Top

Published in:

2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Photonic Interconnects

Authors : Keren Bergman, Luca P. Carloni, Aleksandr Biberman, Johnnie Chan, Gilbert Hendry

Published in: Photonic Network-on-Chip Design

Publisher: Springer New York

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This chapter describes the most important characteristics and performance metrics of chip-scale communications. Figure 2.1 illustrates the general structure of all optical communication channels, which comprises of the communicating nodes and the optical link itself. The optical link consists of three functional elements: (1) generation, (2) routing, and (3) reception. Generation happens near a source node and involves the creation of a waveform in the optical domain for transporting useful information. Routing is for controlling the movement of optical data so that the useful information can travel from the source node to the destination node. Lastly, reception enables the optical link to translate the useful information back into the electrical domain to be used by the computing resource at the destination node. These three components (generation, routing, and reception) encompass everything needed for optical communications.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Introduction

next chapter Silicon Photonics

D. Van Thourhout, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, G. Roelkens, D. Taillaert, G. Priem, and R. Baets, “Recent progress in SOI nanophotonic waveguides”, in Optical Communication, 2005. ECOC 2005. 31st European Conference on, vol. 2, Sep. 2005, pp. 241–244.

F. Xia, L. Sekaric, and Y. Vlasov, “Ultracompact optical buffers on a silicon chip”, Nature Photonics, vol. 1, pp. 65–71, 2006.

M. Gnan, S. Thorns, D. Macintyre, R. De La Rue, and M. Sorel, “Fabrication of low-loss photonic wires in silicon-on-insulator using hydrogen silsesquioxane electron-beam resist”, Electronics Letters, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 115–116, Jan. 2008.

J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, J. T. Robinson, K. Preston, L. Chen, and M. Lipson, “Low loss etchless silicon photonic waveguides”, OSA Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 4752–4757, 2009.

M. J. Shaw, J. Guo, G. A. Vawter, S. Habermehl, and C. T. Sullivan, “Fabrication techniques for low-loss silicon nitride waveguides”, Micromachining Technology for Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics III, vol. 5720, no. 1, pp. 109–118, 2005.

W. Bogaerts, P. Dumon, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Low-loss, low-cross-talk crossings for silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic waveguides”, OSA Optics Letters, vol. 32, no. 19, pp. 2801–2803, 2007.

B. Little, J. Foresi, G. Steinmeyer, E. Thoen, S. Chu, H. Haus, E. Ippen, L. Kimerling, and W. Greene, “Ultra-compact Si-SiO\(_{2}\) microring resonator optical channel dropping filters”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 549–551, Apr. 1998.

B. Lee, A. Biberman, P. Dong, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “All-optical comb switch for multiwavelength message routing in silicon photonic networks”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 767–769, May 2008.

S. Manipatruni, Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson, “High speed carrier injection 18 Gb/s silicon micro-ring electro-optic modulator”, in The 20th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS), Oct. 2007, pp. 537–538.

10.

H. Lira, S. Manipatruni, and M. Lipson, “Broadband hitless silicon electro-optic switch for optical networks on-chip”, in Group IV Photonics, 2009. GFP ’09. 6th IEEE International Conference on, Sep. 2009, pp. 253–255.

11.

Y. Vlasov, W. M. J. Green, and F. Xia, “High-throughput silicon nanophotonic wavelength-insensitive switch for on-chip optical networks”, Nature Photonics, vol. 2, pp. 242–246, Apr. 2008.

12.

Q. Xu, S. Manipatruni, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson, “12.5 Gbit/s carrier-injection-based silicon micro-ring silicon modulators”, OSA Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 430–436, 2007.

13.

M. Watts, D. Trotter, R. Young, and A. Lentine, “Ultralow power silicon microdisk modulators and switches”, in 5th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Sep. 2008, pp. 4–6.

14.

J. Chan, G. Hendry, K. Bergman, and L. Carloni, “Physical-layer modeling and system-level design of chip-scale photonic interconnection networks”, Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1507–1520, Oct. 2011.

15.

M. Lipson, “Compact electro-optic modulators on a silicon chip”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE), vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1520–1526, Nov.-Dec. 2006.

16.

W. Green, H. Hamann, L. Sekaric, M. Rooks, and Y. Vlasov, “Ultra-compact reconfigurable silicon optical devices using micron-scale localized thermal heating”, in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Mar. 2007.

17.

K. Preston, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Levy, and M. Lipson, “Performance guidelines for WDM interconnects based on silicon microring resonators”, in Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 2011 Conference on, May 2011.

18.

J. Feng, Q. Li, and Z. Zhou, “Single ring interferometer configuration with doubled free-spectral range”, Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 79–81, Jan. 2011.

19.

J. Garcia, A. Martinez, and J. Marti, “Optical add-drop multiplexer with FSR higher than 140 nm using ring resonators and photonic bandgap structures”, in Group IV Photonics, 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on, Sep. 2008, pp. 82–84.

