Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Policy Sciences 2/2021

08-04-2021 | Research Article

Policy capacities and effective policy design: a review

Authors: Ishani Mukherjee, M. Kerem Coban, Azad Singh Bali

Published in: Policy Sciences | Issue 2/2021

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Effectiveness has been understood at three levels of analysis in the scholarly study of policy design. The first is at the systemic level indicating what entails effective formulation environments or spaces making them conducive to successful design. The second reflects more program level concerns, surrounding how policy tool portfolios or mixes can be effectively constructed to address complex policy objectives. The third is a more specific instrument level, focusing on what accounts for and constitutes the effectiveness of particular types of policy tools. Undergirding these three levels of analysis are comparative research concerns that concentrate on the capacities of government and political actors to devise and implement effective designs. This paper presents a systematic review of a largely scattered yet quickly burgeoning body of knowledge in the policy sciences, which broadly asks what capacities engender effectiveness at the multiple levels of policy design? The findings bring to light lessons about design effectiveness at the level of formulation spaces, policy mixes and policy programs. Further, this review points to a future research agenda for design studies that is sensitive to the relative orders of policy capacity, temporality and complementarities between the various dimensions of policy capacity.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
We thank an anonymous referee for raising this essential point.
 
2
We are aware of two major caveats. Firstly, our database only covers journal articles written in English. In addition, our database excluded monographs and edited book chapters. Studies that are written in other languages and those published as monographs and edited book chapters are likely to offer additional insights to the findings in the article, which demands further research.
 
Literature
go back to reference Alaerts, G. J. (2020). Adaptive policy implementation: Process and impact of Indonesia’s national irrigation reform 1999–2018. World Development, 129, 104880. Alaerts, G. J. (2020). Adaptive policy implementation: Process and impact of Indonesia’s national irrigation reform 1999–2018. World Development, 129, 104880.
go back to reference Anderson, J. E. (1975). Public policymaking. . Praeger. Anderson, J. E. (1975). Public policymaking. . Praeger.
go back to reference Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571.
go back to reference Ansell, C., Trondal, J., & Øgård, M. (Eds.). (2016). Governance in turbulent times. . Oxford University Press. Ansell, C., Trondal, J., & Øgård, M. (Eds.). (2016). Governance in turbulent times. . Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Bajpai, K., & Chong, B. (2019). India's foreign policy capacity. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 137–162. Bajpai, K., & Chong, B. (2019). India's foreign policy capacity. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 137–162.
go back to reference Bakır, C., & Çoban, M. K. (2019). How can a seemingly weak state in the financial services industry act strong? The role of organizational policy capacity in monetary and macroprudential policy. New Perspectives on Turkey, 61, 71–96. Bakır, C., & Çoban, M. K. (2019). How can a seemingly weak state in the financial services industry act strong? The role of organizational policy capacity in monetary and macroprudential policy. New Perspectives on Turkey, 61, 71–96.
go back to reference Bakvis, H. (2002). Rebuilding policy capacity in the era of the fiscal divident: A report from Canada. Governance, 13(1), 71–103. Bakvis, H. (2002). Rebuilding policy capacity in the era of the fiscal divident: A report from Canada. Governance, 13(1), 71–103.
go back to reference Bali, A. S., Capano, G., & Ramesh, M. (2019). Anticipating and designing for policy effectiveness. Policy and Society, 38(1), 1–13. Bali, A. S., Capano, G., & Ramesh, M. (2019). Anticipating and designing for policy effectiveness. Policy and Society, 38(1), 1–13.
go back to reference Bali, A. S., & Ramesh, M. (2017). Designing effective healthcare: Matching policy tools to problems in China. Public Administration and Development, 37(1), 40–508. Bali, A. S., & Ramesh, M. (2017). Designing effective healthcare: Matching policy tools to problems in China. Public Administration and Development, 37(1), 40–508.
go back to reference Bali, A. S., & Ramesh, M. (2018). Policy capacity: A design perspective. In M. Howlett & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Routledge handbook of policy design. (pp. 331–344). Routledge. Bali, A. S., & Ramesh, M. (2018). Policy capacity: A design perspective. In M. Howlett & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Routledge handbook of policy design. (pp. 331–344). Routledge.
go back to reference Bali, A. S., & Ramesh, M. (2019). Assessing health reform: Studying tool appropriateness and critical capacities. Policy and Society, 38(1), 148–166. Bali, A. S., & Ramesh, M. (2019). Assessing health reform: Studying tool appropriateness and critical capacities. Policy and Society, 38(1), 148–166.
go back to reference Banerjee, A. V., Bardhan, P. K., & Somanathan, R. (Eds.). (2017). Poverty and income distribution in India. Juggernaut. Banerjee, A. V., Bardhan, P. K., & Somanathan, R. (Eds.). (2017). Poverty and income distribution in India. Juggernaut.
go back to reference Bardhan, P. (2016). State and development: The need for a reappraisal of the current literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 54(3), 862–892. Bardhan, P. (2016). State and development: The need for a reappraisal of the current literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 54(3), 862–892.
go back to reference Baskoy, T., Evans, B., & Shields, J. (2011). Assessing policy capacity in Canada’s public services: Perspectives of deputy and assistant deputy ministers. Canadian Public Administration, 54(2), 217–234. Baskoy, T., Evans, B., & Shields, J. (2011). Assessing policy capacity in Canada’s public services: Perspectives of deputy and assistant deputy ministers. Canadian Public Administration, 54(2), 217–234.
go back to reference Bengston, D. N., Fletcher, J. O., & Nelson, K. C. (2004). Public policies for managing urban growth and protecting open space: Policy instruments and lessons learned in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(2–3), 271–286. Bengston, D. N., Fletcher, J. O., & Nelson, K. C. (2004). Public policies for managing urban growth and protecting open space: Policy instruments and lessons learned in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(2–3), 271–286.
go back to reference Bernstein, S., & Cashore, B. (2012). Complex global governance and domestic policies: Four pathways of influence. International Affairs, 88(3), 585–604. Bernstein, S., & Cashore, B. (2012). Complex global governance and domestic policies: Four pathways of influence. International Affairs, 88(3), 585–604.
