Top

Polymer Bulletin

Published in:

11-01-2018 | Review

Polyurethanes in cardiovascular prosthetics

Authors: Alexander A. Gostev, Andrei A. Karpenko, Pavel P. Laktionov

Published in: Polymer Bulletin | Issue 9/2018

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Polyurethane has become a popular material in biomedical industry because of its good mechanical properties as well as biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. However, the material degrades during a long-term functioning of polyurethane grafts. To increase biostability, novel polyurethanes with a siloxane segment, polycarbonate polyurethanes, and nanocomposite polyurethanes are offered. Along with novel polyurethanes, modern tissue engineering technologies are well applicable for manufacture of the polyurethane products with unique properties. Different polyurethanes and modern technologies for producing cardiovascular grafts of polyurethane are discussed.

previous article Synthesis and characterization of poly(thiophene-co-pyrrole) conducting copolymer nanoparticles via chemical oxidative polymerization

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Ounpuu S, Anand S, Yusuf S (2000) The impending global epidemic of cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J 21:880–883. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1999.1880 CrossRefPubMed

Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB (2012) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125:2–22. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182456d46 CrossRef

Teebken OE, Haverich A (2002) Tissue engineering of small diameter vasculargrafts. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:475–485CrossRefPubMed

Pawlowski KJ, Rittgers SE, Schmidt SP, Bowlin GL (2004) Endothelial cellseeding of polymeric vascular grafts. Frontiers Biosci 9:1412–1421CrossRef

Lee SJ, Liu J, Oh SH, Soker S, Atala A, Yoo JJ (2008) Development of a composite vascular scaffolding system that withstands physiological vascular conditions. Biomaterials 29:2891–2898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.032 CrossRefPubMed

Bernacca GM, Mackay TG, Gulbransen MJ, Donn AW, Wheatley DJ (1997) Polyurethane heart valve durability: effects of leaflet thickness and material. Int J Artif Organs 20(6):327–331CrossRefPubMed

Bernacca GM, Mackay TG, Wheatley DJ (1996) In vitro function and durability of a polyurethane heart valve: material considerations. J Heart Valve Dis 5(5):538–542PubMed

Hsu SH, Lin ZC (2004) Biocompatibility and biostability of a series of poly(carbonate)urethanes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 36(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.04.003 CrossRefPubMed

Stokes K, McVenes R, Anderson JM (1995) Polyurethane elastomer biostability. J Biomater Appl 9(4):321–354CrossRefPubMed

10.

Pinchuk L (1994) A review of the biostability and carcinogenicity of polyurethanes in medicine and the new-generation of biostable polyurethanes. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 6(3):225–267CrossRefPubMed

11.

Anderson JM, Hiltner A, Wiggins MJ, Schubert MA, Collier TO, Kao WJ (1998) Recent advances in biomedical polyurethane biostability and biodegradation. Polym Int 46(3):163–171CrossRef

12.

Szycher M (1988) Biostability of polyurethane elastomers: a critical review. J Biomater Appl 3(2):297–402CrossRefPubMed

13.

Ghista DN, Reul H (1977) Optimal prosthetic aortic leaflet valve: design parametric and longevity analyses: development of the avcothane-51 leaflet valve based on the optimum design analysis. J Biomech 10(5–6):313–324CrossRefPubMed

14.

Hergenrother RW, Wabers HD, Cooper SL (1993) Effect of hand segment chemistry and strain on the stability of polyurethanes: in vivo biostability. Biomaterials 14(6):449–458CrossRefPubMed

15.

Gunatillake PA, Martin DJ, Meijs GF, McCarthy SJ, Adhikari R (2003) Designing biostable polyurethane elastomers for biomedical implants. Aust J Chem 56(6):545–557. https://doi.org/10.1071/CH02168 CrossRef

16.

Parins DJ, Black KM, McCoy KD, Horvath NJ (1981) In vivo degradation of a polyurethane. Cardiac Pacemakers. Inc., St. Paul

17.

