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Published in: Journal of Business and Psychology 5/2017

21-05-2016 | Original Paper

Running on Empty: The Effects of Aggregate Travel Stress on Team Performance

Authors: Erik C. Taylor, Jeremy B. Bernerth, Joshua D. Maurer

Published in: Journal of Business and Psychology | Issue 5/2017

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Abstract

Purpose

In this study, we explore the effects of travel on performance at the team level using conservation of resources (COR) theory as an explanatory mechanism. We investigate the effects of aggregate travel stress, which we define as the accumulated strain experienced by a team when traveling, on key components of team functioning and performance including team task performance, team concentration level, and counterproductive work behaviors (CWB).

Design/Methodology/Approach

We analyze 3054 games played in the National Football League across six seasons using multilevel structural equation modeling. Replicating our findings, we also analyzed an additional 11,802 games played in the National Basketball Association across five seasons.

Findings

Aggregate travel stress, as a latent construct, negatively impacts team task performance and team concentration level. Team concentration partially mediates the relationship between aggregate travel stress and CWB.

Implications

Findings suggest that travel has a deleterious effect on various forms of team functioning and performance. As a result, organizations and leaders need to be aware of the potential side effects of travel, and researchers need to further incorporate travel into models and examinations of workplace stress.

Originality/Value

This is the first study to provide a theoretically driven investigation of the effects of business travel on team outcomes and to apply COR theory to team-level phenomena. Results put forth offer a more nuanced understanding of the effects of travel as well as open up new avenues of exploration for COR theory.

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Footnotes
1
While the NFL hosts between one and three overseas games in each year, we excluded these games given the uniqueness of international travel (e.g., both teams travel). Our analyses also excluded post-season games because the post-season eliminates all but the highest performing teams and potentially limits observable variance.
 
2
This period was selected as full data on several key variables such as team penalties was not available for seasons prior to 2009. Game data, such as whether a team played at home or away, the number of yards gained or allowed, and first downs gained or allowed were collected from www.​pro-football-reference.​com. Data on penalties were collected from www.​nflpenalties.​com.
 
3
Formative constructs create problems for model identification as information from outside of the construct itself is necessary for estimation (Bollen and Lennox 1991). That is, formative constructs are inherently unidentified. To address this problem, we specified a multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) model (Jöreskog and Goldberger 1975), with both team concentration and team task performance modeled as latent constructs with two reflective indicators each, and CWB as a manifest variable.
 
4
NBA teams play 82 games each season excluding playoffs; however, the 2011 season was shortened to 66 games following a labor dispute. 16 observations were omitted for games that were played in international destinations and were effectively road games for both teams. In addition, the game between the Boston Celtics and Indiana Pacers on April 16, 2013 was canceled following the Boston Marathon bombing. Another four observations were deleted as data on fouls could not be obtained.
 
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Metadata
Title
Running on Empty: The Effects of Aggregate Travel Stress on Team Performance
Authors
Erik C. Taylor
Jeremy B. Bernerth
Joshua D. Maurer
Publication date
21-05-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Business and Psychology / Issue 5/2017
Print ISSN: 0889-3268
Electronic ISSN: 1573-353X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9449-6

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