1 Introduction
2 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding
2.1 General EMI shielding theory
2.2 EMI shielding in anisotropic carbon-fibre composite materials
2.2.1 Manufacturing techniques for carbon-fibre composites
3 EMI shielding properties of bulk polymers filled with discontinuous carbon fibres
3.1 Factors affecting SE of short carbon-fibre-filled polymer composites
Ref. | Polymer | Filler material | Fabrication technique | Filler concentration | Filler aspect ratio after processing | SE measurement method | Sample thickness | Freq | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | – | %/phr | – | – | mm | GHz | dB |
[125] | PES Victrex 4100P | 10 µm diameter Carboflex pitch-based carbon fibre (CF) | hot press at 310 °C | 10–40% vol 10–40% vol 10–40% vol 10–20% vol 5–20% vol | 10 20 40 80 300 | Coaxial transmission line | 2.80 3.14 2.80 3.10 2.77 | 1–2 | 13–38 16- > 50 22- > 50 22–26 29–50 |
[126] | Nylon-66 | 5 µm diameter CF | Melt blending, injection moulding | 5–30% wt 5–30% wt | 200 1000 | ASTM D4935-92 | 1.2 | 0–1.5 | 2–32 23–72 |
[127] | Solid ZS-761 PP | PAN-based chopped CF | Injection moulding, physical foaming | 0–7.5% vol | 12–15 | Waveguide transmission line | 3.2 | 8–12.4 | 2–13 |
Foamed ZS-761 PP | 2–25 | ||||||||
[128] | LEVAPRENE 450 EVA | Indcarf 12 K SCF | Hot press at 170 °C | 30 phr | – | Waveguide transmission line | 1.8 | 0.1–2 8–12 | 24–25 29–34 |
[129] | Zytel 101 NC010 nylon-6,6 | Fortafil 243 3.2 mm chopped CF | Injection moulding | 5–40% wt | 12–20 | ASTM D4935-89 | 3.2 | 0.3–1 | 5–65 |
[130] | 25% EVA-2806/75% NBR 75% EVA-2806/25% NBR | RK30/12 SCF | Hot press at 160 °C | 0–30 phr 0–30 phr | 14–42 23–48 | Waveguide transmission line | 5 | 8–12 | 3–46 2–60 |
[131] | 75% 3017PJ PC/30% XR401 ABS | TR 50D12L CF | Pultrusion at 240 °C + injection moulding | 5–20 phr | 200 | Waveguide transmission line | 2 | 8.2–12.4 | 4–38 |
Screw extrusion + injection moulding | 93 | 2 | 1–7 | ||||||
3017PJ PC | TR 50D12L CF | Pultrusion at 240 °C + injection moulding | 5–20 phr | 200 | 2 | 4–37 | |||
Screw extrusion + injection moulding | 93 | 2 | 0–3 | ||||||
[132] | Zytel 101 NC010 nylon-6,6 | Fortafil 243 3.2 mm chopped CF | injection moulding | 0–40% wt | 16 | ASTM D4935-89 | 3.2 | 0.3–1 | 0–65 |
[133] | Neoprene WRT | RK 30/12 SCF | Cement mixing, moulding at 160 °C | 5–40 phr | 100 | Coaxial air line (GP 874-L10) | 1.7 | 0.1–1 | 5–38 |
Waveguide transmission line | 1.7 | 8–12 | 17–55 | ||||||
[134] | Noryl N-190, Zytel 101, Ryton P-4, KJB 91,364 | CF-30 CF | Injection moulding | 10–20% vol | 14–55 | Dual chamber | 3 | 1 | 35–50 |
[135] | Zytel 101 NC010 | ThermalGraph DKD X pitch-based milled CF | Injection moulding | 0–27% vol | 8–10 | ASTM D4935-89 | 3.2 | 0.3–0.8 | 0–13 |
Lexan HF 1110-111 N | 3.2 | 0–16 | |||||||
[136] | Neoprene WRT | RK30/12 SCF | Cement mixing, cure at 150 °C | 2.5–30 phr | 100 | Waveguide transmission line | 1.7 3.5 | 8–12 | 2–61 5- > 72 |
Mill mixing, cure at 150 °C | 5–30 phr | 25 | 1.7 3.5 | 10–26 15–42 | |||||
[137] | Levaprene 450 | Indcarf 12 K SCF | Two-roll mixing, hot press at 170 °C | 30–50 phr | – | Waveguide transmission line | 1.8 | 8–12 | 30–55 |
Coaxial transmission line | 0.1–2 | 24–28 | |||||||
[138] | Grade Royalene EPDM/Levaprene 450 EVA (50/50) | RK-12 SCF | Two-roll mixing, hot press at 170 °C | 10–50 phr | – | Waveguide transmission line | – | 8–12 | 35–60 |
Coaxial transmission line | 0.1–2 | 4–28 | |||||||
[139] | H110MA PP | TC33-6 K | Injection moulding at 210 °C | 10% wt | – | Waveguide transmission line | 3.6 | 8–12 | 16–20 |
[140] | PP | Tenax HTA CF | Hot press at 200 °C | 15–40% wt | Waveguide transmission line | – | 8–12 | 20–39 | |
[141] | Zytel 101 NC010 | Thermal Graph DKD X | Injection moulding | 5–40% wt | 9–11 | ASTM D4935-89 | 3.2 | 0.03–1 | 0–13 |
[142] | Grade Royalene EPDM/Grade Pilene EVA (50/50) | PAN-based chopped CF | Hot press at 170 °C | 10–50 phr | – | – | 3.5 | 8–12 | 30–65 |
