Top

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

Published in:

19-10-2022 | ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Pyrolysis of lemon peel waste in a fixed-bed reactor and characterization of innovative pyrolytic products

Authors: Samira Abidi, Aïda Ben Hassen Trabelsi, Nourhene Boudhrioua

Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management | Issue 1/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Lemon peel waste (LPW) were pyrolysed in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor at final temperature of 300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C with an incremental heating rate of 10 °C/min, under N₂ atmosphere to produce biochar, bio-oil and gas. The maximum yields of bio-oil, biochar and gas were 16.66 wt%, 66.89 wt% and 54.6 wt%, respectively, at 400 °C, 300 °C and 500 °C. The produced gas has a maximum calorific value around 12 MJ/N m³ with a composition up to 68.82 vol.% of CO, 5.25 vol.% of CH₄, 1.48 vol.% of C_nH_m. The recovered biochar is a promising applicant for the manufacturing of carbon materials and for solid fuel applications. The bio-oil chemical characterization using GC–MS and FTIR spectroscopy shows its richness with bioactive compounds such as squalene, d-limonene, ß-Sitosterol and phenol. Biochar and bio-oil showed bactericidal activity against Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Pyrolytic products of LPW show large potential applications in agriculture and agri-food industry and allow a sustainable biomass-waste management with promising economic benefits.

previous article Quantifying the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of medical waste generation during the outbreak of public health emergencies

next article A novel mechanical plant compression system for biomass fuel and acquisition of squeezed liquid with water-soluble lignin as anti-virus materials

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Patsalou M, Samanides CG, Protopapa E et al (2019) A citrus peel waste biorefinery for ethanol and methane production. Molecules 24:2451CrossRef

Canché-Escamilla G, Guin-Aguillón L, Duarte-Aranda S, Barahona-Pérez F (2022) Characterization of bio-oil and biochar obtained by pyrolysis at high temperatures from the lignocellulosic biomass of the henequen plant. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01361-5CrossRef

Mahato N, Sharma K, Sinha M et al (2020) Bio-sorbents, industrially important chemicals and novel materials from citrus processing waste as a sustainable and renewable bioresource : a review. J Adv Res 23:61–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.007CrossRef

Negro V, Ruggeri B, Fino D (2018) Recovery of energy from orange peels through anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis processes after d-limonene extraction. Waste Biomass Valor 9:1331–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9915-zCrossRef

Kundu D, Banerjee S, Karmakar S, Banerjee R (2021) Valorization of citrus lemon wastes through biorefinery approach: an industrial symbiosis. Bioresour Technol Rep 15:100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100717CrossRef

GIFruits 2018 GIFruits—Groupement Interprofessionnel des Fruits—Tunisie 2018

Zannini D, Dal Poggetto G, Malinconico M et al (2021) Citrus pomace biomass as a source of pectin and lignocellulose fibers: from waste to upgraded biocomposites for mulching applications. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081280CrossRef

Sharma K, Mahato N, Lee YR (2018) Extraction, characterization and biological activity of citrus flavonoids. Rev Chem Eng 35:265–284. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0027CrossRef

López JAS, LiThompson QIP (2010) Biorefinery of waste orange peel. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30:63–69. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388550903425201CrossRef

10.

Patsalou M, Chrysargyris A, Tzortzakis N, Koutinas M (2020) A biorefinery for conversion of citrus peel waste into essential oils, pectin, fertilizer and succinic acid via different fermentation strategies. Waste Manage 113:469–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.020CrossRef

11.

M’hiri N, Ioannou I, Mihoubi Boudhrioua N, Ghoul M (2015) Effect of different operating conditions on the extraction of phenolic compounds in orange peel. Food Bioprod Process 96:161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2015.07.010CrossRef

12.

Wei Y, Li J, Shi D et al (2017) Resources, conservation and recycling environmental challenges impeding the composting of biodegradable municipal solid waste : a critical review. Resour Conserv Recycl 122:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.024CrossRef

13.

Alvarez J, Hooshdaran B, Cortazar M et al (2018) Valorization of citrus wastes by fast pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor. Fuel 224:111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.028CrossRef

14.