Kao WJ, Sapatnekar S, Hiltner A, Anderson JM (1996) Complement-mediated leukocyte adhesion on poly (etherurethane ureas) under shear stress in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 32(1):99–109CrossRef

18.

Christenson EM, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (2006) Antioxidant inhibition of poly (carbonate urethane) in vivo biodegradation. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 76(3):480–490CrossRef

19.

MacKay GA, Smith RM (1994) Supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of additives in polyurethanes. J Chromatogr Sci 32(10):455–460CrossRef

20.

Schubert MA, Wiggins MJ, DeFife KM, Hiltner A, Anderson JM (1996) Vitamin E as an antioxidant for poly (etherurethane urea): in vivo studies. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 32(4):493–504CrossRef

21.

Schubert MA, Wiggins MJ, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (1997) Comparison of two antioxidants for poly (etherurethane urea) in an accelerated in vitro biodegradation system. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 34(4):493–505CrossRef

22.

Zhang J, Doll BA, Beckman EJ, Hollinger JO (2003) A biodegradable polyurethane-ascorbic acid scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 67(2):389–400CrossRef

23.

Kucinska-Lipka J, Gubanska I, Janik H, Sienkiewicz M (2015) Fabrication of polyurethane and polyurethane based composite fibres by the electrospinning technique for soft tissue engineering of cardiovascular system. Mater Sci Eng C 46:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.027 CrossRef

24.

Huang C, Chen R, Ke Q (2011) Electrospun collagen-chitosan-TPU nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineered tubular grafts. Colloids Surf B 82:307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.09.002 CrossRef

25.

Blit PH, Battison KG, Yang M, Santerre JP (2012) Electrospun elastinlike polypeptide enriched polyurethanes and their interactions with vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Biomater 8:2493–2503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.032 CrossRefPubMed

26.

Wang H, Feng Y, An B (2012) Fabrication of PU/PEGMA crosslinked hybrid scaffolds by in situ UV photopolymerization favouring human endothelial cells growth for vascular tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23:1499–1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-012-4613-7 CrossRefPubMed

27.

28.

Jia L, Prabhakaran MP, Qin X, Kai D (2013) Biocompatibility evaluation of protein-incorporated electrospun polyurethane-based scaffolds with smooth muscle cells for vascular tissue engineering. J Mater Sci 48:5113–5124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7359-9 CrossRef

29.

Detta N, Errico C, Dinucci D et al (2010) Novel electrospun polyurethane/gelatin composite for vascular grafts. J Mater Sci Mater Med 21:1761–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4006-8 CrossRefPubMed

30.

Wang H, Feng Y, Fang Z (2012) Co-electrospun blends of PU and PEG as potential biocompatible scaffolds for small diameters vascular tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng 38:2306–2315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.001 CrossRef

31.

Christenson EM, Dadsetan M, Wiggins M, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (2004) Poly(carbonate urethane) and poly(ether urethane) biodegradation: in vivo studies. J Biomed Mater Res 69:407–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30002 CrossRef

32.

Santerre JP, Woodhouse K, Laroche G, Labow RS (2005) Understanding the biodegradation of polyurethanes: from classical implants to tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials 26:7457–7470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.079 CrossRefPubMed

33.

Wiggins MJ, Wilkoff B, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (2001) Biodegradation of polyether polyurethane inner insulation in bipolar pacemaker leads. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 58:302–307CrossRef

34.

Grasl C, Bergmeister H (2009) Electrospun polyurethane vascular grafts: In vitro mechanical behavior and endothelial adhesion molecule expression. http://interscience.wiley.com

35.

Bergmeister H, Grasl C (2012) Electrospun small-diameter polyurethane vascular grafts: ingrowth and differentiation of vascular-specific host cells. Artif Organs 36(1):54–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01297.x CrossRefPubMed

36.

Bergmeister H, Schreiber C (2013) Healing characteristics of electrospun polyurethane grafts with various porosities. Acta Biomater 9:6032–6040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.009 CrossRefPubMed

37.

