Top

Hydrogeology Journal

Published in:

17-03-2018 | Paper

Simulation of saltwater intrusion in a poorly karstified coastal aquifer in Lebanon (Eastern Mediterranean)

Authors: Wisam M. Khadra, Pieter J. Stuyfzand

Published in: Hydrogeology Journal | Issue 6/2018

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

To date, there has been no agreement on the best way to simulate saltwater intrusion (SWI) in karst aquifers. An equivalent porous medium (EPM) is usually assumed without justification of its applicability. In this paper, SWI in a poorly karstified aquifer in Lebanon is simulated in various ways and compared to measurements. Time series analysis of rainfall and aquifer response is recommended to decide whether quickflow through conduits can be safely ignored. This aids in justifying the selection of the exemplified EPM model. To examine the improvement of SWI representation when discrete features (DFs) are embedded in the model domain, the results of a coupled discrete-continuum (CDC) approach (a hybrid EPM-DF approach) are compared to the EPM model. The two approaches yielded reasonable patterns of hydraulic head and groundwater salinity, which seem trustworthy enough for management purposes. The CDC model also reproduced some local anomalous chloride patterns, being more adaptable with respect to the measurements. It improved the overall accuracy of salinity predictions at wells and better represented the fresh–brackish water interface. Therefore, the CDC approach can be beneficial in modeling SWI in poorly karstified aquifers, and should be compared with the results of the EPM method to decide whether the differences in the outcome at local scale warrant its (more complicated) application. The simulation utilized the SEAWAT code since it is density dependent and public domain, and it enjoys widespread application. Including DFs necessitated manual handling because the selected code has no built-in option for such features.

previous article Groundwater flow in the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater: a field-based study and analysis of measurement errors

next article Tracing submarine groundwater discharge flux in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China)

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Abarca E, Carrera J, Sánchez-Vila X, Dentz M (2007) Anisotropic dispersive Henry problem. Adv Water Resour 30(4):913–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.005 CrossRef

Abusaada M, Sauter M (2013) Studying the flow dynamics of a karst aquifer system with an equivalent porous medium model. Groundwater 51(4):641–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01003.x

Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Autom Control 19(6):716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705 CrossRef

Angelini P (1997) Correlation and spectral analysis of two hydrogeological systems in central Italy. Hydrol Sci J 42(3):425–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669709492038 CrossRef

Archie GE (1942) The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics. Trans Am Inst Min Metall Pet Eng 146:54–61

Archontelis A, Ganoulis J (2015) Comparison between hydrodynamic simulation and available data in a karst coastal aquifer: the case of Almyros Spring, Crete Island, Greece. In: Hydrogeological and environmental investigations in karst systems. EESCI, vol 1, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17435-3_30

Arkadan A (2008) Climatic changes in Lebanon, predicting uncertain precipitation events: do climatic cycles exist? In: Zereini F, Hötzl H (eds) Climatic changes and water resources in the Middle East and North Africa, environmental science and engineering. Springer, Berlin, pp 59–74

Awad HM (1983) Geomorphology, stratigraphy and hydrogeology of the Doha-Damour area and hinterland. MSc Thesis, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Bachu S (1995) Flow of variable-density formation water in deep sloping aquifers: review of methods of representation with case studies. J Hydrol 164:19–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02578-Y CrossRef

Barlow PM (2003) Ground water in freshwater–saltwater environments of the Atlantic Coast. US Geol Surv Circ 1262

Benavente J, Pulido-Bosch A, Mangin A (1985) Application of correlation and spectral procedures to the study of the discharge in a karstic system (eastern Spain). In: Proceedings of Karst Water Resources symposium, Ankara-Antalya, July 1985. IAHS Publ. no. 161, pp 67–75

Bense VF, Van Balen RT, De Vries JJ (2003) The impact of faults on the hydrogeological conditions in the Roer Valley Rift System: an overview. Netherlands J Geosci 82(1):41–54CrossRef

Bhuiyan C (2015) Hydrological characterization of geological lineaments: a case study from the Aravalli terrain, India. Hydrogeol J 23:673–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1239-0 CrossRef

Blessent D, Jørgensen P, Therrien R (2014) Comparing discrete fracture and continuum models to predict contaminant transport in fractured porous media. Groundwater 52(1):84–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12032 CrossRef

Borghi A, Renard P, Jenni S (2012) A pseudo-genetic stochastic model to generate karstic networks. J Hydrol 414–415:516–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.032