Siles JA, Vargas F, Gutiérrez MC et al (2016) Integral valorisation of waste orange peel using combustion, biomethanisation and co-composting technologies. Bioresour Technol 211:173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.056CrossRef

15.

Chiodo V, Urbani F, Zafarana G et al (2017) Syngas production by catalytic steam gasification of citrus residues. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42:28048–28055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.085CrossRef

16.

Zema DA, Calabrò PS, Folino A et al (2018) Valorisation of citrus processing waste : a review. Waste Manage 80:252–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.024CrossRef

17.

Sahoo K, Kumar A, Chakraborty JP (2021) A comparative study on valuable products: bio-oil, biochar, non-condensable gases from pyrolysis of agricultural residues. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 23:186–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01114-2CrossRef

18.

Bera T, Purakayastha TJ, Patra AK, Datta SC (2018) Comparative analysis of physicochemical, nutrient, and spectral properties of agricultural residue biochars as influenced by pyrolysis temperatures. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 20:1115–1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0675-4CrossRef

19.

Tan Z, Zou J, Zhang L, Huang Q (2018) Morphology, pore size distribution, and nutrient characteristics in biochars under different pyrolysis temperatures and atmospheres. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 20:1036–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0666-5CrossRef

20.

Volpe M, Panno D, Volpe R, Messineo A (2015) Upgrade of citrus waste as a biofuel via slow pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol 115:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.06.015CrossRef

21.

Aguiar L, Márquez-Montesinos F, Gonzalo A et al (2008) Influence of temperature and particle size on the fixed bed pyrolysis of orange peel residues. J Anal Appl Pyrol 83:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.06.009CrossRef

22.

Miranda R, Bustos-Martinez D, Blanco CS et al (2009) Pyrolysis of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) dry peel. J Anal Appl Pyrol 86:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2009.06.001CrossRef

23.

Morales S, Miranda R, Bustos D et al (2014) Solar biomass pyrolysis for the production of bio-fuels and chemical commodities. J Anal Appl Pyrol 109:65–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.07.012CrossRef

24.

Kim B-S, Kim Y-M, Jae J et al (2015) Pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading of Citrus unshiu peel. Biores Technol 194:312–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.035CrossRef

25.

Adeniyi AG, Otoikhian KS, Ighalo JO, Mohammed IA (2019) Pyrolysis of different fruit peel waste via a thermodynamic model. ABUAD J Eng Res Dev (AJERD) 2:16–24

26.

Patra JK, Hwang H, Choi JW, Baek KH (2015) Bactericidal mechanism of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of pinus densiflora against two foodborne pathogens, bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 12:529–535. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1914CrossRef

27.

Yahayu M, Sulaiman N, Zakaria ZA (2016) Evaluation on efficiency of pyroligneous acid from palm kernel shell as antifungal and solid pineapple biomass as antibacterial and plant growth promoter. Sains Malaysiana 45:1423–1434

28.

Mattos C, Veloso MCC, Romeiro GA, Folly E (2019) Biocidal applications trends of bio-oils from pyrolysis: characterization of several conditions and biomass, a review. J Anal Appl Pyrol 139:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.12.029CrossRef

29.

Bedmutha R, Booker CJ, Ferrante L et al (2011) Insecticidal and bactericidal characteristics of the bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of coffee grounds. J Anal Appl Pyrol 90:224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.12.011CrossRef

30.

Kaetzl K, Lübken M, Uzun G et al (2019) On-farm wastewater treatment using biochar from local agroresidues reduces pathogens from irrigation water for safer food production in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 682:601–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.142CrossRef

31.

Perez-Mercado LF, Lalander C, Joel A et al (2019) Biochar filters as an on-farm treatment to reduce pathogens when irrigating with wastewater-polluted sources. J Environ Manage 248:109295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109295CrossRef

32.

Ghanem Romdhane N, Bonazzi C, Kechaou N, Mihoubi NB (2015) Effect of air-drying temperature on kinetics of quality attributes of lemon (Citrus limon cv. lunari) peels. Dry Technol 33:1581–1589. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2015.1012266CrossRef

33.

