous solutions at titanium dioxide powder. J Am Chem Soc 99:303–304. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00443a081CrossRef

Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0CrossRef

Fujishima A, Zhang X (2006) Titanium dioxide photocatalysis: present situation and future approaches. C R Chim 9(5-6):750–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2005.02.055CrossRef

Gole JL, Stout JD, Burda C, Lou Y, Chen X (2004) Highly efficient formation of visible light tunable TiO2-x N x photocatalysts and their transformation at the nanoscale. J Phys Chem B108(4):1230–1240. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp030843nCrossRef

Gratzel M (2012) Editor. Energy resources through photochemistry and catalysis. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780122957208

Grobe G, Ullrich R, Pecyna MJ, Kapturska D, Friedrich S, Hofrichter M, Scheibner K (2011) High-yield production of aromatic peroxygenase by the agaric fungus Marasmius rotula. AMB Express 1(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-0855-1-31CrossRef

Hao S, Wu J, Huang Y, Lin J (2006) Natural dyes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell. Sol Energy 80(2):209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.05.009CrossRef

Hara M, Kondo T, Komoda M, Ikeda S, Kondo JN, Domen K, Hara M, Shinohara K, Tanaka A (1998) Cu₂O as a photocatalyst for overall water splitting under visible light irradiation. Chem Commun:357–358. https://doi.org/10.1039/A707440I

Havel J, Weuster-Botz D (2007) Cofactor regeneration in phototrophic cyanobacteria applied for asymmetric reduction of ketones. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75(5):1031–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-0910-3CrossRef

Hernández-Alonso MD, Fresno F, Suárez S, Coronado JM (2009) Development of alternative photocatalysts to TiO₂: challenges and opportunities. Energy Environ Sci 2:1231–1257. https://doi.org/10.1039/B907933ECrossRef

Hirakawa H, Shiota S, Shiraishi Y, Sakamoto H, Ichikawa S, Hirai T (2016) Au nanoparticles supported on BiVO₄: effective inorganic photocatalysts for H₂O₂ production from water and O₂ under visible light. ACS Catal 6(8):4976–4982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b01187CrossRef

Hisatomi T, Kubota J, Domen K (2014) Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 43:7520–7535. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60378DCrossRef

Hollmann F, Arends IW, Buehler K (2010) Biocatalytic redox reactions for organic synthesis: nonconventional regeneration methods. Chem Cat Chem 2(7):762–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201000069CrossRef

Hollmann F, Arends IW, Buehler K, Schallmey A, Bühler B (2011) Enzyme-mediated oxidations for the chemist. Green Chem 13(2):226–265. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0GC00595ACrossRef

Holtmann D, Hollmann F (2016) The oxygen dilemma: a severe challenge for the application of monooxygenases? Chembio Chem 17(15):1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201600176CrossRef

Hsiao CY, Lee CL, Ollis DF (1983) Heterogeneous photocatalysis: degradation of dilute solutions of dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), chloroform (CHCl₃), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) with illuminated TiO₂ photocatalyst. J Catal 82:418–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(83)90208-7CrossRef

Imahori H, Umeyama T, Ito S (2009) Large π-aromatic molecules as potential sensitizers for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Acc Chem Res 42(11):1809–1818. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar900034tCrossRef

Inoue T, Fujishima A, Konishi S, Honda K (1979) Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders. Nature 277:637–638. https://doi.org/10.1038/277637a0CrossRef

Iwase A, Ng YH, Ishiguro Y, Kudo A, Amal R (2011) Reduced graphene oxide as a solid-state electron mediator in z-scheme photocatalytic water splitting under visible light. J Am Chem Soc 133:11054–11057. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja203296zCrossRef

Jagadale TC, Takale SP, Sonawane RS, Joshi HM, Patil SI, Kale BB, Ogale SB (2008) N-doped TiO₂ nanoparticle based visible light photocatalyst by modified peroxide sol-gel method. J Phys Chem C 112(37):14595–14602. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp803567fCrossRef