go back to reference Bobrow, D. B. (2006). Policy design: Ubiquitous, necessary and difficult. In B. G. Peters & J. Pierre (Eds.), Handbook of public policy. (pp. 75–96). Sage. Bobrow, D. B. (2006). Policy design: Ubiquitous, necessary and difficult. In B. G. Peters & J. Pierre (Eds.), Handbook of public policy. (pp. 75–96). Sage.
go back to reference Bobrow, D. B., & Dryzek, J. S. (1987). Policy analysis by design. . University of Pittsburgh Press. Bobrow, D. B., & Dryzek, J. S. (1987). Policy analysis by design. . University of Pittsburgh Press.
go back to reference Borrás, S. (2011). Policy learning and organizational capacities in innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 38(9), 725–734. Borrás, S. (2011). Policy learning and organizational capacities in innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 38(9), 725–734.
go back to reference Bovens, M., & ‘t Hart, P. (2016). Revisiting the study of policy failures. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(5), 653–666. Bovens, M., & ‘t Hart, P. (2016). Revisiting the study of policy failures. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(5), 653–666.
go back to reference Braathen, N. A. (2007). Instrument mixes for environmental policy: How many stones should be used to kill a bird? International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 1(2), 185–235. Braathen, N. A. (2007). Instrument mixes for environmental policy: How many stones should be used to kill a bird? International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 1(2), 185–235.
go back to reference Braathen, N. A., & Croci, E. (2005). Environmental agreements used in combination with other policy instruments. In E. Croci (Ed.), The handbook of environmental voluntary agreements: Design, implementation and evaluation issues. (pp. 335–364). Springer. Braathen, N. A., & Croci, E. (2005). Environmental agreements used in combination with other policy instruments. In E. Croci (Ed.), The handbook of environmental voluntary agreements: Design, implementation and evaluation issues. (pp. 335–364). Springer.
go back to reference Braun, D. (2008a). Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 34(4), 227–239. Braun, D. (2008a). Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 34(4), 227–239.
go back to reference Braun, D. (2008b). Lessons on the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 34(4), 289–298. Braun, D. (2008b). Lessons on the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies. Science and Public Policy, 34(4), 289–298.
go back to reference Briassoulis, H. (2005). Policy integration for complex environmental problems. . Ashgate. Briassoulis, H. (2005). Policy integration for complex environmental problems. . Ashgate.
go back to reference Brown, M. L. (2000). Scientific uncertainty ad learning in European Union environmental policymaking. Policy Studies Journal, 28(3), 576–596. Brown, M. L. (2000). Scientific uncertainty ad learning in European Union environmental policymaking. Policy Studies Journal, 28(3), 576–596.
go back to reference Busuioc, E. M., & Lodge, M. (2016). The reputational basis of public accountability. Governance, 29(2), 247–263. Busuioc, E. M., & Lodge, M. (2016). The reputational basis of public accountability. Governance, 29(2), 247–263.
go back to reference Capano, G. (2018). Policy design spaces in reforming governance in higher education: The dynamics in Italy and the Netherlands. Higher Education, 75(4), 675–694. Capano, G. (2018). Policy design spaces in reforming governance in higher education: The dynamics in Italy and the Netherlands. Higher Education, 75(4), 675–694.
go back to reference Capano, G., Howlett, H., Jarvis, D. S. L., Ramesh, M., & Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in)capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in national responses. Policy and Society, 39(3), 285–308. Capano, G., Howlett, H., Jarvis, D. S. L., Ramesh, M., & Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in)capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in national responses. Policy and Society, 39(3), 285–308.
go back to reference Capano, G., & Pavan, E. (2019). Designing anticipatory policies through the use of ICTs. Policy and Society, 38(1), 96–117. Capano, G., & Pavan, E. (2019). Designing anticipatory policies through the use of ICTs. Policy and Society, 38(1), 96–117.
go back to reference Capano, G., & Woo, J. J. (2017). Resilience and robustness in policy design: A critical appraisal. Policy Sciences, 50(3), 399–426. Capano, G., & Woo, J. J. (2017). Resilience and robustness in policy design: A critical appraisal. Policy Sciences, 50(3), 399–426.
go back to reference Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., Humphreys, D., Visseren-Hamakers, I., & Rietig, K. (2019). Designing stakeholder learning dialogues for effective global governance. Policy and Society, 38(1), 118–147. Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., Humphreys, D., Visseren-Hamakers, I., & Rietig, K. (2019). Designing stakeholder learning dialogues for effective global governance. Policy and Society, 38(1), 118–147.
go back to reference Chindarkar, N., Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2017). Introduction to the special issue: Conceptualizing effective social policy design: Design spaces and capacity challenges. Public Administration and Developmentv, 37(1), 3–14. Chindarkar, N., Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2017). Introduction to the special issue: Conceptualizing effective social policy design: Design spaces and capacity challenges. Public Administration and Developmentv, 37(1), 3–14.
go back to reference Clarke, A., & Craft, J. (2017). The vestiges and vanguards of policy design in a digital context. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 476–497. Clarke, A., & Craft, J. (2017). The vestiges and vanguards of policy design in a digital context. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 476–497.
go back to reference Coban, M. K. (2020b). Diffuse interest groups and regulatory policy change: Financial consumer protection in Turkey. Interest Groups an Advocacy, 9(2), 220–243. Coban, M. K. (2020b). Diffuse interest groups and regulatory policy change: Financial consumer protection in Turkey. Interest Groups an Advocacy, 9(2), 220–243.
go back to reference Coban, M. K. (2020a). Compliance forces, domestic policy process, and international regulatory standards: Compliance with Basel III. Business and Politics, 22(1), 161–195. Coban, M. K. (2020a). Compliance forces, domestic policy process, and international regulatory standards: Compliance with Basel III. Business and Politics, 22(1), 161–195.
go back to reference Compton, M., & ‘t Hart, P. (2019). How to ‘see’ great policy successes. In M. Compton & P. ‘t Hart (Eds.), Great policy successes. (pp. 1–20). Oxford University Press. Compton, M., & ‘t Hart, P. (2019). How to ‘see’ great policy successes. In M. Compton & P. ‘t Hart (Eds.), Great policy successes. (pp. 1–20). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Considine, M. (2012). Thinking outside the box? Applying design theory to public policy. Politics and Policy, 40(4), 704–724. Considine, M. (2012). Thinking outside the box? Applying design theory to public policy. Politics and Policy, 40(4), 704–724.