– | 0.5–2 | 5–26 | |||||||
[143] | Neoprene WRT + barium ferrite | RK30/12 K | Cement mixing, moulding at 150 °C | 2.5–30 phr | 100 | Coaxial air line | 1.7 3.5 1.7 3.5 | 0.1–2 | 3–30 |
5–33 | |||||||||
Mill mixing, moulding at 150 °C | 25 | 2–18 | |||||||
2–20 | |||||||||
[144] | LCP | oriented chopped CF (longitudinal) | Injection moulding | 10–25% wt | – | ASTM D4935 | 3 | 0.1–1.5 | 30–62 |
Random chopped CFs | 15–35 | ||||||||
Nylon-6,6 | Oriented chopped CF (longitudinal) | 20–25% wt | 35–58 | ||||||
[145] | HF-ABS | HTA-C6-US | Injection moulding | 20–60 phr | 14–21 | ASTM ES-7–83 | – | 0.02–1 | 22–30 |
[146] | KJB-91363 ABS | Panex CF-30 | Injection moulding | 12% vol | – | Dual chamber | 3 | 1 | 50 |
Noryl N-190 PPO/PS | 13% vol | 46 | |||||||
Zytel 101 Nylon-66 | 19% vol | 41 | |||||||
Ryton P-4 PPS | 21% vol | 30 | |||||||
SMC | 20% vol | 51 | |||||||
[147] | HDPE | PAN-based short CF | Hot press at 130 °C | 10–20% vol | – | Own, shielding box | 0.2 | 1.2 | 23–26 |
[148] | EVA-2806 | PAN-based chopped CF | Two-roll mill, cure | 5–20 phr | – | Waveguide transmission line | – | 8–12.4 | 10–42 |
[149] | NBR | RK 30 SCF | Two-roll mill, cure at 150 °C | 40–60 phr | – | Coaxial transmission line | 1.7 | 0.1–1 | 6–18 |
10–60 phr | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 8–58 | ||||||
[150] | DHK-002 PBT (solid) | Micro-sized CFs | Injection moulding | 30% wt | – | Coaxial transmission line | 2.5 | 0.3–1.5 | 9 |
DHK-002 PBT (foamed) | 12 |
Ref. | Polymer | Filler material details | Fabrication technique | Filler concentration | Filler aspect ratio after processing | SE measurement method | Sample thickness | Freq | SE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | – | % or phr | – | – | mm | GHz | dB | |
[151] | General purpose 1000 S ABS | ENCF (T300C) with 2 g/L fibre workload | Hot press | 10% vol (30phr wt) | – | ASTM ES-7–83 | – | 1 | 44 | |
[152] | General purpose 1000 S ABS | ENCF (T300C) with 2 g/L fibre workload, pH 9, 70 °C | Hot press | 10% vol (30phr wt) | – | ASTM ES-7–83 | – | 0.03–1 | 44 | |
[153] | General purpose 300–22 CALIBRE PC/ General purpose 5000 s TAITALAC ABS (90/10%) | DRY-Blend NCF dB910 + Lica 38 coupling agent | Hot press at 190 °C | 23% wt (30phr wt) | – | ASTM ES-7-83 | 3 | 0.02–1 | 47 | |
[154] | D-180 ABS/ Lexan 103R-111 PC (70/30%) | MC-HTA-C3-US NCF | Hot press at 240 °C | 23% wt (30phr wt) | 53 | ASTM ES-7–83 | 3 | 1 | 47 | |
[155] | ABS | Nickel-coated chopped T700SC CF Copper-coated T700SC chopped CF | Electroless technique | hot press | 30phr wt | 48 | ASTM ES-7–83 | – | 0.03–1 | 30 |
Cementation | 65 | 17 | ||||||||
Electroless technique | 33 | 15 | ||||||||
Cementation | 34 | 5 | ||||||||
[156] | POLYLAC 777-A ABS | MC-HTA-C3-US NCF | Hot press at 240 °C | 0–30 phr wt | > 27 | ASTM ES-7-83 | 3 | 1 | 0–47 | |
[157] | HCC-333 HIPS | MC-HTA-C3-US NCF + 1.5pft Lica 44 coupling agent | Hot press at 190 °C | 10–40 phr wt | – | ASTM ES-7-83 | – | 0.5 | 14–40 | |
[158] | Epoxy | Ni-Co electroplated chopped PAN-based CF with varying plating bath current density (PBCD) | 15A/m2 PBCD | Hot press at 150 °C | – | – | ASTM D4935-89 | 1.5 | 0.5–1.5 | 55–60 |
20A/m2 PBCD | 55–72 | |||||||||
25A/m2 PBCD | 68–78 | |||||||||
30A/m2 PBCD | 67–80 | |||||||||
[159] | D-150 ABS | T700SC CF | Electroless coated with NiP-Ni | Hot press at 220 °C | – | 260 | ASTM D4935-99 | – | 0.03–1.8 | 46–62 |
Electroless coated with Ni-NiP | 240 | 43–55 | ||||||||
Electroless coated with NiP-Cu | 250 | 37–48 | ||||||||
Electroless coated with Ni-Cu | 230 | 43–64 | ||||||||
[160] | Grade BJ 700 PP | T700 CF coated with Ni | Injection moulding | 10–30% wt | 126 | Waveguide transmission line | 2 | 1–12.4 | 15–48 | |
Internal mixing | 88 | 3–30 | ||||||||
Screw extrusion | 58 | 3–25 | ||||||||
[161] | ABS | PAN-based T300 Ni-electroplated | Hot press at 200 °C | 10% vol | 40 | Coaxial transmission line | 3 | 0.001–1 | 40–50 | |