Kemp KC, Seema H, Saleh M, Le NH, Mahesh K, Chandra V, Kim KS (2013) Environmental applications using graphene composites: water remediation and gas adsorption. Nanoscale 5:3149–3171. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR33708ACrossRef

Khan SU, Al-Shahry M, Ingler WB (2002) Efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO₂. Science 297(5590):2243–2245. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075035CrossRef

Khan MM, Adil SF, Al-Mayouf A (2015) Metal oxides as photocatalysts. J Saudi Chem Soc 19:462–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2015.04.003CrossRef

Kim JH, Lee SH, Lee JS, Lee M, Park CB (2011) Zn-containing porphyrin as a biomimetic light-harvesting molecule for biocatalyzed artificial photosynthesis. Chem Commun 47(37):10227–10229. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CC12222CCrossRef

Kim JH, Nam DH, Park CB (2014) Nanobiocatalytic assemblies for artificial photosynthesis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 28:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.10.008CrossRef

Kofuji Y, Ohkita S, Shiraishi Y, Sakamoto H, Tanaka S, Ichikawa S, Hirai T (2016) Graphitic carbon nitride doped with biphenyl diimide: efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide production from water and molecular oxygen by sunlight. ACS Catal 6(10):7021–7029. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02367CrossRef

Kojima H, Okada A, Takeda S, Nakamura K (2009) Effect of carbon dioxide concentrations on asymmetric reduction of ketones with plant-cultured cells. Tetrahedron Lett 50(50):7079–7081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.002CrossRef

Könst P, Kara S, Kochius S, Holtmann D, Arends IW, Ludwig R, Hollmann F (2013) Expanding the scope of laccase-mediator systems. ChemCatChem 5(10):3027–3032. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300205CrossRef

Krieg T, Hüttmann S, Mangold KM, Schrader J, Holtmann D (2011) Gas diffusion electrode as novel reaction system for an electro-enzymatic process with chloroperoxidase. Green Chem 13(10):2686–2689. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1GC15391ACrossRef

Kumar A, Kumar A, Sharma G et al (2017) Solar-driven photodegradation of 17-β-estradiol and ciprofloxacin from waste water and CO2 conversion using sustainable coal-char/polymeric-g-C3N4/RGO metal-free nano-hybrids. New J Chem 41:10208–10224. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nj01580aCrossRef

Kumar A, Sharma SK, Sharma G et al (2019) Wide spectral degradation of Norfloxacin by Ag@BiPO4/BiOBr/BiFeO3 nano-assembly: elucidating the photocatalytic mechanism under different light sources. J Hazard Mater 364:429–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.060CrossRef

Lan Y, Lu Y, Ren Z (2013) Mini review on photocatalysis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their solar applications. Nano Energy 2:1031–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.04.002CrossRef

Lang ND, Kohn W (1970) Theory of metal surfaces: charge density and surface energy. Phys Rev B 1:4555–4568. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.1.4555CrossRef

Lee SH, Choi DS, Kuk SK, Park CB (2018) Photobiocatalysis: activating redox enzymes by direct or indirect transfer of photoinduced electrons. Angew Chem Int EdEng l57(27):7958–7985. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201710070CrossRef

Liu S, Chen A (2005) Coadsorption of horseradish peroxidase with thionine on TiO₂ nanotubes for biosensing. Langmuir 21(18):8409–8413. https://doi.org/10.1021/la050875xCrossRef

Maeda K, Domen K (2010) Photocatalytic water splitting: recent progress and future challenges. J Phys Chem Lett 1(18):2655–2661. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz1007966CrossRef

Mifsud M, Gargiulo S, Iborra S, Arends IW, Hollmann F, Corma A (2014) Photobiocatalytic chemistry of oxidoreductases using water as the electron donor. Nat Commun 5:3145. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4145CrossRef

Mitoraj D, Janczyk A, Strus M, Kisch H, Stochel G, Heczko PB, Macyk W (2007) Visible light inactivation of bacteria and fungi by modified titanium dioxide. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6:642–648. https://doi.org/10.1039/B617043ACrossRef