go back to reference Craft, J., & Daku, M. (2017). A comparative assessment of elite policy recruits in Canada. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(3), 207–226. Craft, J., & Daku, M. (2017). A comparative assessment of elite policy recruits in Canada. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(3), 207–226.
go back to reference Dare, L. (2018). From global forests to local politics: Unwrapping the boundaries within forest certification. Australian Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 529–547. Dare, L. (2018). From global forests to local politics: Unwrapping the boundaries within forest certification. Australian Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 529–547.
go back to reference Daugbjerg, C., Fraussen, B., & Halpin, D. (2018). Interest group and policy capacity: Models of engagement, policy goods and networks. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 243–261). Springer. Daugbjerg, C., Fraussen, B., & Halpin, D. (2018). Interest group and policy capacity: Models of engagement, policy goods and networks. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 243–261). Springer.
go back to reference del Río, P. (2010). Analysing the interactions between renewable energy promotion and energy efficiency support schemes: The impact of different instruments and design elements. Energy Policy, 38(9), 4978–4989. del Río, P. (2010). Analysing the interactions between renewable energy promotion and energy efficiency support schemes: The impact of different instruments and design elements. Energy Policy, 38(9), 4978–4989.
go back to reference Donahue, A. K., Selden, S. C., & Ingraham, P. W. (2000). Measuring government management capacity: A comparative analysis of city human resources management systems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 381–412. Donahue, A. K., Selden, S. C., & Ingraham, P. W. (2000). Measuring government management capacity: A comparative analysis of city human resources management systems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 381–412.
go back to reference Doremus, H. (2003). A policy portfolio approach to biodiversity protection on private lands. Environmental Science & Policy, 6(3), 217–232. Doremus, H. (2003). A policy portfolio approach to biodiversity protection on private lands. Environmental Science & Policy, 6(3), 217–232.
go back to reference Dorsch, M. J., & Flachsland, C. (2017). A polycentric approach to global climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 17(2), 45–64. Dorsch, M. J., & Flachsland, C. (2017). A polycentric approach to global climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 17(2), 45–64.
go back to reference Dunlop, C. A. (2015). Organizational political capacity as learning. Policy and Society, 34(4–5), 259–270. Dunlop, C. A. (2015). Organizational political capacity as learning. Policy and Society, 34(4–5), 259–270.
go back to reference Giest, S. (2017). Big data for policymaking: Fad or fasttrack? Policy Sciences, 50(3), 367–382. Giest, S. (2017). Big data for policymaking: Fad or fasttrack? Policy Sciences, 50(3), 367–382.
go back to reference Giest, S., & Mukherjee, I. (2018). Behavioral instruments in renewable energy and the role of big data: A policy perspective. Energy Policy, 123, 360–366. Giest, S., & Mukherjee, I. (2018). Behavioral instruments in renewable energy and the role of big data: A policy perspective. Energy Policy, 123, 360–366.
go back to reference Gilabert, P., & Lawford-Smith, H. (2012). Political feasibility: A conceptual exploration. Political Studies, 60(4), 809–825. Gilabert, P., & Lawford-Smith, H. (2012). Political feasibility: A conceptual exploration. Political Studies, 60(4), 809–825.
go back to reference Golan, J., Sicular, T., & Umapathi, N. (2017). Unconditional cash transfers in China: Who benefits from the rural minimum living standard guarantee (Dibao) program? World Development, 93, 316–336. Golan, J., Sicular, T., & Umapathi, N. (2017). Unconditional cash transfers in China: Who benefits from the rural minimum living standard guarantee (Dibao) program? World Development, 93, 316–336.
go back to reference Grabosky, P. N. (1994). Green markets: Environmental regulation by the private sector. Law and Policy, 16(4), 419–448. Grabosky, P. N. (1994). Green markets: Environmental regulation by the private sector. Law and Policy, 16(4), 419–448.
go back to reference Grant, W. (2010). Policy instruments in the common agricultural policy. West European Politics, 33(1), 22–38. Grant, W. (2010). Policy instruments in the common agricultural policy. West European Politics, 33(1), 22–38.
go back to reference Gunningham, N., Grabosky, P. N., & Sinclair, D. (1998). Smart regulation: Designing environmental policy. . Clarendon Press. Gunningham, N., Grabosky, P. N., & Sinclair, D. (1998). Smart regulation: Designing environmental policy. . Clarendon Press.
go back to reference Haas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, 46(1), 1–35. Haas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, 46(1), 1–35.
go back to reference Hartley, J., Alford, J., Hughes, O., & Yates, S. (2015). Public value and political astuteness in the work of public managers: The art of the possible. Public Administration, 93(1), 195–211. Hartley, J., Alford, J., Hughes, O., & Yates, S. (2015). Public value and political astuteness in the work of public managers: The art of the possible. Public Administration, 93(1), 195–211.
go back to reference Hartley, K., & Zhang, J. (2018). Measuring policy capacity through governance indices. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 67–97). Springer. Hartley, K., & Zhang, J. (2018). Measuring policy capacity through governance indices. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 67–97). Springer.
go back to reference Hood, C. (2007). Intellectual obsolescence and intellectual makeovers: Reflections on the tools of government after two decades. Governance, 20(1), 127–144. Hood, C. (2007). Intellectual obsolescence and intellectual makeovers: Reflections on the tools of government after two decades. Governance, 20(1), 127–144.
go back to reference Hoppe, R. (2011). Institutional constraints and practical problems in deliberative and participatory policy making. Policy and Politics, 39(2), 163–186. Hoppe, R. (2011). Institutional constraints and practical problems in deliberative and participatory policy making. Policy and Politics, 39(2), 163–186.