[162] | D-150 ABS | Electroless Ni/P-coated T700SC | + 200 °C annealing | Hot press at 220 °C | – | 173 | ASTM D4935-99 | – | 0.03–1.5 | 32–41 |
+ 300 °C annealing | 171 | 26–33 | ||||||||
+ 400 °C annealing | 149 | 19–26 | ||||||||
+ 600 °C annealing | 181 | 35–45 | ||||||||
+ 900 °C annealing | 32 | 4–11 | ||||||||
[163] | PP | 1 mm long chopped CF strands from Marbo SPA | Hot press at 200 °C | 0–28% wt | – | Microwave bench | 2.6 | 8–12 | 1–31 | |
[164] | ABS 900 | 299AX77373A NGF | Injection moulding | 4% wt | < 120 | ASTM D4935-89 | 3 | 0.1–1.5 | < 10 | |
[165] | POLYLAC PA-707 | Electroless Ni/P-coated T700SC | 42% wt coated rate | Hot press at 220 °C | 20 phr | 176 | ASTM D4935-99 | 3 | 0.1–1.5 | |
83% wt coated rate | 183 | |||||||||
112% wt coated rate | 188 | |||||||||
79% wt coated rate (no pretreatment) | 167 | |||||||||
[166] | D-180 ABS | T700SC | Electroless Ni/P film | Hot press at 220 °C | 20 phr | 214 | ASTM D4935-99 | – | 0.1–1 | |
Electroless Ni/P-PTFE film | 243 | |||||||||
Electroless Ni/P + electroless Ni/P-PTFE film | 414 | |||||||||
[167] | EP51 | Electroless Ag plated T300B CF | Vacuum injection, cure at 80 °C | 4.5% wt | 33–50 | Waveguide transmission line | 2.5 | 8.2–12.4 | 35–38 | |
[168] | PEEK | Nickel plated (electroplating) 12 k chopped CF | Melt mixing, hot press at 370 °C | 10–40% wt | 28 | Waveguide transmission line | 0.6 | 8.2–12.4 | 15–29 | |
[169] | ABS | Ni/Fe3O4 NP-coated 12 k CF by electrodeposition | Hot press | 15% wt | – | ASTM ES-7–83 | – | 0.1–1.2 | 54–62 | |
[170] | JM-365 PP | Ni-coated PAN-based T700 12 k | Hopper feeding twin screw extrusion, hot press at 220 °C | 10% wt | 7–28 | ASTM D4935 | – | 0.1–1.5 | 0–1 | |
20% wt | 0–3 | |||||||||
30% wt | 1–8 | |||||||||
Side feeding twin screw extrusion, hot press at 220 °C | 10% wt | 43–71 | 8–12 | |||||||
20% wt | 13–18 | |||||||||
30% wt | 27–28 |
Ref. | Polymer | Filler material details | Fabrication technique | Filler concentration | Filler aspect ratio after processing | SE measurement method | Sample thickness | Freq | SE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | – | %/phr | – | – | mm | GHz | dB | |
[171] | ChS Epoxy 531 | PANI-coated Donacarbo S 242 SCF | Cast moulding, cure at RT | 20% wt | 39 | – | 2.5 | 1.3 | 11.6 | |
[172] | S-700 PVC + corn straw fibre | T700SC | Pure | Hot press at 185 °C | 4% wt | – | Waveguide transmission line | 4 | 8.2–12.4 | 22–23 |
EPD GO-coated | 25–27 | |||||||||
EPD rGO-coated | 27–29 | |||||||||
[173] | EP | T700SC rGO-coated by electrophoretic deposition with different electrophoretic time (ET) | 0 min ET | Casting moulding, cure at RT | 0.5% wt | – | Waveguide transmission line | 6 | 8–12 | 22–23 |
20 min ET | 24–27 | |||||||||
40 min ET | 31–34 | |||||||||
60 min ET | 33–34 | |||||||||
80 min ET | 29–33 | |||||||||
[174] | UP resin | T700SC CF coated by electrophoretic deposition | Untreated | Casting moulding, cure in mould at 80 °C | 0.25–1% wt | – | Waveguide transmission line | 10 | 8–12 | 25–33 |
GO-coated | 25–35 | |||||||||
rGO-coated | 27–38 |
3.1.1 Effect of carbon-fibre concentration
3.1.2 Metal-coated carbon fibres
3.1.3 Carbon-fibre length and processing conditions
3.2 Carbon fibres with other fillers
Ref | Polymer | CF filler material details | 2nd filler | Fabrication technique | Filler concentration (CF/2nd filler) | SE measurement method | Sample thickness | Freq | SE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | – | – | % or phr | – | mm | GHz | dB | |
[135] | Zytel 101 NC010 | ThermalGraph DKD X pitch-based milled CF | EC-600 JD CB | Injection moulding | 20/5% wt | ASTM D4935-89 | 3.2 | 0.1–0.1 | 20–26 | |
Lexan HF 1110-111 N PC | 24–27 | |||||||||
[137] | Levaprene 450 | Indcarf 12 K SCF | Vulcan XC-72 CB | Two-roll mixing, hot press at 170 °C | 40/10 phr | Coaxial cable line | 1.8 | 0.1–2 | 24–26 | |
Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 45–50 | ||||||||
[149] | NBR | RK 30 SCF | Conductex 900 CB | Two-roll mill, cure at 150 °C | 50/10 phr | Coaxial cable line | 1.7 | 0.1–1 | 12–13 | |
30/30 phr | 7–9 | |||||||||
10/50 phr | 5–6 | |||||||||
50/10 phr | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 41–55 | |||||||
30/30 phr | 25–35 | |||||||||
10/50 phr | 17–23 | |||||||||
[175] | WSR618 E-51 | 7 µm diameter CF | BC | Press moulding | 10/0% wt | Waveguide transmission line | 1 | 0.4–1.5 | 42 | |
[176] | Victrex PES 4100P | Carboflex P-400 CF | Sn–Pb particles | Ball mill mixing, hot press at 310 °C | 20/2% vol | Coaxial cable method | 2.56 | 1–2 | 23–30 | |
Ni-coated Carboflex P-400 CF | Sn–Pb particles | 2.34 | 36–49 | |||||||
Ni particles | 2.64 | 26–32 | ||||||||
[177] | Grade BJ 700 PP | Ni-coated CF | - | Injection moulding, cure at 80 °C | 15/3% wt | ASTM D4935-99 | 0.2 | 0.1–1.5 | 36–39 | |
MWCNT | 37–42 | |||||||||
Grade EC-300 J CB | 43–48 | |||||||||
Grade P-25 TiO2 | 45–50 | |||||||||
[178] | E-51 | r-GO-coated T700SC CF | Fe3O4 NP-deposited rGO nanohybrids | Casting moulding, cure at RT and 80 °C | 0.5/3% wt | Waveguide transmission line | 7 | 8.2–12.4 | 31–33 | |
12.4–18 | 33–34 | |||||||||
18–26.5 | 37–39 | |||||||||
0.5/6% wt | 8.2–12.4 | 32–34 | ||||||||
12.4–18 | 35–38 | |||||||||
18–26.5 | 41–42 | |||||||||
APTES-modified Fe3O4 NP-deposited rGO nanohybrids | 0.5/9% wt | 8.2–12.4 | 34–37 | |||||||
12.4–18 | 38–39 | |||||||||
18–26.5 | 45–51 | |||||||||
0.5/3% wt | 8.2–12.4 | 31–34 | ||||||||
12.4–18 | 33–38 | |||||||||
18–26.5 | 37–42 | |||||||||
[179] | Grade Shinite K001 PBT/grade A600N PolyASA (70/30% wt) | ACECA 6EP CF | Grade NC7000 MWCNT | Injection moulding at 250 °C | 10/0% vol | Waveguide transmission line | 2 | 8.2–12.4 | 24 | |
9/1% vol | 32 | |||||||||
8/2% vol | 34 | |||||||||
[180] | PVB | 0° oriented SCF relative to casting direction | Ni-coated graphite (Ni-Gr) | Solution casting evaporation | 1/26% wt | Waveguide transmission line | 0.2 | 8.2–12.4 | 10 | |
2/26% wt | 12 | |||||||||
3/26% wt | 17 | |||||||||
90o oriented SCF relative to casting direction | 4/26% wt | 18 | ||||||||
5/26% wt | 20 | |||||||||
1/26% wt | 15 | |||||||||
2/26% wt | 22 | |||||||||
3/26% wt | 26 | |||||||||
4/26% wt | 28 | |||||||||
5/26% wt | 31 | |||||||||
[181] | Ni-coated Cycoloy C1200HF PCABS | AGM 94 CF | Graphite flakes 3243 | Injection moulding | 15/40% wt | ASTM D4935 | 0.4 | 0.2–4 | 45–79 | |
Ni-coated Fortron 0214B1 PPS | 15/40% wt | 52–87 | ||||||||
[182] | Elvax 260 EVA | Toray SCF | Glass powder/mica powder/OMMT | Plate vulcanizer at 170 °C | 0/23/17/5 phr | Waveguide transmission line | 2.6 | 8.2–12.4 | 3 | |
7/23/17/5 phr | 18–23 | |||||||||
11/23/17/5 phr | 26 | |||||||||
15/23/17/5 phr | 26–30 | |||||||||
20/23/17/5 phr | 36 | |||||||||
[183] | Phenolic resin | T300 CF | rGO | Compression moulding at 140 °C | 1/49% wt | Waveguide transmission line | 0.2–0.4 | 8.2–12.4 | 36 | |
2/48% wt | 30 | |||||||||
5/45% wt | 30–32 | |||||||||
7/43% wt | 24–26 | |||||||||
10/40% wt | 20–22 | |||||||||
[184] | Foamed NPEL-128 EP | Ni-plated CF | 5 mm long | MWCNT | Cure at 120 °C in a mould | 0.5/2% wt | Waveguide transmission line | 2 | 8.2–12.4 | 22–33 |
5 mm long | 1.0/2% wt | 17–22 | ||||||||
5 mm long | 1.5/2% wt | 25–27 | ||||||||
10 mm long | 1.5/2% wt | 32–45 | ||||||||
20 mm long | 1.5/2% wt | 16–28 | ||||||||
[185] | PP master batch | HTS40 CF | Graphene nanosheets | Hot press at 200 °C | 5/15% wt | ASTM D4935 | 0.6 | 0.3–3 | 10–22 | |
10/10% wt | 14–26 | |||||||||
15/5% wt | 12–24 |
4 Shielding properties of multilayer continuous carbon-fibre-reinforced composites
Ref | Reinforcement/matrix | CF details | Vf | Lay-up (/orientation) | Sample thickness | Fabrication details | SE measurement method | Freq | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | % | – | mm | – | – | GHz | dB |