Molina-Espeja P, Garcia-Ruiz E, Gonzalez-Perez D, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M, Alcalde M (2014) Directed evolution of unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:3496–3507. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00490-14CrossRef

Monti D, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S (2011) Redox reactions catalyzed by isolated enzymes. Chem Rev 111(7):4111–4140. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100334xCrossRef

Muruganandham M, Chen IS, Wu JJ (2009) Effect of temperature on the formation of macroporous ZnO bundles and its application in photocatalysis. J Hazard Mater 172:700–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.053CrossRef

Nakamura K, Yamanaka R (2002) Light mediated cofactor recycling system in biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of ketone. Chem Commun (16):1782–1783. https://doi.org/10.1039/B203844G

Nakamura K, Yamanaka R, Matsuda T, Harada T (2003) Recent developments in asymmetric reduction of ketones with biocatalysts. Tetrahedron Asymm 14(18):2659–2681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4166(03)00526-3CrossRef

Nam DH, Park CB (2012) Visible light-driven NADH regeneration sensitized by proflavine for biocatalysis. Chembiochem 13(9):1278–1282. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201200115CrossRef

Naushad M, ALOthman ZA (2015) Separation of toxic Pb2+ metal from aqueous solution using strongly acidic cation-exchange resin: analytical applications for the removal of metal ions from pharmaceutical formulation. Desalin Water Treat 53:2158–2166. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.862744CrossRef

Neto AC, Guinea F, Peres NM, Novoselov KS, Geim AK (2009) The electronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys 81:109–162. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109CrossRef

Ni Y, Fernández-Fueyo E, Baraibar AG, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M, Yanase H, Alcalde M, van Berkel WJ, Hollmann F (2016) Peroxygenase-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization reactions promoted by the complete oxidation of methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(2):798–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201507881CrossRef

Ohno T, Akiyoshi M, Umebayashi T, Asai K, Mitsui T, Matsumura M (2004) Preparation of S-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activities under visible light. Appl Catal A Gen 265(1):115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.01.007CrossRef

Okamoto KI, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka H, Tanaka M, Itaya A (1985) Heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of phenol over TiO₂ powder. B Chem Soc Jpn 58(7):2015–2022. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.58.2015CrossRef

Oppelt KT, Gasiorowski J, Egbe DA, Kollender JP, Himmelsbach M, Hassel AW, Sariciftci NS, Knör G (2014) Rhodium-coordinated poly (arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly (arylene-vinylene) copolymer acting as photocatalyst for visible-light-powered NAD⁺/NADH reduction. J Am Chem Soc 136(36):12721–12729. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja506060uCrossRef

Pal AK, Hanan GS (2014) Design, synthesis and excited-state properties of mononuclear Ru (II) complexes of tridentate heterocyclic ligands. Chem Soc Rev 43(17):6184–6197. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00123KCrossRef

Patel RN (2016) Editor. Green biocatalysis. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118828083

Piontek K, Strittmatter E, Ullrich R, Gröbe G, Pecyna MJ, Kluge M, Scheibner K, Hofrichter M, Plattner DA (2013) Structural basis of substrate conversion in a new aromatic peroxygenase: P450 functionality with benefits. J Biol Chem 288:34767–34776. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.514521CrossRef

Portenkirchner E, Oppelt K, Egbe DA, Knör G, Sariçiftçi NS (2013) Electro-and photo-chemistry of rhenium and rhodium complexes for carbon dioxide and proton reduction: a mini review. Nanomater Energy 2(3):134–147. https://doi.org/10.1680/nme.13.00004CrossRef

Qu Y, Duan X (2013) Progress, challenge and perspective of heterogeneous photocatalysts. Chem Soc Rev 42(7):2568–2580. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35355ECrossRef