go back to reference Hoppe, R. (2018). Heuristics for practitioners of design: Rule-of-thumb for structuring unstructured problems. Public Policy and Administration, 33(4), 384–408. Hoppe, R. (2018). Heuristics for practitioners of design: Rule-of-thumb for structuring unstructured problems. Public Policy and Administration, 33(4), 384–408.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2000). Managing the “hollow state”: Procedural policy instruments and modern governance. Canadian Public Administration, 43(4), 412–431. Howlett, M. (2000). Managing the “hollow state”: Procedural policy instruments and modern governance. Canadian Public Administration, 43(4), 412–431.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2009a). Governance modes, policy regimes and operational plans: A multi-level nested model of policy instrument choice and policy design. Policy Sciences, 42(1), 73–89. Howlett, M. (2009a). Governance modes, policy regimes and operational plans: A multi-level nested model of policy instrument choice and policy design. Policy Sciences, 42(1), 73–89.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2009b). Policy analytical capacity and evidence-based policymaking: Lessons from Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 52(2), 153–172. Howlett, M. (2009b). Policy analytical capacity and evidence-based policymaking: Lessons from Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 52(2), 153–172.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2011). Designing public policies: Principles and instruments. . Routledge. Howlett, M. (2011). Designing public policies: Principles and instruments. . Routledge.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2014a). From the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ policy design: Design thinking beyond markets and collaborative governance. Policy Sciences, 47(3), 187–207. Howlett, M. (2014a). From the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ policy design: Design thinking beyond markets and collaborative governance. Policy Sciences, 47(3), 187–207.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2014b). Policy design: What, who, how and why? In C. Halpern, P. Lascoumes, & L. G. Patrick (Eds.), L’instrumentation et ses effets. (pp. 281–315). Presses de Sciences Po. Howlett, M. (2014b). Policy design: What, who, how and why? In C. Halpern, P. Lascoumes, & L. G. Patrick (Eds.), L’instrumentation et ses effets. (pp. 281–315). Presses de Sciences Po.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2015). Policy analytical capacity: The supply and demand for policy analysis in government. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 173–182. Howlett, M. (2015). Policy analytical capacity: The supply and demand for policy analysis in government. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 173–182.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2018). The criteria for effective policy design: Character and context in policy instrument choice. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 11(3), 245–266. Howlett, M. (2018). The criteria for effective policy design: Character and context in policy instrument choice. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 11(3), 245–266.
go back to reference Howlett, M. (2020). Dealing with the dark side of policy-making: Managing behavioural risk and volatility in policy designs. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 22(6), 612–625. Howlett, M. (2020). Dealing with the dark side of policy-making: Managing behavioural risk and volatility in policy designs. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 22(6), 612–625.
go back to reference Howlett, M., Capano, G., & Ramesh, M. (2018). Designing for robustness: Surprise, agility and improvisation in policy design. Policy and Design, 37(4), 405–421. Howlett, M., Capano, G., & Ramesh, M. (2018). Designing for robustness: Surprise, agility and improvisation in policy design. Policy and Design, 37(4), 405–421.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Lejano, R. P. (2013). Tales from the Crypt: The rise and fall (and rebirth?) of policy design. Administration and Society, 45(3), 357–381. Howlett, M., & Lejano, R. P. (2013). Tales from the Crypt: The rise and fall (and rebirth?) of policy design. Administration and Society, 45(3), 357–381.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2016). An Asian perspective on policy instruments: Policy styles, governance modes and critical capacity challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 38(1), 24–42. Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2016). An Asian perspective on policy instruments: Policy styles, governance modes and critical capacity challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 38(1), 24–42.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2018a). The importance of policy design: Effective processes, tools and outcomes. In M. Howlett & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Routledge handbook of policy design. (pp. 3–19). Routledge. Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2018a). The importance of policy design: Effective processes, tools and outcomes. In M. Howlett & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Routledge handbook of policy design. (pp. 3–19). Routledge.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2018b). The contribution of comparative policy analysis to policy design: Articulating principles of effectiveness and clarifying design spaces. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 20(1), 72–87. Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2018b). The contribution of comparative policy analysis to policy design: Articulating principles of effectiveness and clarifying design spaces. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 20(1), 72–87.
go back to reference Howlett, M., Mukherjee, I., & Rayner, J. (2017). The elements of effective program design: A two-level analysis. In M. Howlett & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Handbook of policy formulation. (pp. 129–144). Edward Elgar Publishing. Howlett, M., Mukherjee, I., & Rayner, J. (2017). The elements of effective program design: A two-level analysis. In M. Howlett & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Handbook of policy formulation. (pp. 129–144). Edward Elgar Publishing.
go back to reference Howlett, M., Mukherjee, I., & Woo, J. J. (2015a). From tools to toolkits in policy design studies: The new design orientation towards policy formulation research. Policy and Politics, 43(2), 291–311. Howlett, M., Mukherjee, I., & Woo, J. J. (2015a). From tools to toolkits in policy design studies: The new design orientation towards policy formulation research. Policy and Politics, 43(2), 291–311.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2014). The two orders of governance failure: Design mismatches and policy capacity issues in modern governance. Policy and Society, 33(4), 317–327. Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2014). The two orders of governance failure: Design mismatches and policy capacity issues in modern governance. Policy and Society, 33(4), 317–327.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2015). Achilles’ heels of governance: Critical capacity deficits and their role in governance failures. Regulation and Governance, 10(4), 301–313. Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2015). Achilles’ heels of governance: Critical capacity deficits and their role in governance failures. Regulation and Governance, 10(4), 301–313.
go back to reference Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Capano, G. (2020a). Policy-makers, policy-takers and policy tools: Dealing with behavioural issues in policy design. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 22(6), 487–497. Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Capano, G. (2020a). Policy-makers, policy-takers and policy tools: Dealing with behavioural issues in policy design. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 22(6), 487–497.
go back to reference Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2020b). Studying public policy: Principles and processes. (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2020b). Studying public policy: Principles and processes. (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Wu, X. (2015b). Understanding the persistence of policy failures: The role of politics, governance and uncertainty. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3–4), 209–220. Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Wu, X. (2015b). Understanding the persistence of policy failures: The role of politics, governance and uncertainty. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3–4), 209–220.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in ‘new governance arrangements.’ Policy and Society, 26(4), 1–18. Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in ‘new governance arrangements.’ Policy and Society, 26(4), 1–18.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2013). Patching vs packaging in policy formulation: Assessing policy portfolio design. Politics and Governance, 1(2), 170–182. Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2013). Patching vs packaging in policy formulation: Assessing policy portfolio design. Politics and Governance, 1(2), 170–182.
go back to reference Howlett, M., & Tosun, J. (Eds.). (2021). Routledge handbook of policy styles. . Routledge. Howlett, M., & Tosun, J. (Eds.). (2021). Routledge handbook of policy styles. . Routledge.