Annis D, Bornat A, Edwards RO, Higham A, Loveday B, Wilson J (1978) An elastomeric vascular prosthesis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 24:209–214PubMed

38.

Fisher AC, How TV, de Cossart L, Annis D (1985) The longer term patency of a compliant small diameter arterial prosthesis: the effect of the withdrawing of aspirin and dipyradamole therapy: the effect of reduced compliance. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 31:324–328PubMed

39.

Simmons A, Hyvarinen J, Odell RA, Martin DJ, Gunatillake PA, Noble KR (2004) Long-term in vivo biostability of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(hexamethylene oxide) mixed macrodiol-based polyurethane elastomers. Biomaterials 25(20):4887–4900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.004 CrossRefPubMed

40.

Report of AorTech International plc., 15 Dec 2000

41.

Hunt JA, Rhodes NP, Shortland AP, Williams DF (2000) A quantitative evaluation of the soft tissue to response to biostable polyurethanes. In: Transactions of sixth world biomaterials congress, vol II. Hawai, USA, p 468

42.

Bernacca GM, Mackay TG, Gulbransen MJ, Donn AW, Wheatley DJ (1997) Polyurethane heart valve durability: effects of leaflet thickness and material. Int J Artif Organs 20(6):327–331CrossRefPubMed

43.

Bernacca GM, Mackay TG, Wilkinson R, Wheatley DJ (1997) Polyurethane heart valves: fatigue failure, calcification, and polyurethane structure. J Biomed Mater Res 34(3):371–379CrossRefPubMed

44.

Christenson EM, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (2004) Oxidative mechanisms of poly(carbonate urethane) and poly(ether urethane) biodegradation: in vivo and in vitro correlations. J Biomed Mater Res A 70(2):245–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30067 CrossRefPubMed

45.

Seifalian AM, Salacinski HJ, Tiwari A, Edwards A, Bowald S, Hamilton G (2003) In vivo biostability of a poly(carbonate-urea)urethane graft. Biomaterials 24(14):2549–2557CrossRefPubMed

46.

Salacinski HJ, Tai NR, Carson RJ, Edwards A, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM (2002) In vitro stability of a novel compliant poly(carbonate-urea)urethane to oxidative and hydrolytic stress. J Biomed Mater Res 59(2):207–218CrossRefPubMed

47.

Kidane AG, Punshon G, Salacinski HJ, Ramesh B, Dooley A, Olbrich M et al (2006) Incorporation of a lauric acid-conjugated GRGDS peptide directly into the matrix of a poly(carbonate-urea)urethane polymer for use in cardiovascular bypass graft applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 79(3):606–617. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30817 CrossRefPubMed

48.

Tiwari A, Kidane A, Salacinski H, Punshon G, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM (2003) Improving endothelial cell retention for single stage seeding of prosthetic grafts: use of polymer sequences of arginine–glycine–aspartate. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 25(4):325–329. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1854 CrossRefPubMed

49.

Zilla P, Brink J, Human P, Bezuidenhout D (2008) Prosthetic heart valves: catering for the few. Biomaterials 29(4):385–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.033 CrossRefPubMed

50.

Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Butler PE, Seifalian AM (2005) Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites: the next generation material for biomedical applications. Acc Chem Res 38(11):879–884. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar050055b CrossRefPubMed

51.

Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Ghanavi JE, Narula A, Odlyha M, Peirovi H (2007) Silsesquioxane nanocomposites as tissue implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(6):1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000246404.53831.4c CrossRefPubMed

52.

Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, De Groot J, Clatworthy I, Bozec L, Horton M (2006) The antithrombogenic potential of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposite. Biomacromol 7(1):215–223. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm050590z CrossRef

53.

Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Odlyha M, Butler PE, Seifalian AM (2006) The degradative resistance of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nano-core integrated polyurethanes: an in vitro study. Biomaterials 27(9):1971–1979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.006 CrossRefPubMed

54.