Rauch M, Schmidt S, Arends IW, Oppelt K, Kara S, Hollmann F (2017) Photobiocatalytic alcohol oxidation using LED light sources. Green Chem 19(2):376–379. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC02008ACrossRef

Rodriguez C, Lavandera I, Gotor V (2012) Recent advances in cofactor regeneration systems applied to biocatalyzed oxidative processes. Curr Org Chem 16(21):2525–2541. https://doi.org/10.2174/138527212804004643CrossRef

Saito T, Iwase T, Horie J, Morioka T (1992) Mode of photocatalytic bactericidal action of powdered semiconductor TiO₂ on mutans streptococci. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 14:369–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(92)85115-BCrossRef

Schoell SJ, Oliveros A, Steenackers M, Saddow SE, Sharp ID (2012) Multifunctional SiC surfaces: from passivation to biofunctionalization. Silicon Carbide Biotechnol:63–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385906-8.00003-9CrossRef

Schulz S, Girhard M, Urlacher VB (2012) Biocatalysis: key to selective oxidations. ChemCatChem 4(12):1889–1895. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201200533CrossRef

Sekar N, Ramasamy RP (2015) Recent advances in photosynthetic energy conversion. J Photochem Photobiol Photochem Rev 22:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.09.004CrossRef

Shaikh IR (2014) Organocatalysis: key trends in green synthetic chemistry, challenges, scope towards heterogenization, and importance from research and industrial point of view. J Catal. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/402860CrossRef

Sharma G, Naushad M, Al-Muhtaseb AH et al (2017) Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-crosslinked-poly(alginic acid) nanohydrogel for adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) metal ion from aqueous medium. Int J Biol Macromol 95:484–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.072CrossRef

Shasha Z, Dunwei W (2017) Photocatalysis: basic principles, diverse forms of implementations and emerging scientific opportunities. Adv Energy Mater 7:1700841. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700841CrossRef

Shi Q, Yang D, Jiang Z, Li J (2006) Visible-light photocatalytic regeneration of NADH using P-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43(1–4):44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.06.005CrossRef

Sreeprasad TS, Berry V (2013) How do the electrical properties of graphene change with its functionalization? Small 9:341–350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201202196CrossRef

Takemura T, Akiyama K, Umeno N, Tamai Y, Ohta H, Nakamura K (2009) Asymmetric reduction of a ketone by knockout mutants of a cyanobacterium. J Mol Catal B Enzym 60(1-2):93–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.03.017CrossRef

Te-Fu Y, Chiao-Yi T, Shean-Jen C, Hsisheng T (2014) Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots as photocatalysts for overall water-splitting under visible light illumination. Adv Mater 26:3297–3303. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305299CrossRef

Trost BM (1991) The atom economy – a search for synthetic efficiency. Science 254:1471–1477. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1962206CrossRef

Tuller HL (2017) Solar to fuels conversion technologies: a perspective. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 6(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-017-0088-2CrossRef

Ullrich R, Nüske J, Scheibner K, Spantzel J, Hofrichter M (2004) Novel haloperoxidase from the agaric basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita oxidizes aryl alcohols and aldehydes. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(8):4575–4581. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.8.4575-4581.2004CrossRef

Urlacher VB, Girhard M (2012) Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: an update on perspectives for synthetic application. Trends Biotechnol 30(1):26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.012CrossRef

Urlacher V, Schmid RD (2002) Biotransformations using prokaryotic P450 monooxygenases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13(6):557–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00357-9CrossRef

Van der Donk WA, Zhao H (2003) Recent developments in pyridine nucleotide regeneration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14(4):421–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00094-6CrossRef

van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA (2000) Selective oxygen transfer catalysed by heme peroxidases: synthetic and mechanistic aspects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11(6):554–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00143-9CrossRef

Wang S, Ang PK, Wang Z, Tang ALL, Thong JTL, Loh KP (2010) High mobility, printable, and solution-processed graphene electronics. Nano Lett 10:92–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl9028736CrossRef

