Top

Social Indicators Research

Published in:

12-08-2023 | Original Research

Re-imagining the Gender Gap in Economic Participation and Opportunities: Assessing the Link Between Sustainable Development and Gender Equality in Some African Countries

Authors: Enyang Besong Susan, Manases Mbengwor Natu

Published in: Social Indicators Research | Issue 3/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Sustainable development is achieved when policies are effectively implemented to foster the well-being of all. Research on equality has generally focused on women’s empowerment as the foundation of empowering a nation. Similarly, there has been increased attention given to working with men in gender equality. However, researchers have not considered these two lines of thought side by side to achieve sustainable development. We examine the relationship between gender equality and development by empirically identifying country-specific factors that are associated with the level of gender equality over time for a sample of 44 African countries. Using trend analysis, we find a linear relationship between male and female inclusion in economic participation and opportunity. In particular, the empirical findings suggest that among the socio-economic, infrastructural, and governance-related factors, income, rural revitalization, mobile subscription, fixed telephone subscription, and rule of law are important factors in explaining the level of gender balance. In contrast, we find that unemployment positively impacts gender equality. We associate this outcome with the role expansion theory. These findings support debate in the literature that when economies grow, they stand better chances of fostering gender equality.

previous article A Four-Dimensional Decomposition of Relative Poverty in China from the Perspective of Heterogeneity

next article Exploring the Role of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Gendered Social Exclusion: Empirical Evidence from Older Adults in Pakistan

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

The countries in our sample include; Nord Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia); Central Africa (Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Dem. Rep., Congo, Rep., Gabon, and Sao Tome and Principe); Southern Africa (Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, and South Africa); West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo); and East Africa (Burundi, Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia).

Abdulloev, I., Gang, I. N., & Yun, M.-S. (2014). Migration, education and the gender gap in labour force participation.

African Union. (2015). Agenda 2063: the Africa we want-background note.

Anghel, B., Rodríguez-Planas, N., & Sanz-de-Galdeano, A. (2020). Is the math gender gap associated with gender equality? Only in low-income countries. Economics of Education Review, 79, 102064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.102064CrossRef

Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Inequality and gender inclusion: Minimum ICT policy thresholds for promoting female employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 44(4), 101900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101900CrossRef

Asongu, S. A., Nounamo, Y., Njangang, H., & Tadadjeu, S. (2021). Gender inclusive intermediary education, financial stability and female employment in the industry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Finance Research Letters, 43, 101968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.101968CrossRef

Asongu, S. A., Nnanna, J., & Acha-Anyi, P. N. (2020). Inequality and gender economic inclusion: The moderating role of financial access in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.01.002CrossRef

Asongu, S. A., & Tchamyou, V. S. (2020). Human capital, knowledge creation, knowledge diffusion, institutions and economic incentives: South Korea versus Africa. Contemporary Social Science, 15(1), 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1457170CrossRef

Backhans, M. C., Lundberg, M., & Månsdotter, A. (2007). Does increased gender equality lead to a convergence of health outcomes for men and women? A study of Swedish municipalities. Social Science and Medicine, 64(9), 1892–1903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.016CrossRef

Baliamoune-Lutz, M., & Mcgillivray, M. (2009). Does gender inequality reduce growth in Sub-Saharan African and Arab Countries?*.

Barro, R. J., & Lee, J.-W. (1994). Sources of economic growth*. In Conference series on public policy, Vol. 40.

Barth, J. R., Lin, C., Ma, Y., Seade, J., & Song, F. M. (2013). Do bank regulation, supervision and monitoring enhance or impede bank efficiency? Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(8), 2879–2892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.04.030CrossRef

Berik, G., Van Der, Y., Rodgers, M., & Zveglich, J. E. (2004). International trade and gender wage discrimination: Evidence from East Asia.

Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2016). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. http://www.nber.org/papers/w21913.

Blecker, R. A., & Seguino, S. (2002). Macroeconomic effects of reducing gender wage inequality in an export-oriented, semi-industrialized economy.

Blind, P. K. (2019). How relevant is governance to financing for development and partnerships? Interlinking SDG16 and SDG17 at the target level. https://www.un.org/development/desa/CONTENTS.

Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8CrossRef

Cavero-rubio, J. A., Collazo-mazón, A., & Amorós-martínez, A. (2019). Recognition of gender equality in the workplace and its influence on firms ‘ performance. In Women’s studies international forum, Vol. 76, pp. 102273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102273.

Clark, R., Reed, J., & Sunderland, T. (2018). Bridging funding gaps for climate and sustainable development: Pitfalls, progress and potential of private finance. Land Use Policy, 71, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.013CrossRef

Costa, J., Silva, E., & Vaz, F. (2009). The role of gender inequalities in explaining income growth, poverty and inequality: Evidence from Latin American countries. In Working paper, international policy centre for inclusive growth.