Sarkar S, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM (2007) Long term patency and transmural endothelialisation of small caliber microporous compliant vascular bypass grafts manufactured from poly(carbonate-urea)urethane incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane pendant nanocage within its hard segment in an ovine model. Presented to Society for Biomaterial Annual Meeting, April 2007, Chicago, USA, Abstract. http://www.biomaterials.org

55.

Sarkar S, Burriesci G, Wojcik A, Aresti N, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM (2009) Manufacture of small calibre quadruple lamina vascular bypass grafts using a novel automated extrusion-phase-inversion method and nanocomposite polymer. J Biomech 42(6):722–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.01.003 CrossRefPubMed

56.

Kidane AG, Burriesci G (2009) A novel nanocomposite polymer for development of synthetic heart valve leaflets. Acta Biomater 5:2409–2417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.025 CrossRefPubMed

57.

Jansen J, Reul H (1992) A synthetic three-leaflet valve. J Med Eng Technol 16(1):27–33CrossRefPubMed

58.

Ahmed M, Hamilton G (2014) The performance of a small-calibre graft for vascular reconstructions in a senescent sheep model. Biomaterials 35:9033–9040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.008 CrossRefPubMed

59.

Davim PG (2012) The design and manufacture of medical devices. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, pp 145–148CrossRef

60.

Inoguchi H, Kwon IK, Inoue E, Takamizawa K, Maehara Y, Matsuda T (2006) Mechanical responses of a compliant electrospun poly (l-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) small-diameter vascular graft. Biomaterials 27:1470–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.029 CrossRefPubMed

61.

Khorasani MT, Shorgashti S (2006) Fabrication of microporous polyurethane byspray phase inversion method as small diameter vascular grafts material. J Biomed Mater Res A 77:253–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30613 CrossRefPubMed

62.

Chen JH, Laiw RF, Jiang SF, Lee YD (1998) Microporous segmented polyetherurethane vascular graft: dependency of graft morphology and mechanical properties on compositions and fabrication conditions. J Biomed Mater Res 48:235–245CrossRef

63.

Smolders CA, Reuvers AJ (1992) Microstructures in phase-inversion membranes. J Membr Sci 73:259–275CrossRef

64.

Doi K, Nakayama Y, Matsuda T (1996) Novel compliant and tissue-permeable microporous polyurethane vascular prosthesis fabricated using an excimer laser ablation technique. J Biomed Mater Res 31:27–33CrossRefPubMed

65.

Kotch FW (2006) Self-assembly of synthetic collagen triple helices. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(9):3028–3033. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508783103 CrossRefPubMed

66.

Ji C, Annabi N, Hosseinkhani M, Sivaloganathan S, Dehghani F (2012) Fabrication of poly-DL-lactide/polyethylene glycol scaffolds using the gas foaming technique. Acta Biomater 8:570–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.09.028 CrossRefPubMed

67.

Singh M, Sandhu B, Scurto A, Berkland C, Detamore MS (2010) Microsphere-based scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: using subcritical CO(2) as a sintering agent. Acta Biomater 6:137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.07.042 CrossRefPubMed

68.

Dehghani F, Annabi N (2011) Engineering porous scaffolds using gasbased techniques. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:661–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.005 CrossRefPubMed

69.

Whang K, Healy KE (1995) A novel method to fabricate bioabsorbable scaffolds. Polymer 36:837–842CrossRef

70.

Whang K, Tsai DC, Nam EK, Aitken M, Sprague SM, Patel PK, Healy KE (1998) Ectopic bone formation via rhBMP-2 delivery from porous bioabsorbable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 42:491–499CrossRefPubMed

71.

Ahmed EM (2013) Hydrogel: preparation, characterization, and applications. J Adv Res 12:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006 CrossRef

72.

Kalis RW (1997) Reinforced vascular graft and method of making same. US Patent 5609624

73.

Pinnau I, Koros WJ (1991) Structures and gas separation properties of asymmetric polysulfone membranes made by dry, wet, and dry/wet phase inversion. J Appl Polym Sci 43(8):1491–1502CrossRef

74.