[189] | UD T300 CF cloth/Aradite LY564 | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | 0°] 10 ∥ to wave polarisation [0°] 10 ⊥ to wave polarisation | VARTM, cure at 80 °C | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 29–36 26–28 | ||
[190] | UD T300 cloth/Epon 862 | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [90°] (1 ply ∥ to electric field) [0°] (1 ply ⊥ to electric field) | 0.400 | Cure at 120 °C | Coaxial transmission line | 8.2–12.4 | 55 15 |
[191] | E6026-12S CF/EP | – | – | [0°]6, ∥ to wave polarisation [0°]6, ⊥ to wave polarisation | 0.69 | Hot press at 130 °C | Waveguide transmission line | 8 | 47 12 |
[192] | UD T700S/D.E.R. 332 | PAN-based, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°] 43 ∥ to wave polarisation [0°] 43 ⊥ to wave polarisation | 10 | Wet lay-up, hot press | TRL | 8–12 | 24–29 21–26 |
[193] | UD woven CF fabric/PRIME 20LV | – | 55–60 | [0°]4 [0°/90°]2 [0°/45°/-45°/90°] | 3 | VARTM, cure at 65 °C | Nested reverberation chamber | 3.5–8.5 | 20–25 45–60 40–55 |
Woven CP CF/EP | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | 50.5 | [0°/90°]3 [0°/90°/45°/-45°/0°/90°] | 1.14 | – | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 60–68 70–77 | |
[196] | T300 CF cloth/CYD-128 | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | 62 | -/0° inclination -/90° inclination | 4 | Vacuum bag moulding | Waveguide transmission line | 8.2–12.4 | 55 8 |
[197] | UD CFRC prepreg | – | – | [0°] [0°/90°] [0°/45°] | 0.125 0.280 0.280 | – | Own, based on ASTM D4935 | 0.001–18 0.001–18 0.001–18 | 12 45 60 |
[198] | PW T300 CO6644B fabric/YD-128 | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | - | [0°]2 [0°/15°] [0°/30°] [0°/45°] [0°/90°] [0°]4 [0°/15°]2 [0°/30°]2 [0°/45°]2 [0°/90°]2 [0°]6 [0°/15°]3 [0°/30°]3 [0°/45°]3 [0°/90°]3 | – | Vacuum bag moulding | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.5–3 | 12 29 41 48 64 13 37 52 65 78 14 43 62 81 91 |
[199] | UD QNC 4162/polyamide Nylon-6 | PAN-based, 34–700, 24 k, Ø = 6.9 µm | 49.5 | [0°]2 [0°]4 [0°/90°] [0°/90°]2 | 0.453 0.957 0.476 0.966 | Hot press at 300 °C and 3.78 kPa | Coaxial transmission line | 0.5–1.5 | 13 17 46 67 |
[200] | UD, PW, BT CCF/epoxy | – | – | UD, [0°/0°] UD [0°/30°] UD [0°/60°] UD [0°/90°] PW [0°] PW [0°/0°] BT [0°] BT [0°/0°] | 1 | Hot press at 120–180 °C | ASTM D4935 | 0.05–3 | 9 25 38 46 50 75 50 75 |
Ref | Reinforcement/matrix | CF details | Vf | Lay-up | Thickness | Host manufacturing details | Shielding improvement method | SE measurement method | Freq | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | % | – | mm | – | – | – | GHz | dB |
[198] | PW T300 CO6644B fabric/YD-128 | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°]2 [0°]4 [0°]6 [0°/15°] [0°/15°]2 [0°/15°]3 [0°/30°] [0°/30°]2 [0°/30°]3 [0°/45°] [0°/45°]2 [0°/45°]3 [0°/90°] [0°/90°]2 [0°/90°]3 | – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – | Vacuum bag moulding | – | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.5–3 | 12 13 14 29 37 43 41 52 62 48 65 81 64 78 91 |
[199] | UD QNC 4162/polyamide Nylon-6 | PAN-based, 34–700, 24 k, Ø = 6.9 µm | 49.5 | [0°]2 [0°]3 [0°]4 [0°/90°] [0°/90°]2 | 0.452 0.740 0.957 0.476 0.966 | Hot press at 300 °C and 3.78 kPa | – | Coaxial transmission line | 0.5–1.5 | 13 16 17 46 67 |
[200] | W CF in UD, PW, balanced TW/resin | – | – | Plain 0o Plain 0°/0o Plain 0°/0°/0o B_twill 0o B_twill 0°/0° | 1 | Hot press at 120–180 °C | – | ASTM D4935 | 0.05–3 | 50 75 75 50 75 |
[201] | 5-harness satin weave T300/epoxy | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°]2 [0°]3 [0°]4 | 0.76 1.14 1.52 | – | – | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 50 65 80–90 |
TW 2/2 Pyrofil TR30S & TR50S/XC130 (XPREG XC130 210 gsm (a) & 450 (b) gsm prepregs) | PAN-based, 3 k & 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [a/b]s [a/b/b/a]s | 1 3 | Autoclave at 100 °C | – | ASTM D4935 | 0.03–0.45 0.03–0.4 | 73 82 | |