go back to reference Huitema, D., Jordan, A., Munaretto, S., & Hildén, M. (2018). Policy experimentation: Core concepts, political dynamics, governance and impacts. Policy Sciences, 51(2), 143–159. Huitema, D., Jordan, A., Munaretto, S., & Hildén, M. (2018). Policy experimentation: Core concepts, political dynamics, governance and impacts. Policy Sciences, 51(2), 143–159.
go back to reference Jensen, O. (2018). Designing effective water policy: Capacity and effectiveness of reforms in developing countries. Policy and Society, 38(1), 77–95. Jensen, O. (2018). Designing effective water policy: Capacity and effectiveness of reforms in developing countries. Policy and Society, 38(1), 77–95.
go back to reference Jordan, A., Benson, D., Wurzel, R., & Zito, A. (2011). Policy instruments in practice. In J. S. Dryzek, R. B. Norgaard, & D. Schlosberg (Eds.), Oxford handbook of climate change and society. (pp. 537–549). Oxford University Press. Jordan, A., Benson, D., Wurzel, R., & Zito, A. (2011). Policy instruments in practice. In J. S. Dryzek, R. B. Norgaard, & D. Schlosberg (Eds.), Oxford handbook of climate change and society. (pp. 537–549). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Jordan, A., Benson, D., Wurzel, R., & Zito, A. (2012). Environmental policy: Governing by multiple policy instruments? In J. J. Richardson (Ed.), Constructing a policy state? Policy dynamics in the EU. (pp. 105–124). Oxford University Press. Jordan, A., Benson, D., Wurzel, R., & Zito, A. (2012). Environmental policy: Governing by multiple policy instruments? In J. J. Richardson (Ed.), Constructing a policy state? Policy dynamics in the EU. (pp. 105–124). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Jordan, A., & Huitema, D. (2014). Innovations in climate policy: The politics of invention, diffusion, and evaluation. Environmental Politics, 23(5), 715–734. Jordan, A., & Huitema, D. (2014). Innovations in climate policy: The politics of invention, diffusion, and evaluation. Environmental Politics, 23(5), 715–734.
go back to reference Karo, E., & Kattel, R. (2018). Innovation and the state: Towards an evolutionary theory of policy capacity. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 123–150). Springer. Karo, E., & Kattel, R. (2018). Innovation and the state: Towards an evolutionary theory of policy capacity. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 123–150). Springer.
go back to reference Kelemen, R. D. (2017). Europe’s other democratic deficit: National authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union. Government and Opposition, 52(2), 211–238. Kelemen, R. D. (2017). Europe’s other democratic deficit: National authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union. Government and Opposition, 52(2), 211–238.
go back to reference Kimbell, L., & Vesnić-Alujević, L. (2020). After the toolkit: Anticipatory logics and the future of government. Policy Design and Practice, 3(2), 95–108. Kimbell, L., & Vesnić-Alujević, L. (2020). After the toolkit: Anticipatory logics and the future of government. Policy Design and Practice, 3(2), 95–108.
go back to reference Lang, A. (2014). Government capacities and stakeholders: What facilitates ehealth legislation? Globalization and Health, 10(4), 1–14. Lang, A. (2014). Government capacities and stakeholders: What facilitates ehealth legislation? Globalization and Health, 10(4), 1–14.
go back to reference Linder, S. H., & Peters, B. G. (1984). From social theory to policy design. Journal of Public Policy, 4(3), 237–259. Linder, S. H., & Peters, B. G. (1984). From social theory to policy design. Journal of Public Policy, 4(3), 237–259.
go back to reference Lindquist, E. A. (1992). Public managers and policy communities: Learning to meet new challenges. Canadian Public Administration, 35(2), 127–159. Lindquist, E. A. (1992). Public managers and policy communities: Learning to meet new challenges. Canadian Public Administration, 35(2), 127–159.
go back to reference Lodge, M. (2013). Crisis, resources and the state: Executive politics in the age of the depleted state. Political Studies Review, 11(3), 378–390. Lodge, M. (2013). Crisis, resources and the state: Executive politics in the age of the depleted state. Political Studies Review, 11(3), 378–390.
go back to reference Lodhi, I. (2018). Policy capacity: Introducing a comprehensive index. Paper prepared for the international workshop on public policy—Pittsburgh 2018, June 26–28, Pittsburgh, United States. Lodhi, I. (2018). Policy capacity: Introducing a comprehensive index. Paper prepared for the international workshop on public policy—Pittsburgh 2018, June 26–28, Pittsburgh, United States.
go back to reference Luetjens, J., Mintrom, M., & ‘t Hart, P. (Eds.). (2019). Successful public policy: Lessons from Australia and New Zealand. . Australian National University Press. Luetjens, J., Mintrom, M., & ‘t Hart, P. (Eds.). (2019). Successful public policy: Lessons from Australia and New Zealand. . Australian National University Press.
go back to reference Maerz, S., et al. (2020). State of the world 2019: Autocratization surges–resistance grows. Democratization, 27(6), 909–927. Maerz, S., et al. (2020). State of the world 2019: Autocratization surges–resistance grows. Democratization, 27(6), 909–927.
go back to reference Majone, G. (1975). On the notion of political feasibility. European Journal of Political Research, 3(2), 259–274. Majone, G. (1975). On the notion of political feasibility. European Journal of Political Research, 3(2), 259–274.
go back to reference Maurya, D., & Ramesh, M. (2019). Program design, implementation and performance: The case of social health insurance in India. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 14(4), 487–508. Maurya, D., & Ramesh, M. (2019). Program design, implementation and performance: The case of social health insurance in India. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 14(4), 487–508.
go back to reference May, P. J. (2003). Policy design and implementation. In B. G. Peters & J. Pierre (Eds.), Handbook of public administration. (pp. 223–233). Sage Publications. May, P. J. (2003). Policy design and implementation. In B. G. Peters & J. Pierre (Eds.), Handbook of public administration. (pp. 223–233). Sage Publications.
go back to reference May, P. J. (2005). Regulation and compliance motivations: Examining different approaches. Public Administration Review, 65(1), 31–44. May, P. J. (2005). Regulation and compliance motivations: Examining different approaches. Public Administration Review, 65(1), 31–44.
go back to reference McConnell, A. (2018). Hidden agendas: Shining a light on the dark side of public policy. European Journal of Public Policy, 25(12), 1739–1758. McConnell, A. (2018). Hidden agendas: Shining a light on the dark side of public policy. European Journal of Public Policy, 25(12), 1739–1758.