Bredehoeft JD (1997) Fault permeability near Yuca Mountain. Water Resour Res 33(11):2459–2463CrossRef

Celico F, Petrella E, Celico P (2006) Hydrogeological behaviour of some fault zones in a carbonate aquifer of southern Italy: an experimentally based model. Terra Nova 18:308–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00694.x CrossRef

Charmonman S (1965) A solution of the pattern of fresh-water flow in an unconfined coastal aquifer. J Geophys Res 70:2813–2819. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i012p02813 CrossRef

Chen Z, Goldscheider N (2014) Modeling spatially and temporally varied hydraulic behavior of a folded karst system with dominant conduit drainage at catchment scale, Hochifen-Gottesacker, Alps. J Hydrol 514:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.005 CrossRef

Cooper HH (1964) Sea water in the coastal aquifers. US Geol Surv Water Suppl Pap 1613-C

Dafny E, Burg A, Gvirtzman H (2010) Effects of karst and geological structure on groundwater flow: the case of Yarqon-Taninim aquifer, Israel. J Hydrol 389:260–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.038 CrossRef

Dausman AM, Langevin CD (2005) Movement of the saltwater interface in the Surficial Aquifer System in response to hydrologic stresses and water management practices, Broward County, Florida. US Geol Surv Sci Invest Rep 2004-5256

De Filippis G, Foglia L, Giudici M, Mehl S, Margiotta S, Luigi Negri S (2016) Seawater intrusion in karstic, coastal aquifers: current challenges and future scenarios in the Taranto area (southern Italy). Sci Total Environ 573:1340–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.005 CrossRef

Dentoni M, Deidda R, Paniconi C, Qahman K, Lecca G (2015) A simulation/optimization study to assess seawater intrusion management strategies for the Gaza strip coastal aquifer (Palestine). Hydrogeol J 23:249–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1214-1 CrossRef

Diersch HJG (2014) Finite element modeling of flow, mass and heat transport in porous and fractured media, 1st edn. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38739-5

Doherty J (1994) PEST Model-independent parameter estimation. User’s manual, Watermark, Brisbane, Australia

Dokou Z, Karatzas G (2012) Saltwater intrusion estimation in a karstified coastal system using density-dependent modelling and comparison with the sharp-interface approach. Hydrol Sci J 57(5):985–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.690070 CrossRef

El Yaouti F, El Mandour A, Khattach D, Kaufmann O (2008) Modelling groundwater flow and advective contaminant transport in the Bou-Areg unconfined aquifer (NE Morocco). J Hydro-Environ Res 2(3):192–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2008.08.003

FAO (1973) Project de development hydro-agricole du sud du Liban: thermometrie aeroportee par infra-rouge [South-Lebanon hydro-agricultural development project: infra-red aeronautical thermometry]. FAO, Beirut, Lebanon

Fattahi MH, Talebbeydokhti N, Shamsai A (2010) Application of double continuum porosity equivalent method to investigate the karst problem of Salman Farsi Dam in Iran. The National Conference on Water Crisis Management, Azad University, Iran, March 2010

Ford D, Williams P (2007) Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, UKCrossRef

Fu T, Chen H, Wang K (2016) Structure and water storage capacity of a small karst aquifer based on stream discharge in southwest China. J Hydrol 534:50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.042 CrossRef

Geofizika (1965) Report on geophysical investigations in the southern coastal zone, Yugoslavia. Geophyzika, Sofia, Bulgaria

Ghasemizadeh R, Hellweger F, Butscher C, Padilla I, Vesper D, Field M, Alshawabkeh A (2012) Review: groundwater flow and transport modeling of karst aquifers, with particular reference to the north coast limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico. Hydrogeol J 20:1441–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0897-4 CrossRef

Gopinath S, Srinivasamoorthy K, Saravanan K, Suma CS, Prakash R, Senthilnathan D, Chandrasekaran N, Srinivas Y, Sarma VS (2016) Modeling saline water intrusion in Nagapattinam coastal aquifers, Tamilnadu, India. Model Earth Syst Environ 2:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-015-0058-6 CrossRef

Guo W, Langevin CD (2002) User’s guide to SEAWAT: a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow. US Geol Surv Open File Rep 01-434

Hamada GM, Almajed AA, Okasha TM, Algathe AA (2013) Uncertainty analysis of Archie’s parameters determination techniques in carbonate reservoirs. J Petrol Explor Prod Technol 3:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-012-0042-x CrossRef