[204] | T300 fabric/RS101 | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°]2 [0°]3 [0°]4 | - - - | Oven at 85 °C and 125 °C, vacuum bag | – | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.5–1.5 | 81 103 92 |
[205] | T300 + SS filaments + PP filament/H100EY (Fabric woven from C/SS/PP hybrid yarn) | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | [0°]1, 1/1 PW [0°]2, 4/1 TW [0°]3, 8/1 SW | 1.95 2.21 2.00 | Hot press 180 °C | Stainless steel yarns woven into fabric | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.05–1.5 | 77 72 60 | |
[0°]1, 1/1 PW [0°]2, 4/1 TW [0°]3, 8/1 SW | 1.95 2.21 2.00 | Waveguide transmission line | 4–6 | 18 15 15 |
Ref | Reinforcement/matrix | CF details | Vf | Lay-up | Sample thickness | Fabrication details | Metal form | SE test method | Freq | SE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | % | – | – | – | – | GHz | dB | ||
[204] | T300 fabric/RS101 | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°]2 [0°]2 + SMM [0°]3 [0°]3 + SMM [0°]4 [0°]4 + SMM | – | Oven at 85 °C and 125 °C, vacuum bag | 400 × 400 stainless metal mesh (SMM) | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.5–1.5 | 81 99 103 98 92 103 | |
[205] | T300 + SS filaments + PP filament/H100EY | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°]1, 1/1 PW [0°]2, 4/1 TW [0°]3, 8/1 SW | 1.95 2.21 2.00 | Hot press 180 °C | Stainless steel yarns woven into fabric | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.05–1.5 | 77 72 60 | |
[0°]1, 1/1 PW [0°]2, 4/1 TW [0°]3, 8/1 SW | 2.00 2.00 2.00 | Waveguide transmission line | 4–6 | 18 15 15 | |||||||
[206] | PW T300B fabric/LY5052 | PAN-based, 1 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | Al mesh/[0°]4/Al mesh | 1.32 | Matched die moulding | Al mesh | ASTM D4935 | 0.0001–1 | > 50 | |
[207] | W T300 fabric/ YD-128 | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°]3 | 1.50 | Hand lay-up, hot press at 160 °C | – Ni-plated CF fabric, heating at 800 °C in N2 | ASTM D4935-89 | 0.03–1.5 | 60–70 70–105 | |
[208] | CF/epoxy (prepregs) | – | – | [CFRP/CFRP + metal]s | 1.00 | autoclave at 150 °C | SS, Cu, Ni mesh wrapped into CFRP | ASTM D4935-99 | 0.5–1.5 | 94 > | |
[209] | AS4 CF mesh/EPON 828 RS | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 7.1 µm | [0°]1 | 2.20 | Oven cure at 125 °C | – 50 nm Fe NP added to matrix | Waveguide transmission line | 8.5–12.4 | 30–45 43–53 | ||
[210] | UD T700 fabric /CE-R3501 | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | [0°] 10 ∥ [0°] 10 ⊥ | VARTM | None (unstitched) | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 64 23 | |||
[0°] 10 ∥ [0°] 10 ⊥ | Stitched Cu threads | 58 46 | |||||||||
[0°] 10 ∥ [0°] 10 ⊥ | 3.6–4.2 | Stitched Ti threads | 57 44 | ||||||||
[0°] 10 ∥ [0°] 10 ⊥ | Wrapped Cu threads | 74 29 | |||||||||
[0°] 10 ∥ [0°] 10 ⊥ | Wrapped Ti threads | 70 27 | |||||||||
[211] | BD Hinfab HCP 200A/EPOLAM 2063 | – | – | [0°]4 | 1.4 | VARTM | Ferromagnetic particles electrodeposited on CF | – Ni Co Fe Ni/Fe Ni/Co | Waveguide transmission line | 12–18 | 31–32 30–32 35–36 32–33 35–36 38–41 |
Ref | Reinforcement/ matrix | CF details | Vf | Lay-up | Sample thickness | Fabrication details | CNT content | SE measurement method | Freq | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | % | – | – | – | – | GHz | dB | |
[212] | UD M55JB/ RS-3C (prepregs) | PAN-based, 6 k Ø = 5 µm | – | [0°/45°/–45°/90°]2 | 0.5 | Vacuum bagging at 177 °C | – 2.5 g/m2 (7 layers) | Waveguide transmission line | 8.2–12.4 | 45–62 53–74 |
[213] | PW T300 CF fabric/LY-556 | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 7 µm | 70 67 | – | 2.0 | Hot press at 80 °C, cure at 150 °C | – 3% vol | Waveguide transmission line | 12.4 | 29 51 |
[214] | PW Fibermak CF fabric/F-1564 | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 5-8 µm | – | [0°]2 | 1.0 | Hand lay-up, cure at RT | 0% wt 1.5% wt 5% wt 15% wt | ASTM 4935–99 | 1 | 12 12 20 32 |