go back to reference McConnell, A. (2020). The use of placebo policies to escape from policy traps. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(7), 957–976. McConnell, A. (2020). The use of placebo policies to escape from policy traps. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(7), 957–976.
go back to reference Meckling, J., & Nahm, J. (2018). The power of process: State capacity and climate policy. Governance, 31(4), 741–757. Meckling, J., & Nahm, J. (2018). The power of process: State capacity and climate policy. Governance, 31(4), 741–757.
go back to reference Menahem, G., & Stein, R. (2013). High-capacity and low-capacity governance networks in welfare services delivery: A typology and empirical examination of the case of Israeli municipalities. Public Administration, 91(1), 211–231. Menahem, G., & Stein, R. (2013). High-capacity and low-capacity governance networks in welfare services delivery: A typology and empirical examination of the case of Israeli municipalities. Public Administration, 91(1), 211–231.
go back to reference Mergel, I., Ganapati, S., & Whitford, A. B. (2021). Agile: A new way of governing. Public Administration Review, 81(1), 161–165. Mergel, I., Ganapati, S., & Whitford, A. B. (2021). Agile: A new way of governing. Public Administration Review, 81(1), 161–165.
go back to reference Montpetit, É. (2008). Policy design for legitimacy: Expert knowledge, citizens, time and inclusion in the United Kingdom’s biotechnology sector. Public Administration, 86(1), 259–277. Montpetit, É. (2008). Policy design for legitimacy: Expert knowledge, citizens, time and inclusion in the United Kingdom’s biotechnology sector. Public Administration, 86(1), 259–277.
go back to reference Mukherjee, I., & Bali, A. S. (2019). Policy effectiveness and capacity: Two sides of the design coin. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 103–114. Mukherjee, I., & Bali, A. S. (2019). Policy effectiveness and capacity: Two sides of the design coin. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 103–114.
go back to reference Mukherjee, I., & Giest, S. (2019). Designing policies in uncertain contexts: Entrepreneurial capacity and the case of the European emission trading scheme. Public Policy and Administration, 34(3), 262–286. Mukherjee, I., & Giest, S. (2019). Designing policies in uncertain contexts: Entrepreneurial capacity and the case of the European emission trading scheme. Public Policy and Administration, 34(3), 262–286.
go back to reference Mukherjee, I., & Howlett, M. (2016). An Asian perspective on policy instruments: Policy styles, governance modes and critical capacity challenges. AsiaPacific Journal of Public Administration, 38(1), 24–42. Mukherjee, I., & Howlett, M. (2016). An Asian perspective on policy instruments: Policy styles, governance modes and critical capacity challenges. AsiaPacific Journal of Public Administration, 38(1), 24–42.
go back to reference Mukherjee, I., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). Designing for sustainable outcomes: Espousing behavioural change into co-production programmes. Policy and Society, 37(3), 326–346. Mukherjee, I., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). Designing for sustainable outcomes: Espousing behavioural change into co-production programmes. Policy and Society, 37(3), 326–346.
go back to reference Nair, S., & Howlett, M. (2017). Policy myopia as a source of policy failure: Adaptation and policy learning under deep uncertainty. Policy and Politics, 45(1), 103–118. Nair, S., & Howlett, M. (2017). Policy myopia as a source of policy failure: Adaptation and policy learning under deep uncertainty. Policy and Politics, 45(1), 103–118.
go back to reference Newman, J., Cherney, A., & Head, B. W. (2017). Policy capacity and evidence-based policy in the public service. Public Management Review, 19(2), 157–174. Newman, J., Cherney, A., & Head, B. W. (2017). Policy capacity and evidence-based policy in the public service. Public Management Review, 19(2), 157–174.
go back to reference Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. . Cambridge University Press. Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. . Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference O’Flynn, J. (2019). Rethinking relationships: Clarity, contingency, and capabilities. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 115–136. O’Flynn, J. (2019). Rethinking relationships: Clarity, contingency, and capabilities. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 115–136.
go back to reference Pal, L. A., & Clark, I. D. (2015). Making reform stick: Political acumen as an element of political capacity for policy change and innovation. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 247–257. Pal, L. A., & Clark, I. D. (2015). Making reform stick: Political acumen as an element of political capacity for policy change and innovation. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 247–257.
go back to reference Pestoff, V. A., Brandsen, T., & Verschuere, B. (2012). New public governance, the third sector and co-production. . Routledge. Pestoff, V. A., Brandsen, T., & Verschuere, B. (2012). New public governance, the third sector and co-production. . Routledge.
go back to reference Peters, B. G. (2015). Policy capacity in public administration. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 219–228. Peters, B. G. (2015). Policy capacity in public administration. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 219–228.
go back to reference Peters, B. G., Eliadis, P., Hill, M., & Howlett, M. (2005). Conclusion: The future of instruments research. In P. Eliadis, M. M. Hill, & M. Howlett (Eds.), Designing government: From instruments to governance. (pp. 353–363). McGill-Queen’s University Press. Peters, B. G., Eliadis, P., Hill, M., & Howlett, M. (2005). Conclusion: The future of instruments research. In P. Eliadis, M. M. Hill, & M. Howlett (Eds.), Designing government: From instruments to governance. (pp. 353–363). McGill-Queen’s University Press.
go back to reference Peters, B. G., et al. (2018). Designing for policy effectiveness: Defining and understanding a concept. . Cambridge University Press. Peters, B. G., et al. (2018). Designing for policy effectiveness: Defining and understanding a concept. . Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Peters, B. G., & Pierre, J. (2015). Governance and policy problems: Instruments as unitary and mixed modes of policy intervention. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(4), 224–235. Peters, B. G., & Pierre, J. (2015). Governance and policy problems: Instruments as unitary and mixed modes of policy intervention. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(4), 224–235.
go back to reference Rahman, M., Wellstead, A., & Howlett, M. (2019). From adaptive capacity to policy capacity adaptation assessments: Insights from the policy sciences. In E. C. H. Keskitalo & B. L. Preston (Eds.), Research handbook on climate change adaptation policy. (pp. 291–309). Edward Elgar. Rahman, M., Wellstead, A., & Howlett, M. (2019). From adaptive capacity to policy capacity adaptation assessments: Insights from the policy sciences. In E. C. H. Keskitalo & B. L. Preston (Eds.), Research handbook on climate change adaptation policy. (pp. 291–309). Edward Elgar.