20.

Y. Yanagase, S. Suzuki, Y. Kokubun, and S. T. Chu, “Box-like filter response and expansion of FSR by a vertically triple coupled microring resonator filter”, Lightwave Technology, Journal of, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1525–1529, Aug. 2002.

21.

A. X. Widmer and P. A. Franaszek, “A DC-balanced, partitioned-block, 8 b/10 b transmission code”, IBM J. Res. Dev., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 440–451, Sep. 1983.

22.

V. Maxwell, “Optical networking”, Potentials, IEEE, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 26–28, Feb.-Mar. 1999.

23.

H. Sutter, “The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software”, Dr. Dobb’s Journal, vol. 30, no. 3, 2005.

24.

“Universal serial bus”, http://www.usb.org.

25.

“The serial ATA international organization”, http://www.sata-io.org.

26.

C. Severance, “Firewire finally comes home”, Computer, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 117–118, Nov. 1998.

27.

S. Kimura, T. Hayakawa, T. Horiyama, M. Nakanishi, K. Watanabe, “An on-chip high speed serial communication method based on independent ring oscillators”, in Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC. 2003 IEEE, International, vol. 1, pp. 390–391, 2003.

28.

U. Singh, L. Li, and M. Green, “A 34 Gb/s 2:1 MUX/CMU based on a distributed amplifier using 0.18 \(\upmu \)m CMOS”, in VLSI Circuits, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. 2005 Symposium on, Jun. 2005, pp. 132–135.

29.

A. Rylyakov, C. Schow, B. Lee, W. Green, J. Van Campenhout, M. Yang, F. Doany, S. Assefa, C. Jahnes, J. Kash, and Y. Vlasov, “A 3.9 ns 8.9 mW \(4\times 4\) silicon photonic switch hybrid integrated with CMOS driver”, in Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2011 IEEE International, Feb. 2011, pp. 222–224.

30.

N. Ophir, K. Padmaraju, A. Biberman, L. Chen, K. Preston, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “First demonstration of error-free operation of a full silicon on-chip photonic link”, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2011, p. OWZ3.

31.

C. Batten, A. Joshi, J. Orcutt, A. Khilo, B. Moss, C. Holzwarth, M. Popovic, H. Li, H. Smith, J. Hoyt, F. Kartner, R. Ram, V. Stojanovic, and K. Asanovic, “Building many-core processor-to-DRAM networks with monolithic CMOS silicon photonics”, IEEE Micro, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 8–21, Jul.-Aug. 2009.

32.

N. Kirman, M. Kirman, R. K. Dokania, J. F. Martinez, A. B. Apsel, M. A. Watkins, and D. H. Albonesi, “On-chip optical technology in future bus-based multicore designs”, IEEE Micro, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 56–66, 2007.

33.

M. J. Cianchetti, J. C. Kerekes, and D. H. Albonesi, “Phastlane: a rapid transit optical routing network”, in Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), 2009, pp. 441–450.

34.

D. Vantrease, R. Schreiber, M. Monchiero, M. McLaren, N. P. Jouppi, M. Fiorentino, A. Davis, N. Binkert, R. G. Beausoleil, and J. H. Ahn, “Corona: System implications of emerging nanophotonic technology”, Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), vol. 0, pp. 153–164, Jun. 2008.

35.

A. Shacham, K. Bergman, and L. Carloni, “Photonic networks-on-chip for future generations of chip multiprocessors”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1246–1260, Sep. 2008.

36.

G. Hendry, S. Kamil, A. Biberman, J. Chan, B. Lee, M. Mohiyuddin, A. Jain, K. Bergman, L. Carloni, J. Kubiatowicz, L. Oliker, and J. Shalf, “Analysis of photonic networks for a chip multiprocessor using scientific applications”, in Proceedings of the 2009 3rd ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip (NOCS), May 2009, pp. 104–113.

37.

J. Chan, G. Hendry, A. Biberman, and K. Bergman, “Architectural exploration of chip-scale photonic interconnection network designs using physical-layer analysis”, IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1305–1315, May 2010.

38.

G. Hendry, J. Chan, S. Kamil, L. Oliker, J. Shalf, L. Carloni, and K. Bergman, “Silicon nanophotonic network-on-chip using TDM arbitration”, in 2010 IEEE 18th Annual Symposium on High Performance Interconnects (HOTI), Aug. 2010, pp. 88–95.

39.

J. Chan and K. Bergman, “Photonic interconnection network architectures using wavelength-selective spatial routing for chip-scale communications”, J. Opt. Commun. Netw., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 189–201, Mar. 2012.

Title: Photonic Interconnects
Authors: Keren Bergman
Luca P. Carloni
Aleksandr Biberman
Johnnie Chan
Gilbert Hendry
Publisher: Springer New York
Book: Photonic Network-on-Chip Design
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-9334-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4419-9335-9

Copyright Year: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9335-9_2