Courtenay, W. H. (2000b). Constructions of masculinity and their in¯uence on men’s well-being: a theory of gender and health. Social Science and Medicine. www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed

Courtenay, W. (2000a). Behavioral factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 9(1), 81–142. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0901.81CrossRef

Crowley, J. E. (2010). Gender equality: Transforming family divisions of labor by Janet C. Gornick and Marcia K. Meyers, Volume 6, real utopias project, edited and with a preface by Erik Olin Wright. New York: Verso Press, 2009. 474p. $110 cloth, $34.95 paper. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 316–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709992544CrossRef

Damjanovic, T., & Selvaretnam, G. (2020). Economic growth and evolution of gender equality. Manchester School, 88(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12274CrossRef

Dhar, D., Jain, T., Jayachandran, S., Bangia, S., Chowdhuri, R. N., Favela, A., Kapoor, V., Kim, L., Oh, S., Sarda, P., Seth, A., Shrestha, N., Singh, A., & Vig, R. (2018). Reshaping adolescents’ gender attitudes: Evidence from a school-based experiment in India. http://www.nber.org/papers/w25331.

Diebolt, C., & Perrin, F. (2013). From stagnation to sustained growth: The role of female empowerment. American Economic Review, 103(3), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.545CrossRef

Duflo, E. (2011). Women and economic development. In NBER working paper seriesit. https://doi.org/10.1080/02690949108726103.

Dunbar, M. S., Maternowska, M. C., Kang, M. S. J., Laver, S. M., Mudekunye-Mahaka, I., & Padian, N. S. (2010). Findings from SHAZ!: A feasibility study of a microcredit and life-skills HIV prevention intervention to reduce risk among adolescent female orphans in zimbabwe. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 38(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852351003640849CrossRef

Eastin, J., & Prakash, A. (2013). Economicdevelopment and gender equality: Is there a Gender Kuznets curve? In Source: World politics, Vol. 65, Issue 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42002201?seq=1&cid=pdf-.

Efobi, U. R., Tanankem, B. V., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Female economic participation with information and communication technology advancement: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 86(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12194CrossRef

El-Bushra, J. (2000). Oxfam GB rethinking gender and development practice for the twenty-first century. In Source: Gender and development, Vol. 8, Issue 1.

Esteve‐Volart, B. (2004). Gender discrimination and growth: Theory and evidence from India. In Development economics discussion paper. www.wider.unu.edu.

Forbes, K. J. (2000). A Reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 9(4), 869–887.CrossRef

Forsythe, N., Korzeniewicz, R. P., & Durrant, V. (2000). Gender inequalities and economic growth: A longitudinal evaluation. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(3), 573–617. https://doi.org/10.1086/452611CrossRef

Fosu, A. K., & Abass, A. F. (2019). Domestic credit and export diversification: Africa from a global perspective domestic credit and export diversi fi cation: Africa from a global perspective. Journal of African Business, 0, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2019.1582295CrossRef

Galema, R., Plantinga, A., & Scholtens, B. (2008). The stocks at stake: Return and risk in socially responsible investment. Journal of Banking and Finance, 32(12), 2646–2654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2008.06.002CrossRef

Garfias Royo, M., Diep, L., Mulligan, J., Mukanga, P., & Parikh, P. (2022). Linking the UN Sustainable Development Goals and African Agenda 2063: Understanding overlaps and gaps between the global goals and continental priorities for Africa. World Development Sustainability, 1, 100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100010CrossRef

Government of Cameroon. (1992). Cameroon labour code. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/31629/64867/E92CMR01.htm.

Heintzب, J. (2006). Globalization, economic policy and employment : poverty and gender implications. ILO.

Holden, E., Linnerud, K., & Banister, D. (2014). Sustainable development: Our common future revisited. Global Environmental Change, 26(1), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.006CrossRef

Hopwood, B., Mellor, M., & O’Brien, G. (2005). Sustainable development: Mapping different approaches. Sustainable Development, 13(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.244CrossRef

Iqbal, A., Hassan, S., Mahmood, H., & Tanveer, M. (2022). Gender equality, education, economic growth and religious tensions nexus in developing countries: A spatial analysis approach. Heliyon, 8(11), e11394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11394CrossRef

Istenič, M. Č. (2007). Attitudes towards gender roles and gender role behaviour among urban, rural, and farm populations in Slovenia. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38(3), 477–496. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.38.3.477CrossRef

Johnston, R. (2016). Arsenic and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. In Environmental science, pp. 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1201/b20466-7.

Kabeer, N., & Natali, L. (2013). Gender equality and economic growth: Is there a win-win?. In IDS working papers, Vol. 2013, Issue 417, pp. 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.x.