Jemcov I, Petric M (2009) Measured precipitation vs. effective infiltration and their influence on the assessment of karst systems based on results of the time series analysis. J Hydrol 379:304–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.016 CrossRef

Kavouri KP, Karatzas GP, Plagnes V (2017) A coupled groundwater-flow-modelling and vulnerability-mapping methodology for karstic terrain management. Hydrogeol J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1548-6

Khadra WM (2003) Hydrogeology of the Damour-Upper Sannine-Maameltain Aquifer. MSc Thesis, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Khadra WM, Stuyfzand PJ (2014) Separating baseline conditions from anthropogenic impacts: example of the Damour coastal aquifer (Lebanon). Hydrol Sci J 59:1872–1893. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.841912 CrossRef

Khadra WM, Stuyfzand PJ (2016) Mass balancing to define major hydrogeochemical processes in salinizing dolomitic limestone aquifers: example from Eastern Mediterranean (Lebanon). In: Werner AD (ed) Proc. 24th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting and the 4th Asia-Pacific Coastal Aquifer Management Meeting, Cairns, Australia, July 2016, pp 110–116

Khadra WM, Stuyfzand PJ, van Breukelen BM (2017) Hydrochemical effects of saltwater intrusion in a limestone and dolomitic limestone aquifer in Lebanon. Appl Geochem 79:36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.02.005 CrossRef

Kihm JH, Kim JM, Song SH, Lee GS (2007) Three-dimensional numerical simulation of fully coupled groundwater flow and land deformation due to groundwater pumping in an unsaturated fluvial aquifer. J Hydrol 335:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.031 CrossRef

Kopsiaftis G, Mantoglou A, Giannoulopoulos P (2009) Variable density coastal aquifer models with application to an aquifer on Thira Island. Desalination 237:65–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.12.023 CrossRef

Kourgialas NN, Dokou Z, Karatzas GP (2016) Saltwater intrusion in an irrigated agricultural area: combining density-dependent modeling and geophysical methods. Environ Earth Sci 75:15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4856-y CrossRef

Kovačič G (2010) Hydrogeological study of the Malenščica karst spring (SW Slovenia) by means of a time series analysis. Acta Carsolog 39(2):201–215

Kovács A (2003) Geometry and hydraulic parameters of karst aquifers: a hydrodynamic modeling approach. PhD Thesis, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Kovács A, Sauter M (2007) Modelling karst hydrodynamics. In: Goldscheider N, Drew D (eds) Methods in karst hydrogeology. International Contribution to Hydrogeology, IAH, vol 26. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 201–222

Lafare AEA, Peach DW, Hughes AG (2016) Use of seasonal trend decomposition to understand groundwater behaviour in the Permo-Triassic sandstone aquifer, Eden Valley, UK. Hydrogeol J 24:141–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1309-3 CrossRef

Langevin CD (2003) Simulation of submarine ground water discharge to a marine estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida. Groundwater 41(6):758–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x CrossRef

Langevin CD, Guo W (2006) MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport. Groundwater 44(3):339–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x CrossRef

Langevin CD, Shoemaker WB, Guo W (2003) MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model: documentation of the SEAWAT-2000 version with the variable-density flow process (VDF) and the integrated MT3DMS Transport Process (IMT). US Geol Surv Open-File Rep 03-426

Larocque M, Mangin A, Razack M, Banton O (1998) Contribution of correlation and spectral analyses to the regional study of a large karst aquifer (Charente, France). J Hydrol 205:217–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00155-8 CrossRef

Lee JY, Lee KK (2000) Use of hydrologic time series data for identification of recharge mechanism in a fractured bedrock aquifer system. J Hydrol 229:190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00158-X CrossRef

Maihemuti B, Ghasemizadeh R, Yu X, Padilla I, Alshawabkeh A (2015) Simulation of regional karst aquifer system and assessment of groundwater resources in Manatí-Vega Baja. Puerto Rico J Water Resour Prot 7:909–922. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.712075 CrossRef

Mangin A (1994) Karst hydrogeology. In: Groundwater ecology. Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 43–67

Masciopinto C (2013) Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers. J Environ Manag 130:306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.021 CrossRef

Mayer A, May W, Lukkarila C, Diehl J (2007) Estimation of fault-zone conductance by calibration of a regional groundwater flow model: Desert Hot Springs, California. Hydrogeol J 15:1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0158-0 CrossRef