[215] | UD T700SC/5229 | PAN-based,12 k, Ø = 7 µm | 54 | [0°/90°/45°/–45°]2s [0°]16 [45°/–45°]4s [0°/90°/45°/–45°]2s | 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 | Hot-melting impregnation, autoclave at 180 °C | – 3% wt 3% wt 3% wt | MIL-DTL-83528C | 3–18 | 49 49 60 64 |
[216] | T300 cloth/PF 2313 | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0° NW cloth/short cut CF cloth/90° NW cloth]n | 2.0 | Drying, pressureless pyrolysation | – 5% wt | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 28 75 |
[217] | PW TR 30S/PE | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 7 µm | 46–53 | [0°]4 | 1.0 | VARTM | 0–0.35% vol | ASTM D4935 | 0.3–1.5 | 78 |
[218] | BW HS CF + Kevlar fabric/CR82 | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | 82–85 | [(0°/90°)3/kevlar]s | 3.5 | Hot press | 1% wt | Nested reverberation chamber | 0.1–8 | 60–80 |
Ref | reinforcement/matrix | CF details | Vf | Lay-up | Sample thickness | Fabrication details | Shielding improvement method | SE measurement method | Freq | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | % | – | – | – | – | GHz | dB | |
[116] | UD IM7/MTM 45–1 | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 5.2 µm | – | [0°] [0°/90°] [± 45°/0°/-45°/45°/90°]s 18 ply MD | – 0.128 0.768 1.152 | – | – | ASTM D4935-18 | 0.03–1.5 | 6 57 100 100 |
[220] | PW TR3110M fabric/ PANI + DBSA + PTSA | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | [0°/90°]8 | 1.6 | Hot press at 110 °C | Conductive polymer matrix | KEC | 0.001–1 | 50–95 |
PW TR3110M fabric/ XNR + H6815 | [0°/90°]8 | 1.6 | VARTM | – | 40–75 | |||||
[221] | BW CC 1501G CF/EP | – | – | 2.4 | hot press at 2000 °C | Conductive carbon matrix | Coaxial transmission line | 0.3–1.5 | 125 | |
T300 10E/EP 976 (prepreg) | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | 47 | [0°/90°)19 | 2.1 | hot press at 160 °C | – | 115 | |||
47 | [0°/90°]12 | 1.9 | hot press at 160 °C | 2.9% vol DACF | 98 | |||||
[222] | UD Thornel P-25/EPON 862 | Pitch-based, 2 k, Ø = 11 µm | 34.5 | [0°]8 | 3.0 | Hot press at 121 °C | – Activated CF | Coaxial transmission line | 1–1.5 | 30 39 |
[223] | UD CCF300/E54 | PAN-based, 3 k, Ø = 7 µm | 63–65 | QI | 1.0 | Cure at 150 °C | – | SJ20524-1995 | 2–20 | 61–70 |
Graphene oxide | 58–82 | |||||||||
Reduced graphene oxide | 55–65 | |||||||||
[224] | W Amoco Thornel P-100 CF cloth/epoxy | Pitch-based, 2 k, 11 µm | 64 48 | [0°]4 | 0.7–1 | – | – Bromine intercalated CF | Mixed mode chamber | 0.03–1 1–12 | > 55 > 70 |
[225] | PW CF fabric/PE resin | – | 33 32 | [0°]1 | 2 2.1 | Hand lay-up, cure at RT | – Boron fibre woven with CF | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.2–3 | 30–48 |
PW CF-boron fabric /PE resin | 22–35 |
4.1 Effect of laminate stacking sequence and fibre orientation
4.2 Effect of laminate thickness and number of plies
4.3 Effect of conductive inclusions
4.3.1 Metal-enhanced hybrid CFRP laminates
4.3.2 Nanolaminates
4.4 Other significant shielding performance characteristics of CFRP laminates
5 Polymer composites with other forms of carbon-fibre reinforcement
Ref | Reinforcement/matrix | CF details | thickness | Vf | Ply no | Fabrication details | Shielding improvement method | SE measurement method | Freq | SE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | – | – | mm | % | – | – | – | – | GHz | dB | ||
[233] | W CF mat/Bisphenol F resin | PAN-based, Ø = 7 µm | 0.5 | 40 – – | 2 | VARTM, vacuum bag, cure in oven | – 1% wt (c-MWCNT) 1% wt (b-MWCNT) | Waveguide transmission line | 12–18 | 20 37–50 43–60 | ||
[234] | CF mats/EP (DuPont) | – | 5.3 | 60 | 25 | Hot press at 125 °C | – | Microwave bench | 9 | 62 | ||
[235] | CF veils/CYD-128 | PAN-based, Ø = 7 µm | 1 | – | 4 | Vacuum bagging moulding at 80 °C | – 40% wt NP Fe3O4 | Waveguide transmission line | 8.2–12.4 | 33 51.5 | ||