go back to reference Ramesh, M., & Bali, A. S. (2019). The remarkable healthcare performance in Singapore. In M. Compton & P. ‘t Hart (Eds.), Great Policy Successes. (pp. 42–62). Oxford University Press. Ramesh, M., & Bali, A. S. (2019). The remarkable healthcare performance in Singapore. In M. Compton & P. ‘t Hart (Eds.), Great Policy Successes. (pp. 42–62). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Rayner, J., McNutt, K., & Wellstead, A. M. (2013). Dispersed capacity and weak coordination: The challenge of climate change adaptation in Canada’s forest policy sector. Review of Policy Research, 30(1), 66–90. Rayner, J., McNutt, K., & Wellstead, A. M. (2013). Dispersed capacity and weak coordination: The challenge of climate change adaptation in Canada’s forest policy sector. Review of Policy Research, 30(1), 66–90.
go back to reference Rimkuté, D. (2018). Organizational reputation and risk regulation: The effect of reputational threats on agency scientific outputs. Public Administration, 96(1), 70–83. Rimkuté, D. (2018). Organizational reputation and risk regulation: The effect of reputational threats on agency scientific outputs. Public Administration, 96(1), 70–83.
go back to reference Rotberg, R. I. (2014). Good governance means performance and results. Governance, 27(3), 511–518. Rotberg, R. I. (2014). Good governance means performance and results. Governance, 27(3), 511–518.
go back to reference Saguin, K., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2018). Policy work and capacities in a developing country: Evidence from the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 40(1), 1–22. Saguin, K., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2018). Policy work and capacities in a developing country: Evidence from the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 40(1), 1–22.
go back to reference Schout, A., & Andrew, J. (2008). The European Union’s governance ambitions and its administrative capacities. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(4), 957–974. Schout, A., & Andrew, J. (2008). The European Union’s governance ambitions and its administrative capacities. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(4), 957–974.
go back to reference Sewerin, S., Béland, D., & Cashore, B. (2020). Designing policy for the long term: Agency, policy feedback and policy change. Policy Sciences, 53(2), 243–252. Sewerin, S., Béland, D., & Cashore, B. (2020). Designing policy for the long term: Agency, policy feedback and policy change. Policy Sciences, 53(2), 243–252.
go back to reference Sidney, M. S. (2007). Policy formulation: Design and tools. In F. Fischer, G. J. Miller, & M. S. Sidney (Eds.), Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics and methods. (pp. 79–87). CRC Taylor & Francis. Sidney, M. S. (2007). Policy formulation: Design and tools. In F. Fischer, G. J. Miller, & M. S. Sidney (Eds.), Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics and methods. (pp. 79–87). CRC Taylor & Francis.
go back to reference Siwale, J., & Okoye, O. (2017). Microfinance regulation and social sustainability of microfinance institutions: The case of Nigeria and Zambia. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 88(4), 611–632. Siwale, J., & Okoye, O. (2017). Microfinance regulation and social sustainability of microfinance institutions: The case of Nigeria and Zambia. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 88(4), 611–632.
go back to reference Skeete, J. (2017). Examining the role of policy design and policy interaction in EU automotive emissions performance gaps. Energy Policy, 104, 373–381. Skeete, J. (2017). Examining the role of policy design and policy interaction in EU automotive emissions performance gaps. Energy Policy, 104, 373–381.
go back to reference Skodvin, T., Gullberg, A. T., & Aakre, S. (2010). Target-group influence and political feasibility: The case of climate policy design in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(6), 854–873. Skodvin, T., Gullberg, A. T., & Aakre, S. (2010). Target-group influence and political feasibility: The case of climate policy design in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(6), 854–873.
go back to reference Spendzharova, A. B. (2016). Regulatory cascading: Limitations of policy design in European banking structural reforms. Policy and Society, 35(3), 227–237. Spendzharova, A. B. (2016). Regulatory cascading: Limitations of policy design in European banking structural reforms. Policy and Society, 35(3), 227–237.
go back to reference Stazyk, E. C., & Goerdel, H. T. (2011). The benefits of bureaucracy: Public managers’ perceptions of political support, goal ambiguity, and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(4), 645–672. Stazyk, E. C., & Goerdel, H. T. (2011). The benefits of bureaucracy: Public managers’ perceptions of political support, goal ambiguity, and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(4), 645–672.
go back to reference Stirling, A. (2010). Keep it complex. Nature, 468(7327), 1029–1031. Stirling, A. (2010). Keep it complex. Nature, 468(7327), 1029–1031.
go back to reference Stone, D. (2003). The “knowledge bank” and the global development network. Global Governance, 9(1), 43–61. Stone, D. (2003). The “knowledge bank” and the global development network. Global Governance, 9(1), 43–61.
go back to reference Stone, D., & Ladi, S. (2015). Global public policy and transnational administration. Public Administration, 93(4), 839–855. Stone, D., & Ladi, S. (2015). Global public policy and transnational administration. Public Administration, 93(4), 839–855.
go back to reference The Economist. (2020). Countries are using apps and data networks to keep tabs on the pandemic. March 26. The Economist. (2020). Countries are using apps and data networks to keep tabs on the pandemic. March 26.
go back to reference Thelen, K. (2004). How institutions evolve: The political economy of skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. . Cambridge University Press. Thelen, K. (2004). How institutions evolve: The political economy of skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. . Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Tiernan, A., & Wanna, J. (2006). Competence, capacity, capability: Towards conceptual clarity in the discourse of declining policy skills. Paper presented at the govnet international conference. Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Tiernan, A., & Wanna, J. (2006). Competence, capacity, capability: Towards conceptual clarity in the discourse of declining policy skills. Paper presented at the govnet international conference. Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
go back to reference Tosun, J., & Lang, A. (2017). Policy integration: Mapping the different concepts. Policy Studies, 38(6), 553–570. Tosun, J., & Lang, A. (2017). Policy integration: Mapping the different concepts. Policy Studies, 38(6), 553–570.
go back to reference Van Der Steen, M., Scherpenisse, J., & Van Twist, M. (2018). Anticipating surprise: The case of the early warning system of Rijkswaterstaat in the Netherlands. Policy and Society, 37(4), 473–490. Van Der Steen, M., Scherpenisse, J., & Van Twist, M. (2018). Anticipating surprise: The case of the early warning system of Rijkswaterstaat in the Netherlands. Policy and Society, 37(4), 473–490.