Kim YM, Lee HW, Kim S et al (2015) Non-isothermal pyrolysis of citrus unshiu peel. Bioenergy Res 8:431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9534-5CrossRef

34.

Ben Hassen Trabelsi A, Zaafouri K, Baghdadi W et al (2018) Second generation biofuels production from waste cooking oil via pyrolysis process. Renew Energy 126:888–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.04.002CrossRef

35.

Bensidhom G, Ben H-T, Alper K et al (2017) Pyrolysis of date palm waste in a fixed-bed reactor: characterization of pyrolytic products. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.066CrossRef

36.

AFNOR French Association for Standardization 2010 (2010) AFNOR French Association for Standardization, 2010. Solid biofuels—AFNOR XP CEN/TS 14774-3: NF EN 14774-3; AFNOR-XP CEN/TS 14775: NF EN 14775

37.

Ben HA, Hamdi N (2012) Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and organic extracts from pelargonium graveolens growing in Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis 11:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-11-167CrossRef

38.

Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA (2014) A review on co-pyrolysis of biomass: an optional technique to obtain a high-grade pyrolysis oil. Energy Convers Manag 87:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.007CrossRef

39.

Pathak PD, Mandavgane SA, Kulkarni BD (2017) Fruit peel waste: characterization and its potential uses. Curr Sci 113:444–454. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v113/i03/444-454CrossRef

40.

Fernandez A, Saffe A, Pereyra R et al (2016) Kinetic study of regional agro-industrial wastes pyrolysis using non-isothermal tga analysis. Appl Therm Eng 106:1157–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.084CrossRef

41.

Al AS (2017) Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renew Energy 124:197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060CrossRef

42.

Yin C-Y (2011) Prediction of higher heating values of biomass from proximate and ultimate analyses. Fuel 90:1128–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.031CrossRef

43.

Demiral I, Asl E (2011) Pyrolysis of grape bagasse: effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product. Bioresour Technol 102:3946–3951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.077CrossRef

44.

Varma AK, Mondal P (2016) Physicochemical characterization and kinetic study of pine needle for pyrolysis process. J Therm Anal Calorim 124:487–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5126-7CrossRef

45.

Zaafouri K, Ben Hassen Trabelsi A, Krichah S et al (2016) Enhancement of biofuels production by means of co-pyrolysis of Posidonia oceanica (L.) and frying oil wastes: experimental study and process modeling. Bioresour Technol 207:387–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.004CrossRef

46.

Lopez-Velazquez MA, Santes V, Balmaseda J, Torres-Garcia E (2013) Pyrolysis of orange waste: a thermo-kinetic study. J Anal Appl Pyrol 99:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.09.016CrossRef

47.

Dhyani V, Bhaskar T (2017) A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Renew Energy 129 part B:695–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.035CrossRef

48.

Aboulkas A, Hammani H, El Achaby M et al (2017) Valorization of algal waste via pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor: production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char. Bioresour Technol 243:400–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.098CrossRef

49.

Boluda-Aguilar M, López-Gómez A (2012) Production of bioethanol by fermentation of lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel wastes pretreated with steam explosion. Ind Crops Prod 41:188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.031CrossRef

50.

Boluda-Aguilar M, García-Vidal L, González-Castañeda FdP, López-Gómez A (2010) Mandarin peel wastes pretreatment with steam explosion for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 101:3506–3513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.063CrossRef

51.

Anukam AI, Mamphweli SN, Reddy P, Okoh OO (2016) Characterization and the effect of lignocellulosic biomass value addition on gasification efficiency. Energy Explor Exploit 34:865–880. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598716665010CrossRef

52.

Primaz CT, Schena T, Lazzari E et al (2018) Influence of the temperature in the yield and composition of the bio-oil from the pyrolysis of spent co ff ee grounds : characterization by comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography. Fuel 232:572–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.097CrossRef

53.

