Skip to main content
Top

1992 | Book

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Editor: George W. Ware

Publisher: Springer US

Book Series : Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

insite
SEARCH

About this book

International concern in scientific, industrial, and governmental communi­ ties over traces of xenobiotics in foods and in both abiotic and biotic en­ vironments has justified the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this field: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published research papers and progress reports, and archival documentations. These three international publications are integrated and scheduled to provide the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a field as dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. This series is reserved ex­ clusively for the diversified literature on "toxic" chemicals in our food, our feeds, our homes, recreational and working surroundings, our domestic an­ imals, our wildlife and ourselves. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been mobilized to evaluate the nature, presence, magnitude, fate, and toxicology of the chemicals loosed upon the earth. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis is an undeniable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications, where one can find the latest important world literature pro­ duced by these emerging areas of science together with documentation of pertinent ancillary legislation. Research directors and legislative or administrative advisers do not have the time to scan the escalating number of technical publications that may contain articles important to current responsibility. Rather, these individuals need the background provided by detailed reviews and the assurance that the latest information is made available to them, all with minimal literature searching.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Assessing Human Exposures to Pesticides
Abstract
Human pesticide exposures occur as a consequence of their use or persistence in a variety of media including air, water, soil, plants and animals, especially as foods, and on inanimate objects. Annual pesticide use is measured in hundreds of millions of pounds of active ingredients, about 20% of that in production agriculture. California alone tallies about 500,000,000 lb (227,000,000 kg) and 80,000,000 lb (36,364,000 kg) in crop protection, the economic activity most commonly associated with pesticides. No other group of chemicals known for their toxicity is so extensively used as part of our attempt to maintain a balance of advantage over our competitors for food and fiber and vectors of disease.
Robert I. Krieger, John H. Ross, Tian Thongsinthusak
Biomarkers of Pesticide Exposure
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of potential health effects resulting from exposure to one or multiple pesticides are strengthened by the use of biological markers, such as internal dose markers, to more accurately classify individual exposures. Additionally, measures of internal body dose are also useful to establish guidelines for field reentry and protective clothing or practices, and to enable early detection of exposure circumstances in worker safety programs. This chapter explores the concepts of exposure biomarkers, focusing on their past and potential application to studies of pesticide exposures.
M. A. Brewster, B. S. Hulka, T. L. Lavy
Estimating Worker Exposure For Pesticide Registration
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, which means that workers are exposed to these chemicals not only during their actual application, but also during mixing and loading, and harvesting of crops outdoors or in greenhouses and activities in treated barns or residences.
J. J. van Hemmen
Blood Esterase Determinations as Markers of Exposure
Abstract
Organophosphate (OPs) and organocarbamate (OCs) esters are widely used pesticides. Their inhibition of cholinesterases (ChEs) is a major source of their toxicity. The need for detecting exposure to OPs and OCs has resulted in continuing interest in assaying for ChEs. This paper discusses assay techniques, their usefulness as indicators of exposure, and the problem of detecting adverse effects (Weiss 1990; Wilson et al. 1992a).
Barry W. Wilson, John D. Henderson
Reentry Field Data and Conclusions
Abstract
The history of agricultural harvesters being clinically poisoned from working in a field following a “recent” organophosphate (OP) insecticide application dates back to their earliest use circa 1950. Initially, the documentation was sporadic case reports (Abrams and Leonard 1950; Ingram 1951; Quinby and Lemmon 1958; Milby et al. 1964). Summaries began to be published beginning in 1974 (Milby et al. 1974; Spear et al. 1975; NIOSH 1976; Gunther et al. 1977; Popendorf and Leffingwell 1982; and Honeycutt et al. 1985).
William Popendorf
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Editor
George W. Ware
Copyright Year
1992
Publisher
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4612-2964-3
Print ISBN
978-1-4612-7736-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2964-3