go back to reference Vince, J., & Nursey-Bray, M. (2016). Policy capacity in oceans governance: Rio+20 and Australia’s outcomes. Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs, 8(3), 165–179. Vince, J., & Nursey-Bray, M. (2016). Policy capacity in oceans governance: Rio+20 and Australia’s outcomes. Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs, 8(3), 165–179.
go back to reference Virani, A. (2019). Notions of policy effectiveness and implications for policy design: Insights from public–private partnerships in India. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 198–214. Virani, A. (2019). Notions of policy effectiveness and implications for policy design: Insights from public–private partnerships in India. Policy Design and Practice, 2(2), 198–214.
go back to reference von Tunzelmann, N. (2010). Technology and technology policy in the postwar UK: Market failure or“network failure?” Revue D’économie Industrielle, 129–130, 237–258. von Tunzelmann, N. (2010). Technology and technology policy in the postwar UK: Market failure or“network failure?” Revue D’économie Industrielle, 129–130, 237–258.
go back to reference Walter, J., et al. (2020). Policy capacity in disruptive times. Australian Journal of Political Science, 55(1), 72–85. Walter, J., et al. (2020). Policy capacity in disruptive times. Australian Journal of Political Science, 55(1), 72–85.
go back to reference Weaver, K. (2009a). If you build it, will they come? Overcoming unforeseen obstacles to program effectiveness. The Tansley Lecture, University of Saskatchewan. Weaver, K. (2009a). If you build it, will they come? Overcoming unforeseen obstacles to program effectiveness. The Tansley Lecture, University of Saskatchewan.
go back to reference Weaver, K. (2009b). Target compliance: The final frontier of policy implementation. . Brookings Institution Press. Weaver, K. (2009b). Target compliance: The final frontier of policy implementation. . Brookings Institution Press.
go back to reference Weber, E. P., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2007). Assessing collaborative capacity in a multidimensional world. Administration and Society, 39(2), 194–220. Weber, E. P., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2007). Assessing collaborative capacity in a multidimensional world. Administration and Society, 39(2), 194–220.
go back to reference Weible, C. M., et al. (2020). COVID-19 and the policy sciences: Initial reactions and perspectives. Policy Sciences, 53(2), 225–241. Weible, C. M., et al. (2020). COVID-19 and the policy sciences: Initial reactions and perspectives. Policy Sciences, 53(2), 225–241.
go back to reference Wellstead, A. M., Stedman, R. C., & Howlett, M. (2011). Policy analytical capacity in changing governance contexts: A structural equation model (SEM) study of contemporary Canadian policy work. Public Policy and Administration, 26(3), 353–373. Wellstead, A. M., Stedman, R. C., & Howlett, M. (2011). Policy analytical capacity in changing governance contexts: A structural equation model (SEM) study of contemporary Canadian policy work. Public Policy and Administration, 26(3), 353–373.
go back to reference Wen, Z. (2017). Government purchase of services in China: Similar intentions, different policy designs. Public Administration and Development, 37(1), 65–78. Wen, Z. (2017). Government purchase of services in China: Similar intentions, different policy designs. Public Administration and Development, 37(1), 65–78.
go back to reference Williams, R. A., & McNutt, K. (2013). Climate change adaptation and policy capacity in the Canadian finance sector: A meso analysis. Review of Policy Research, 30(1), 91–113. Williams, R. A., & McNutt, K. (2013). Climate change adaptation and policy capacity in the Canadian finance sector: A meso analysis. Review of Policy Research, 30(1), 91–113.
go back to reference Woo, J. J. (2020). Policy capacity and Singapore’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy and Society, 39(3), 345–362. Woo, J. J. (2020). Policy capacity and Singapore’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy and Society, 39(3), 345–362.
go back to reference Woo, J. J., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2015). Legitimation capacity: System-level resources and political skills in public. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 271–283. Woo, J. J., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2015). Legitimation capacity: System-level resources and political skills in public. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 271–283.
go back to reference Woo, J. J., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Coban, M. K. (2016). Dynamics of global financial governance: Constraints, opportunities, and capacities in Asia. Policy and Society, 35(3), 269–282. Woo, J. J., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Coban, M. K. (2016). Dynamics of global financial governance: Constraints, opportunities, and capacities in Asia. Policy and Society, 35(3), 269–282.
go back to reference Wu, X., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2015). Policy capacity: A conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 165–171. Wu, X., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2015). Policy capacity: A conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 165–171.
go back to reference Wu, X., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2018). Policy capacity: Conceptual framework and essential components. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 1–25). Springer. Wu, X., Ramesh, M., & Howlett, M. (2018). Policy capacity: Conceptual framework and essential components. In X. Wu, M. Howlett, & M. Ramesh (Eds.), Policy capacity and governance: Assessing governmental competences and capabilities in theory and practice. (pp. 1–25). Springer.
go back to reference Wu, X., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Fritzen, S. (2010). The public policy primer: Managing public policy. . Routledge. Wu, X., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Fritzen, S. (2010). The public policy primer: Managing public policy. . Routledge.
go back to reference Xiarchogiannopoulou, E. (2015). Reform technology and consensus in building in discursive institutionalism: The integration of knowledge in policy formulation in Greek pension reform, 1990–2002. Critical Policy Studies, 9(4), 416–433. Xiarchogiannopoulou, E. (2015). Reform technology and consensus in building in discursive institutionalism: The integration of knowledge in policy formulation in Greek pension reform, 1990–2002. Critical Policy Studies, 9(4), 416–433.
go back to reference Yi, H., & Feiock, R. C. (2012). Policy tool interactions and the adoption of state renewable portfolio standards. Review of Policy Research, 29(2), 193–206. Yi, H., & Feiock, R. C. (2012). Policy tool interactions and the adoption of state renewable portfolio standards. Review of Policy Research, 29(2), 193–206.
Metadata
Title
Policy capacities and effective policy design: a review
Authors
Ishani Mukherjee
M. Kerem Coban
Azad Singh Bali
Publication date
08-04-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Policy Sciences / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 0032-2687
Electronic ISSN: 1573-0891
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-021-09420-8

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

Policy Sciences 2/2021 Go to the issue

Premium Partner