Wang S, Jiang D, Cao B et al (2018) Bio-char and bio-oil characteristics produced from the interaction of Enteromorpha clathrate volatiles and rice husk bio-char during co-pyrolysis in a sectional pyrolysis furnace: a complementary study. J Anal Appl Pyrol 135:219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.08.030CrossRef

54.

Bhattacharjee N, Biswas AB (2019) Pyrolysis of orange bagasse: comparative study and parametric influence on the product yield and their characterization. J Environ Chem Eng 7:102903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102903CrossRef

55.

Ronsse F, van Hecke S, Dickinson D, Prins W (2013) Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. GCB Bioenergy 5:104–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12018CrossRef

56.

Vieira FR, Romero Luna CM, Arce GLAF, Ávila I (2020) Optimization of slow pyrolysis process parameters using a fixed bed reactor for biochar yield from rice husk. Biomass Bioenerg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105412CrossRef

57.

Sun J, He F, Pan Y, Zhang Z (2017) Effects of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on physicochemical properties of different biochar types. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Soil Plant Sci 67:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2016.1214745CrossRef

58.

Jouiad M, Al-Nofeli N, Khalifa N et al (2015) Characteristics of slow pyrolysis biochars produced from rhodes grass and fronds of edible date palm. J Anal Appl Pyrol 111:183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.10.024CrossRef

59.

Volpe R, Menendez JMB, Reina TR et al (2017) Evolution of chars during slow pyrolysis of citrus waste. Fuel Process Technol 158:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.015CrossRef

60.

Liu WJ, Li WW, Jiang H, Yu HQ (2017) Fates of chemical elements in biomass during its pyrolysis. Chem Rev 117:6367–6398. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00647CrossRef

61.

Zhou D, Zhang L, Zhang S et al (2010) Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae enteromorpha prolifera to bio-oil. Energy Fuels 24:4054–4061. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100151hCrossRef

62.

Yang H, Yan R, Chen H et al (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86:1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013CrossRef

63.

He M, Xiao B, Hu Z et al (2009) Syngas production from catalytic gasification of waste polyethylene : influence of temperature on gas yield and composition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:1342–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.023CrossRef

64.

Mogana R, Adhikari A, Tzar MN et al (2020) Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from canarium patentinervium miq. against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complement Med Ther 20:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2837-5CrossRef

65.

Venkateswarulu TC, Srirama K, Mikkili I et al (2019) Estimation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Antimicrobial peptides of Saccharomyces boulardii against selected pathogenic strains. Karbala Int J Mod Sci 5:266–269. https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.1219CrossRef

66.

Fu Y, Wang F, Sheng H et al (2020) Enhanced antibacterial activity of magnetic biochar conjugated quaternary phosphonium salt. Carbon 163:360–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.03.010CrossRef

67.

Benelli P, Riehl CAS, Smânia A et al (2010) Bioactive extracts of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) pomace obtained by SFE and low pressure techniques: mathematical modeling and extract composition. J Supercrit Fluids 55:132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.08.015CrossRef

68.

Aldakheel RK, Rehman S, Almessiere MA et al (2020) Bactericidal and in vitro cytotoxicity of moringa oleifera seed extract and its elemental analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Pharmaceuticals 13:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13080193CrossRef

Title: Pyrolysis of lemon peel waste in a fixed-bed reactor and characterization of innovative pyrolytic products
Authors: Samira Abidi
Aïda Ben Hassen Trabelsi
Nourhene Boudhrioua
Publication date: 19-10-2022
Publisher: Springer Japan
Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management / Issue 1/2023
Print ISSN: 1438-4957
Electronic ISSN: 1611-8227
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01527-1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent

On-site characteristics of airborne particles at a formal electronic waste recycling plant: size distribution and lung deposited surface area

Effects of urea addition on anaerobic digestion characteristics of hulless barley straw pretreated with KOH

Assessment of an appropriate integrated waste management plan targeting the Circular Economy based on the LCA method

Optimization of copper recovery from electronic waste using response surface methodology and Monte Carlo simulation under uncertainty

Material conversion from used oil sorbents by pyrolysis