Wang Y, Yu J, Xiao W, Li Q (2014) Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of graphene based Au-TiO₂ photocatalysts for efficient visible-light hydrogen production. J Mater Chem A 2:3847–3855. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA14908KCrossRef

Wang Y, Lan D, Durrani R, Hollmann F (2017) Peroxygenases en route to becoming dream catalysts. What are the opportunities and challenges? Curr Opin Chem Biol 37:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.10.007CrossRef

Weckbecker A, Gröger H, Hummel W (2010) Regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes: principles and applications for the synthesis of chiral compounds. In: Biosystems engineering I: creating superior biocatalysts. Springer, Berlin, pp 195–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2009_55CrossRef

Wenguang T, Young Z, Qi L, Shicheng Y, Shanshan B, Xiaoyong W, Min X, Zhigang Z (2013) An in situ simultaneous reduction-hydrolysis technique for fabrication of TiO₂-graphene 2D sandwich-like hybrid nanosheets: graphene-promoted selectivity of photocatalytic-driven hydrogenation and coupling of CO₂ into methane and ethane. Adv Funct Mater 23:1743–1749. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202349CrossRef

Willner I, Lapidot N, Riklin A, Kasher R, Zahavy E, Katz E (1994) Electron-transfer communication in glutathione reductase assemblies: electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and catalytic systems for the reduction of oxidized glutathione. J Am Chem Soc 116(4):1428–1441. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00083a031CrossRef

Wu H, Tian C, Song X, Liu C, Yang D, Jiang Z (2013) Methods for the regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes. Green Chem 15(7):1773–1789. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC37129HCrossRef

Xin L, Yu J, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A, Xie J (2016) Graphene in photocatalysis: a review. Small 12:6640–6696. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201600382CrossRef

Xu X, Ni Q (2010) Synthesis and characterization of novel Bi₂MoO₆/NaY materials and photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation. Catal Commun 11:359–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2009.11.001CrossRef

Yamanaka R, Nakamura K, Murakami A (2011) Reduction of exogenous ketones depends upon NADPH generated photosynthetically in cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. AMB Express 1(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-0855-1-24CrossRef

Yee MC, Bartholomew JC (1989) Effects of 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea on the cell cycle in Euglena gracilis. Plant Physiol 91(3):1025–1029. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.91.3.1025CrossRef

Yemmireddy VK, Hung YC (2017) Using photocatalyst metal oxides as antimicrobial surface coatings to ensure food safety-opportunities and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci F 16:617–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12267CrossRef

Yu J, Jin J, Cheng B, Jaroniec M (2014) A noble metal-free reduced graphene oxide-CdS nanorod composite for the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to solar fuel. J Mater Chem A 2:3407–3416. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA14493CCrossRef

Zhang Y, He P, Hu N (2004) Horseradish peroxidase immobilized in TiO₂ nanoparticle films on pyrolytic graphite electrodes: direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 49(12):1981–1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.028CrossRef

Zhang P, Zhang J, Gong J (2014) Tantalum-based semiconductors for solar water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 43:4395–4422. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60438ACrossRef

Zhang W, Fernández-Fueyo E, Ni Y, van Schie M, Gacs J, Renirie R, Wever R, Mutti FG, Rother D, Alcalde M, Hollmann F (2018) Selective aerobic oxidation reactions using a combination of photocatalytic water oxidation and enzymatic oxyfunctionalizations. Nat Catal 1(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-017-0001-5CrossRef

Zhou L, Zhang H, Sun H, Liu S, Tade MO, Wang S, Jin W (2016) Recent advances in non-metal modification of graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalysis: a historic review. Cat Sci Technol 6:7002–7023. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CY01195KCrossRef

Zhu XG, Long SP, Ort DR (2008) What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass? Curr Opin Biotechnol 19(2):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.004CrossRef

Title: Photobiocatalysis: At the Interface of Photocatalysis and Biocatalysts
Authors: Madan L. Verma
Sarita Devi
Motilal Mathesh
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Green Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Process
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17637-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-17638-9

Copyright Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17638-9_7