[226] | T700S CF mat/PP | PAN-based, 12 k Ø = 7 µm | 1.6 0.8 | 20 | 2 1 | – | – | KEC method | KEC method | 70–85 68–78 | ||
1.6 2.5 | 30 | 2 3 | 70–85 72–90 | |||||||||
[229] | T700SC CF + ESF/PC film | PAN-based, 12 k Ø = 7 µm | 2 mm long | 0.292 | 50 | 1 | Wet papermaking, plate curing | – | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.03–1.5 | 29 | |
4 mm long | 30 | |||||||||||
6 mm long | 32 | |||||||||||
10 mm long | 33 | |||||||||||
14 mm long | 34 | |||||||||||
[186] | T700SC CF + ESF (CEF-NF)/LEXAN PC film | PAN-based, 12 k, Ø = 7 µm | 0.31 | – | 1 | Wet papermaking of CEF-NF, plate curing at 190 °C and 2 MPa | Electroless Ni-plating (before cure) | 0 min | ASTM D4935-10 | 0.03–1.5 | 25–26 | |
10 min | 48–49 | |||||||||||
20 min | 57–58 | |||||||||||
30 min | 59–65 | |||||||||||
40 min | 62–73 | |||||||||||
[227] | T300 CF felt with varying areal density/ hydroxyethylcellulose | 6 mm long PAN-based, Ø = 7 µm | 11.9 g/m2 | 0.111 | – | 1 | Wet-laid method | – | Waveguide transmission line | 8.2–12.4 | 30–33 | |
23.5 g/m2 | 0.227 | 41–44 | ||||||||||
43.6 g/m2 | 0.417 | 55–60 | ||||||||||
M40J CF felt with varying areal density/ Hydroxyethylcellulose | 6 mm long PAN-based, Ø = 5 µm | 12.8 g/m2 | 0.123 | 36–38 | ||||||||
22 g/m2 | 0.215 | 50–51 | ||||||||||
42.5 g/m2 | 0.422 | 66–70 | ||||||||||
XN90 CF felt with varying areal density/ hydroxyethylcellulose | 6 mm long pitch-based, Ø = 10 µm | 13.1 g/m2 | 0.117 | 25–28 | ||||||||
22.1 g/m2 | 0.219 | 36–41 | ||||||||||
43.3 g/m2 | 0.418 | 64–68 | ||||||||||
[236] | T300 3D felt/polythiophene | PAN-based, 6 k, Ø = 7 µm | – | – | 1 | – | – Graphene grafting | Waveguide transmission line | 12.4–18 | 20–22 26–28 | ||
[228] | UDT600SC (virgin) veil/Crystic 701PA PE(+ glass fibre) | PAN-based, 24 k, 6.4 mm long | Virgin CF, 20 gsm | – | – | 1 | Wet papermaking, RTM, cure at 60 °C | – | ASTM D4935-99 | 0.02–1.5 | 29–33 | |
2 | 35–51 | |||||||||||
Virgin CF, 60 gsm | 1 | 40–45 | ||||||||||
2 | 47–73 | |||||||||||
Virgin CF, 100 gsm | 1 | 48–50 | ||||||||||
2 | 53–78 | |||||||||||
UD chopped CF fabric (recycled from MTM28-2 prepreg) veil/Crystic 701PA PE(+ glass fibre) | Recycled CF, 20 gsm | 1 | 37–42 | |||||||||
2 | 32–45 | |||||||||||
Recycled CF, 60 gsm | 1 | 39–42 | ||||||||||
2 | 41–61 | |||||||||||
Recycled CF, 100 gsm | 1 | 39–43 | ||||||||||
2 | 46–71 | |||||||||||
[237] | UD chopped CF/CYD-128 | PAN-based,1 mm long Ø = 7 µm | 0.5 | 5.3 | 1 | Wet papermaking, VAIMP, cure at 80 °C | – Ni–P electroless plating | Waveguide transmission line | 3.2–4.9 | 30 35 | ||
[230] | UD chopped CF felt/CYD-129 with varying layer angle (LA) between fibre layers and sample surface | 6 mm long PAN-based, Ø = 6-7 µm | 2° LA | – | – | 1 | Vacuum bag moulding cure at RT | Carbonyl iron powder | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 54 | |
20° LA | 29 | |||||||||||
45° LA | 14 | |||||||||||
66° LA | 10 | |||||||||||
85° LA | 8 | |||||||||||
[231] | UD chopped CF felt + glass fibre/CYD-128 129 with varying layer angle (LA) between fibre layers and sample surface | 6 mm long PAN-based, Ø = 6-7 µm | 2° LA | 4 | – | – | Vacuum bag moulding cure at RT | – | Waveguide transmission line | 8–12 | 76 | |
22° LA | 16 | |||||||||||
45° LA | 8 | |||||||||||
63° LA | 6 | |||||||||||
88° LA | 3 | |||||||||||
2° LA | Carbonyl iron powder | 55 | ||||||||||
22° LA | 25 | |||||||||||
45° LA | 12 | |||||||||||
63° LA | 8 | |||||||||||
88° LA | 7 | |||||||||||
[238] | 3D CF felt/LY-556 | – | 2.5 | 40 | – | Hot press at 150 °C | MWCNT grown on CF felt | – | Waveguide transmission line | 12.4–18 | 19–21 | |
8.4% wt | 23–24 | |||||||||||
17.9% wt | 23–27 | |||||||||||
[232] | Bidirectional CF mat/Kynar 761 PVDF | PAN-based, Ø = 10 µm | 0.6 | – | 1 | Hot press | PVDF/MWCNT inner layer | Waveguide transmission line | 12–18 | 20–32 | ||
2 | 19–27 | |||||||||||
1 | Fe particles on CF mat + PVDF/MWCNT inner layer | 20–42 | ||||||||||
2 | 37–55 |