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1992 | Book

Pesticide Protective Clothing Read chapter Read first chapter

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Continuation of Residue Reviews

Editor: George W. Ware

Publisher: Springer New York

Book Series : Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Included in: Professional Book Archive

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About this book

International concern in scientific, industrial, and governmental communi­ ties over traces of xenobiotics in foods and in both abiotic and biotic en­ vironments has justified the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this field: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published research papers and progress reports, and archival documentations. These three international publications are integrated and scheduled to provide the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a field as dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. This series is reserved ex­ clusively for the diversified literature on "toxic" chemicals in our food, our feeds, our homes, recreational and working surroundings, our domestic an­ imals, our wildlife and ourselves. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been mobilized to evaluate the nature, presence, magnitude, fate, and toxicology of the chemicals loosed upon the earth. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis is an undeniable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications, where one can find the latest important world literature pro­ duced by these emerging areas of science together with documentation of pertinent ancillary legislation. Research directors and legislative or administrative advisers do not have the time to scan the escalating number of technical publications that may contain articles important to current responsibility. Rather, these individuals need the background provided by detailed reviews and the assurance that the latest information is made available to them, all with minimal literature searching.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Pesticide Protective Clothing
Abstract
The use of pesticides in the United States has grown 10-fold in the past three decades, and it continues to grow. The dilemma of using pesticides is that “they protect crops from insects, weeds, disease and hunger, but they are also associated with hazards ranging from acute toxicity to cumulative effects such as cancer, birth defects, genetic mutations and sterility” (Boraiko 1980).
Elizabeth P. Easter, Herbert N. Nigg
Safer Pesticide Packaging and Formulations for Agricultural and Residential Applications
Abstract
Over the years, the goal of the formulation and packaging efforts at agricultural chemical companies has been to provide a product that maximizes the ability of the active ingredient to control a target pest in a safe, reliable, and cost-effective manner. The function of pesticide formulation and packaging today is changing rapidly in response to a wide range of factors now impacting the agricultural chemical industry. In addition to improving product performance, research chemists and engineers are developing a new generation of delivery systems that address a number of issues central to the business of agricultural chemicals, namely, minimizing user exposure, protecting the environment, and dealing with the problems of container disposal.
James D. Bailey
Global Estimates Of Acute Pesticide Morbidity And Mortality
Abstract
Mathematical models have been used to advance at least eight global estimates of morbidity and mortality from pesticide poisoning since 1973 (Bull 1982; Copplestone 1977; Forget 1991; Jeyaratnam 1985, 1990; Levine 1986; WHO 1973; WHO/UNEP 1990). These estimates have been prompted, in part, by the need to formulate public health policy based on the best available information, though sparse. In addition to mathematical models, there has been a steady stream of epidemiologic outbreak investigations. Between 1951 and 1990, there were at least 148 such reports in the literature. Cumulatively, the outbreak investigations provide a unique perspective on global pesticide morbidity and mortality, in terms of both descriptions of impact and underlying mechanisms. This review focuses on these two approaches to understanding the epidemiology of worldwide pesticide morbidity and mortality and discusses their usefulness in minimizing human exposure to pesticides.
Robert S. Levine, John Doull
Acute Pesticide Morbidity and Mortality: California
Abstract
This report gives an overview of the important features of the California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), focusing on sources of case identification, case definitions, and annual case totals. Trends in illness reporting are illustrated by examining recent changes in the number of field worker dermatitis cases and the program experience with pesticide mortality by examining fatalities reported to the registry between 1982 and 1990.
Louise N. Mehler, Michael A. O’Malley, Robert I. Krieger
Challenges in Assessing Long-Term Health Effects Studies
Abstract
The assessment of long-term health effects from exposure to pesticides has been a serious challenge to research scientists for several decades. Causal inferences following exposures to pesticides and acute disease usually proceed without difficulty since the exposure and resultant disease are close in time. To the contrary, long-term health effects are much more difficult to assess and many factors related to person-place-time-agent interactions must be evaluated.
Eldon P. Savage
Comparison of Exposure Assessment Guidelines for Pesticides
Abstract
Exposure assessment for individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides is an essential component of the risk assessment process for a pesticide. One common approach for estimating occupational and bystander exposure involves exposure studies with individuals handling and applying pesticides under actual use conditions. There are a number of scenarios under which pesticides are used. Broadly, they can be divided into areas of agricultural, forestry, industrial/commercial, and domestic use. The more common outdoor scenarios include use in agriculture, forestry, rights of way and golf courses, whereas common indoor uses include greenhouses, offices, homes, and restaurants.
P. Curry, S. Iyengar
Saliva as a Monitoring Medium for Chemicals
Abstract
The design of methods used for monitoring pesticide exposure in humans is driven by the goals of the monitoring program. Simple confirmation of exposure normally uses urine monitoring and urine monitoring has also been employed to estimate the internal pesticide dose in humans. The difficulty of using urine analyses to estimate internal pesticide dose has been reviewed (Nigg and Stamper 1989).
H. N. Nigg, S. E. Wade
Exposure to Pesticide Mixer/Loaders and Applicators in California
Abstract
In typical pesticide use, exposure occurs from both preparation of the product for application (mixing/loading) and the actual application. Additional exposure may occur from equipment cleanup and disposal of empty containers.
Roy Rutz, Robert I. Krieger
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Editor
George W. Ware
Copyright Year
1992
Publisher
Springer New York
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4684-7106-9
Print ISBN
978-1-4684-7108-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7106-9