McDonald MG, Harbaugh AW (1988) A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model. US Geological Survey Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, book 6, chap A1, USGS, Reston, VA

Meisler H (1989) The occurrence and geochemistry of salty ground water in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1404-D

Monti J, Misut P, Busciolano R (2009) Simulation of variable-density ground-water flow and saltwater intrusion beneath Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York, 1905–2005. US Geol Surv Sci Invest Rep 2008-5166

Mooi E, Sarstedt M (2011) A concise guide to market research: the process, data, and methods using IBM SPSS statistics. Springer, BerlinCrossRef

Mulligan AE, Langevin C, Post VEA (2011) Tidal boundary conditions in SEAWAT. Ground Water 49(6):866–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00788.x CrossRef

Neukum C, Song J, Köhler HJ, Hennings S, Azzam R (2015) Groundwater flow modeling in a karst area, Blau Valley, Germany. In: Andreo et al (eds) Hydrogeological and environmental investigations in karst systems. Environ. Earth Sci. 1, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 323–329

Nocchi M, Salleolini M (2013) A 3D density-dependent model for assessment and optimization of water management policy in a coastal carbonate aquifer exploited for water supply and fish farming. J Hydrol 492:200–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.03.048 CrossRef

O’Leary DW, Friedman JD, Pohn HA (1976) Linear, lineation, lineation: some proposed new standards for old terms. Bull Geol Soc Am 87:1463–1469CrossRef

Padilla A, Pulido-Bosch A (1995) Study of hydrographs of karstic aquifers by means of correlation and cross-spectral analysis. J Hydrol 168:73–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02648-U CrossRef

Padilla A, Pulido-Bosch A, Mangin A (1994) Relative importance of baseflow and quickflow from hydrographs of karst spring. Groundwater 32(2):267–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00641.x CrossRef

Panagopoulos G (2012) Application of MODFLOW for simulating groundwater flow in the Trifilia karst aquifer, Greece. Environ Earth Sci 67(7):1877–1871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1630-2 CrossRef

Panagopoulos G, Lambrakis N (2006) The contribution of time series analysis to the study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst systems: application on two typical karst aquifers of Greece (Trifilia, Almyros Crete). J Hydrol 329:368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.023 CrossRef

Papadopoulou MP, Varouchakis EA, Karatzas GP (2010) Terrain discontinuity effects in the regional flow of a complex karstified aquifer. Environ Modeling Assess 15(5):319–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-009-9207-5 CrossRef

Pardo-Igύzquiza E, Durán JJ, Robledo-Ardilaet PA (2015) A Three-Dimensional Karst Aquifer Model: The Sierra de Las Nieves Case (Málaga, Spain). In: Hydrogeological and environmental investigations in karst systems. Environ. Earth Sci. 1, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 271–276

PCI Geomatics (2013) http://www.pcigeomatics.com. Accessed 4 February 2018

Polemio M, Romanazzi A (2014) Hydrogeological modeling for sustainable groundwater management under climate change effects for a karstic coastal aquifer (southern Italy). 23rd SWIM, Husum, Germany

Post VE (2005) Fresh and saline groundwater interaction in coastal aquifers: is our technology ready for the problems ahead? Hydrogeol J 13:120–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0417-2 CrossRef

Prinos ST, Wacker MA, Cunningham KJ, Fitterman DV (2014) Origins and delineation of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer and changes in the distribution of saltwater in Miami-Dade County, Florida. US Geol Surv Sci Invest Rep 2014-5025

Quinn JJ, Tomasko D, Kuiper JA (2006) Modeling complex flow in a karst aquifer. Sediment Geol 184(3–4):343–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.009 CrossRef

Reimann T, Giese M, Geyer T, Liedl R, Maréchal J-C, Shoemaker WB (2014) Representation of water abstraction from a karst conduit with numerical discrete continuum models. Hydrol Earth System Sci 18:227–241. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-227-2014 CrossRef

Romanazzi A, Gentile F, Polemio M (2015) Modelling and management of a Mediterranean karstic coastal aquifer under the effects of seawater intrusion and climate change. Environ Earth Sci 74:115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4423-6 CrossRef

Russo SL, Amanzio G, Ghione R, De Maio M (2015) Recession hydrographs and time series analysis of springs monitoring data: application on porous and shallow aquifers in mountain areas (Aosta Valley). Environ Earth Sci 73:7415–7434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3916-z CrossRef

