Repeated homogenization, a route for decreasing the energy consumption in the manufacturing process of carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose?

Energy-efficient manufacturing is a requirement for the large-scale production of nanofibrillated cellulose systems. Today, most strides involve the development of new physicochemical pre-treatment processes or invention of new or further-development of existing mechanical delamination processes; these approaches are often costly. In this communication, it was shown that significant reduction in energy consumption (~30–50 %) of the nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) manufacturing process is possible by the wise employment of existing machinery and processes—without deterioration of the attractive properties of the NFC product. The suggested approach has further the additional advantage of increasing the yield of nanofibrillation, robustness of the manufacturing process, and increasing the out-put of the process. These notions can lead to significant energy savings in the NFC production. The novel manufacturing protocol involved repeated homogenization of the pulp suspension at low (~400 bar) applied homogenization pressures (as compared to those currently applied, ~1700 bar). It was hypothesized that this manufacturing protocol leads to a more homogeneous and effective shearing of the fibres, than is achievable by one time homogenization of the pulp slurry at high applied pressures. The investigations further showed that there exists an apparent yield of fibrillation (of about 40 %), above which the rheological properties of the NFC systems and the mechanical properties of the resulting NFC films remain unaffected. This observation [which is in accordance to published observations by e.g. Fall (2013)] can be employed to reduce the specific energy consumption in the NFC manufacturing process. Finally, the investigations also showed that the route that is used for dilution of concentrated NFC systems can significantly alter the properties of resulting NFC-films. It was postulated that a protocol based on the severe shearing of the NFC suspension (prior to NFC-film formation), e.g. by high pressure homogenization, can lead to a more homogeneous and better fibrillated system, which in turn might lead to the overestimation of the actual properties of the studied NFC system.