Huang YX, Ren J, Chen C, Ren TB, Zhou XY (2008) Preparation and properties of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) scaffolds by thermally induced phase separation and rabbit MSCs culture on scaffolds. J Biomater Appl 22:409–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328207077632 CrossRefPubMed

75.

Blaker JJ, Knowles JC, Day RM (2008) Novel fabrication techniques to produce microspheres by thermally induced phase separation for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Acta Biomater 4:264–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2007.09.011 CrossRefPubMed

76.

Gong Y, Ma Z, Gao C, Wang W, Shen J (2006) Specially elaborated thermally induced phase separation to fabricate poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds with ultra large pores and good interconnectivity. J Appl Polym Sci 101:3336–3342. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23931 CrossRef

77.

Shao J, Chen C, Wang Y, Chen X, Du C (2012) Early stage structural evolution of PLLA porous scaffolds in thermally induced phase separation process and the corresponding biodegradability and biological property. Polym Degrad Stab 97:955–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.014 CrossRef

78.

Lloyd DR, Kinzer KE, Tseng HS (1990) Microporous membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation. I. Solid-liquid phase separation. J Membr Sci 32:123–156

79.

Sell SA, McClure MJ, Garg K, Wolfe PS, Bowlin GL (2009) Electrospinning of collagen/biopolymers for regenerative medicine and cardiovascular tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.012 CrossRefPubMed

80.

Zhang X, Reagan MR, Kaplan DL (2009) Electrospun silk biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.005 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Dong Y, Liao S, Ngiam M, Chan CK, Ramakrishna S (2009) Surface-functionalized electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Tissue Eng 15:333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.007 CrossRef

82.

Zhang Y, Lim CT, Ramakrishna S, Huang ZM (2005) Recent development of polymer nanofibers for biomedical and biotechnological applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16:933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4428-x CrossRefPubMed

83.

Thorvaldsson A, Stenhamre H, Gatenholm P, Walkenstrom P (2008) Electrospinning of highly porous scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Biomacromol 9:1044. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm701225a CrossRef

84.

Ishii O, Shin M, Sueda T, Vacanti JP (2005) In vitro tissue engineering of a cardiac graft using a degradable scaffold with an extracellular matrix-like topography. J Thorac Cardio Vasc Surg 130:1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.05.048 CrossRef

85.

Dhandayuthapani B, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S (2010) Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-gelatin blend nanofibers for skin tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 94:264. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31651 CrossRefPubMed

86.

Wheatley DJ, Raco L, Bernacca GM, Sim I, Belcher PR, Boyd JS (2000) Polyurethane: material for the next generation of heart valve prostheses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17(4):440–448CrossRefPubMed

87.

Torbati AH, Mather RT, Reeder JE (2014) Fabrication of a light-emitting shape memory polymeric web containing indocyanine green. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 6:102. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33107 CrossRef

Title: Polyurethanes in cardiovascular prosthetics
Authors: Alexander A. Gostev
Andrei A. Karpenko
Pavel P. Laktionov
Publication date: 11-01-2018
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Polymer Bulletin / Issue 9/2018
Print ISSN: 0170-0839
Electronic ISSN: 1436-2449
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2266-x

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 9/2018

Microphase separation and thermo-mechanical properties of energetic poly(urethane–urea)

Effects of types and the ratio of poly(o-phenetidine)/TiO2 nanocomposite as anticorrosive coating

Influence of thiol groups on the ethylene adsorption and conductivity properties of the modified porous clay heterostructures (PCHS) using as ethylene scavenger in smart packaging

The effect of kappa carrageenan and salt on thermoreversible gelation of methylcellulose

Synthesis and characterization of poly(thiophene-co-pyrrole) conducting copolymer nanoparticles via chemical oxidative polymerization

Novel branched polymers and their structural effects on intercalation into Na-MMT and silica fume suspensions

Premium Partners