Saller SP, Ronayne MJ, Long AJ (2013) Comparison of a karst groundwater model with and without discrete conduit flow. Hydrogeol J 21:1555–1566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1036-6 CrossRef

Scanlon BR, Mace RE, Barrett ME, Smith B (2003) Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst aquifer using equivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, USA. J Hydrol 276:137–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00064-7

Schwarz GE (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Statist 6(2):461–464CrossRef

Schwartz F, Zhang H (2003) Fundamentals of ground water. Wiley, New York

Sebben ML, Werner AD, Graf T (2015) Seawater intrusion in fractured coastal aquifers: a preliminary numerical investigation using a fractured Henry problem. Adv Water Resour 85:93–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.09.013 CrossRef

Shoemaker WB, Edwards KM (2003) Potential for saltwater intrusion into the Lower Tamiami Aquifer near Bonita Springs, southwestern Florida. US Geolol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 03-4262

Shoemaker WB, Kuniansky EL, Birk S, Bauer S, Swain ED (2008) Documentation of a conduit flow process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005. US Geol Surv Techniques Methods 6-A24

Soupios P, Kourgialas N, Dokou Z, Karatzas G, Panagopoulos G, Vafidis A, Manoutsoglou E (2015) Modeling saltwater intrusion at an agricultural coastal area using geophysical methods and the FEFLOW model. In: Engineering geology for society and territory, vol 3. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 249–252

Spiessl SM, Prommer H, Licha T, Sauter M, Zheng C (2007) A process-based reactive hybrid transport model for coupled discrete conduit–continuum systems. J Hydrol 347:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.08.026 CrossRef

Steiakakis E, Vavadakis D, Kritsotakis M, Voudouris K, Anagnostopoulou C (2016) Drought impacts on the fresh water potential of a karst aquifer in Crete. Greece Environ Earth Sci 75:507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5509-5 CrossRef

Teutsch G (1993) An extended double-porosity concept as a practical modeling approach for a karstified terrain. Hydrogeological Processes in Karst Terranes (Proceedings of the Antalya Symposium and Field Seminar, October 1990), IAHS, Wallingford, UK, pp 281–292

Therrien R, McLaren RG, Sudicky EA, Panday SM (2010) HydroGeoSphere: a three-dimensional numerical model describing fully integrated subsurface and surface flow and solute transport. Groundwater Simulations Group, Waterloo, ON

Trommer JT (1993) Description and monitoring of the saltwater-fresh water transition zone in aquifers along the west-central coast of Florida. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 93-4120

Wang X, Jardani A, Jourde H, Lonergan L, Cosgrove J, Gosselin O, Massonnat G (2016) Characterisation of the transmissivity field of a fractured and karstic aquifer, southern France. Adv Water Resour 87:106–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.10.014 CrossRef

Xu Z (2016) Data analysis and numerical modeling of seawater intrusion through conduit network in a coastal karst aquifer. PhD Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL

Yassine Hajj Chehadeh AHM (2015) Tectonic evolution and seismic hazard analysis of the Damour-Beit Ed Dine Fault System. MSc Thesis, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Zhao J, Lin J, Wu J, Yang Y, Wu J (2016) Numerical modeling of seawater intrusion in Zhoushuizi district of Dalian City in northern China. Environ Earth Sci 75:805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5606-5 CrossRef

Zheng C, Wang P (1999) MT3Dms: a modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in ground-water systems. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL

Zheng C, Bennett GD (2002) Applied contaminant transport modeling, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

Title: Simulation of saltwater intrusion in a poorly karstified coastal aquifer in Lebanon (Eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Wisam M. Khadra
Pieter J. Stuyfzand
Publication date: 17-03-2018
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Hydrogeology Journal / Issue 6/2018
Print ISSN: 1431-2174
Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1752-z

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 6/2018

Assessing the recharge process and importance of montane water to adjacent tectonic valley-plain groundwater using a ternary end-member mixing analysis based on isotopic and chemical tracers

Groundwater flow in the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater: a field-based study and analysis of measurement errors

Evaluation of the fast orthogonal search method for forecasting chloride levels in the Deltona groundwater supply (Florida, USA)

Upscaling permeability for three-dimensional fractured porous rocks with the multiple boundary method

Tracing submarine groundwater discharge flux in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China)

Application of multiple-isotope and groundwater-age data to identify factors affecting the extent of denitrification in a shallow aquifer near a river in South Korea