Karakara, A. A., & Osabuohien, E. S. (2019). Households’ ICT access and bank patronage in West Africa: Empirical insights from Burkina Faso and Ghana. Technology in Society, 56, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.09.010CrossRef

Kim, J., Gear, J., Hargreaves, J., Atsbeha, T., Mzamani Makhubele, Benjamin Mashaba, K., Morison, L., Motsei, M., Peters, C., Porter, J., Pronyk, P., & Watts, C. (2002). Social interventions for HIV/AIDS intervention with micro-finance for AIDS and gender equity IMAGE study evaluation monograph No 1. Evaluation, 1, 80. http://dfidtb.lshtm.ac.uk/Monopgraph.pdf.

Kim, D. W., Yu, J. S., & Hassan, M. K. (2018). Financial inclusion and economic growth in OIC countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 43, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.178CrossRef

Kim, Y. M., & Marangwanda, C. (1997). Stimulating men’s support for long-term contraception: A campaign in Zimbabwe. Journal of Health Communication, 2(4), 271–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/108107397127590CrossRef

King, T. L., & Elliott, K. (2021). Why gender equality is good for men’s health and why this matters now. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(6), 873–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.007CrossRef

Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106CrossRef

Kramer, K. Z., Kelly, E. L., & McCulloch, J. B. (2015). Stay-at-home fathers: Definition and characteristics based on 34 years of CPS data. Journal of Family Issues, 36(12), 1651–1673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13502479CrossRef

Krantz, G., Berntsson, L., & Lundberg, U. (2005). Total workload, work stress and perceived symptoms in Swedish male and female white-collar employees. The European Journal of Public Health, 15(2), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki079CrossRef

Lafferty, W., & Langhelle, O. (1999). Towards sustainable development: On the goals of development–and the conditions of sustainability. Choice Reviews Online, 37(03), 37–1677. https://doi.org/10.5860/CHOICE.37-1677CrossRef

Lan, C. W., & Tavrow, P. (2017). Composite measures of women’s empowerment and their association with maternal mortality in low-income countries. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(Suppl 2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1492-4CrossRef

Lawless, S., Cohen, P. J., Mangubhai, S., Kleiber, D., & Morrison, T. H. (2021). Gender equality is diluted in commitments made to small-scale fisheries. World Development, 140, 105348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105348CrossRef

Lomax, R. G., & Hahs-vaughn, D. L. (2012). An introduction to statistical concepts. (3rd ed).

Mariotti, S., & Marzano, R. (2021). The effects of competition policy, regulatory quality and trust on inward FDI in host countries. International Business Review, 30, 101887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101887CrossRef

Milner, A., Scovelle, A. J., Hewitt, B., Maheen, H., Ruppanner, L., & King, T. L. (2020). Shifts in gender equality and suicide: A panel study of changes over time in 87 countries. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.105CrossRef

Moore, H. L. (1994). A passion for difference: Essays in anthropology and gender. Indiana University Press.

Nguyen, C. V., & Tarp, F. (2022). Changing male perceptions of gender equality: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial study. World Development, 158, 106019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106019CrossRef

Nyman, C., Reinikainen, L., & Eriksson, K. (2018). The tension between gender equality and doing gender Swedish couples ‘ talk about the division of housework. Women’s Studies International Forum, 68, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.01.010CrossRef

Oostendorp, R. H. (2009). Globalization and the gender wage gap. World Bank Economic Review, 23(1), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhn022CrossRef

Oyvat, C., & Onaran, Ö. (2022). The effects of social infrastructure and gender equality on output and employment: The case of South Korea. World Development, 158, 105987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105987CrossRef

Park, B., & Banchefsky, S. (2019). Women and men , moms and dads : Leveraging social role change to promote gender equality. In Advances in experimental social psychology (1st ed., Vol. 59). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.10.001.

Pituch, K., & Stevens, J. (2015). APPLIED MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS for the social sciences (6th ed.). Routledge.CrossRef

Polemis, M. L., & Stengos, T. (2020). The impact of regulatory quality on business venturing: A semi-parametric approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 67, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.05.005CrossRef

Redclift, M. (2005). Sustainable development (1987–2005): An oxymoron comes of age. Sustainable Development, 13(4), 212–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.281CrossRef

Roden, J., Mustafaj, M., & Saleem, M. (2021). Who else likes it ? Perceived gender of social endorsers predicts gender equality support. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106696CrossRef

Van der Meulen Rodgers, Y., Bebbington, A., Boone, C., Dell’Angelo, J., Platteau, J. P., & Agrawal, A. (2020). Experimental approaches in development and poverty alleviation. World Development, 127, 104807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104807CrossRef

Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2008). Financial inclusion and development: A cross country analysis. In Annual conference of the human development and capability association, New Delhi, Vol. 168, Issue 10–13, pp. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.

Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of International Development, 23(5), 613–628.CrossRef

Scambor, E., Bergmann, N., Wojnicka, K., Belghiti-Mahut, S., Hearn, J., Holter, Ø. G., Gärtner, M., Hrženjak, M., Scambor, C., & White, A. (2014). Men and gender equality: European insights. Men and Masculinities, 17(5), 552–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X14558239CrossRef

Schober, T., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2011). Gender wage inequality and economic growth: Is there really a puzzle?-A comment. World Development, 39(8), 1476–1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.001CrossRef

Seguino, S. (2014). Why are women in the Caribbean so much more likely than men to be unemployed? http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6507/.

Seguino, S. (2011). Gender inequality and economic growth: A reply to schober and winter-ebmer. World Development, 39(8), 1485–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.002CrossRef

Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016). The role of masculinity in men’s help-seeking for depression: A systematic review. In Clinical psychology review (Vol. 49, pp. 106–118). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002.

Spinelli-De-Sá, J. G., Da Costa Lemos, A. H., & De Souza Costa Neves Cavazotte, F. (2017). Making a career in a Male-dominated field: The meaning of work for women employed in the financial markets. Revista De Administracao Mackenzie, 18(4), 109–136. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n4p109-136CrossRef

Susan, E. B., Okanda, T. L., & Ndip, S. A. (2021). An empirical analysis of the impact of banking regulations on sustainable financial inclusion in the CEMAC region. Economic Systems, 46, 100935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100935CrossRef

Tchamyou, V. S., Erreygers, G., & Cassimon, D. (2019). Inequality, ICT and financial access in Africa. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 139, 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.11.004CrossRef

Tchamyou, V. S. (2020). Education, lifelong learning, inequality and financial access: Evidence from African countries. Contemporary Social Science, 15(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1433314CrossRef

Tinker, I. (1976). The adverse impact of development on women.

Tucker, H., & Boonabaana, B. (2012). A critical analysis of tourism, gender and poverty reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.622769CrossRef

Turan, H., & Senturk, A. (2016). Local government budgeting for gender equality. Procedia Economics and Finance, 38, 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30194-0CrossRef

Turner, B. L., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2010). Ester boserup: An interdisciplinary visionary relevant for sustainability. In Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America (Vol. 107, Issue 51). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013972108.

Tzannatos, Z. (1999). Women and labor market changes in the global economy: Growth helps, inequalities hurt and public policy matters. World Development, 27(3), 551–569.CrossRef

United Nations. (2021). The sustainable development goals report 2020. In Design for global challenges and goals, pp. 12–25. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099680-3.

Winther, T., Matinga, M. N., Ulsrud, K., Standal, K., Winther, T., Matinga, M. N., Ulsrud, K., & Standal, K. (2017). Women’s empowerment through electricity access: Scoping study and proposal for a framework of analysis. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 9(3), 389–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2017.1343368CrossRef

World Economic Forum. (2020). Global gender gap report 2020.

Xu, X. (2019). Trust and financial inclusion: A cross-country study. Finance Research Letters, 35, 101310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.101310CrossRef

Yaya, S., Uthman, O. A., Ekholuenetale, M., & Bishwajit, G. (2018). Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0658-5CrossRef

Zabaniotou, A., Boukamel, O., & Tsirogianni, A. (2021). Network assessment: Design of a framework and indicators for monitoring and self-assessment of a customized gender equality plan in the mediterranean engineering education context. Evaluation and Program Planning, 87, 101932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101932CrossRef

Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021a). A qualitative comparative analysis of tourism and gender equality in emerging economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46(26), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.009CrossRef

Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021b). A qualitative comparative analysis of tourism and gender equality in emerging economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.009CrossRef

Title: Re-imagining the Gender Gap in Economic Participation and Opportunities: Assessing the Link Between Sustainable Development and Gender Equality in Some African Countries
Authors: Enyang Besong Susan
Manases Mbengwor Natu
Publication date: 12-08-2023
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Social Indicators Research / Issue 3/2023
Print ISSN: 0303-8300
Electronic ISSN: 1573-0921
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03185-8

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 3/2023

Exploring the Role of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Gendered Social Exclusion: Empirical Evidence from Older Adults in Pakistan

Associations Between Volunteering, STEM Backgrounds, and Information-Processing Skills in Adult Populations of the United States

A Four-Dimensional Decomposition of Relative Poverty in China from the Perspective of Heterogeneity

Developing SEP65: A Census-Derived Index of Socio-Economic Position Specifically for the Older Population in Aotearoa New Zealand

The Rhetoric of Solidarity: Nature and Measurement of Social Cohesion in the Self-representation of Civil Society Organizations

Feasibility and Validity of Using Item Response Theory to Assess Cumulative Social Risk

Premium Partner