1 Introduction
Let \(H_{1}\), \(H_{2}\), and \(H_{3}\) be real Hilbert spaces. The multiple-set split equality common fixed-point problem (MSECFP) is to find \(x^{*}, y^{*}\) with the property
where \(p,r\geq1\) are integers, \(\{U_{i}\}_{i=1}^{p}:H_{1}\rightarrow H_{1} \) and \(\{T_{j}\}^{r}_{j=1}:H_{2}\rightarrow H_{2} \) are nonlinear operators, \(A: H_{1}\rightarrow H_{2}\) and \(B: H_{2}\rightarrow H_{3}\) are two bounded linear operators. If \(U_{i}\)
\((1\leq i\leq p)\) and \(T_{j}\)
\((1\leq j\leq r)\) are projection operators, then the MSECFP is reduced to the multiple-set split equality problem (MSEP):
where \(\{C_{i}\}_{i=1}^{p}\) and \(\{Q_{j}\}_{j=1}^{r}\) are nonempty closed convex subsets of real Hilbert spaces \(H_{1}\) and \(H_{2}\), respectively. When \(p=r=1\), the MSECFP and MSEP become the split equality common fixed-point problem (SECFP) and split equality problem (SEP), respectively, which were first put forward by Moudafi [1]. These allow asymmetric and partial relations between the variables x and y. They are applied in many situations, for instance, in game theory and in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (see [2] and [3]).
$$ x^{*} \in \bigcap^{p}_{i=1}F(U_{i}), \qquad y^{*}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}F(T_{j}) \quad \text{such that } Ax^{*} = By^{*}, $$
(1.1)
$$ \mbox{finding}\quad x^{*} \in \bigcap^{p}_{i=1}C_{i} \quad \text{and}\quad y^{*}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}Q_{j} \quad \text{such that } Ax^{*} = By^{*}, $$
(1.2)
If \(H_{2}=H_{3}\) and \(B=I\), then MSECFP (1.1) reduces to the multiple-set split common fixed-point problem (MSCFP):
and MSEP (1.2) reduces to the multiple-set split feasibility problem (MSFP):
They play significant roles in dealing with problems in image restoration, signal processing, and intensity-modulated radiation therapy [3‐6]. With \(p=r=1\), MSCFP (1.3) is known as the split common fixed-point problem (SCFP) and MSFP (1.4) is known as the split feasibility problem (SFP). Many iterative algorithms have been developed to solve the MSCFP and the MSFP. See, for example, [7‐14] and the references therein.
$$ \mbox{finding}\quad x^{*}\in \bigcap^{p}_{i=1} F(U_{i})\quad \text{such that } Ax^{*}\in \bigcap ^{r}_{j=1} F(T_{j}) $$
(1.3)
$$ \mbox{finding}\quad x^{*} \in \bigcap^{p}_{i=1}C_{i} \quad \text{such that } Ax^{*}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}Q_{j}. $$
(1.4)
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Note that the SFP can be formulated as a fixed-point equation
where \(P_{C}\) and \(P_{Q}\) are the (orthogonal) projections onto C and Q, respectively, \(\gamma>0\) is any positive constant, and \(A^{\ast}\) denotes the adjoint of A. This implies that we can use fixed-point algorithms (see [15‐21]) to solve SFP. Byrne [22] proposed the so-called CQ algorithm which generates a sequence \(\{x_{k}\}\):
where \(\gamma \in (0,2/ \lambda)\) with λ being the spectral radius of the operator \(A^{\ast}A\). The CQ algorithm is efficient when \(P_{C}\) and \(P_{Q}\) are easily calculated. However, if C and Q are complex sets, for example, the fixed-point sets, the efficiency of the CQ algorithm will be affected because the projections onto such convex sets are generally hard to be accurately calculated. To solve the SCFP of nonexpansive operators, Censor and Segal [23] proposed and proved, in finite-dimensional spaces, the convergence of the following algorithm:
where \(\gamma\in(0, \frac{2}{\lambda})\) with λ being the largest eigenvalue of the matrix \(A^{\ast}A\).
$$ P_{C} \bigl(I-\gamma A^{\ast}(I-P_{Q})A \bigr)x^{\ast}= x^{\ast}, $$
(1.5)
$$ x_{n+1}=P_{C} \bigl(x_{n}-\gamma A^{\ast}(I-P_{Q})Ax_{n} \bigr), $$
(1.6)
$$ x_{n+1}=U \bigl(x_{n}-\gamma A^{\ast}(I-T)Ax_{n} \bigr),\quad n\in N, $$
(1.7)
For solving the constrained MSFP, Censor et al. [6] introduced the following proximity function:
where \(\alpha_{i}>0\)
\((1\leq i\leq p)\), \(\beta_{j}>0\)
\((1\leq j\leq r)\), and \(\sum_{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{i}+\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{j}=1\). Then
and they proposed the following projection method:
where Ω is the constrained set, \(0<\gamma_{L}\leq \gamma\leq \gamma_{U}<\frac{2}{L}\), and L is the Lipschitz constant of ∇g.
$$ g(x):=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{i} \Vert x-P_{C_{i}}x \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2}\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{j} \bigl\Vert Ax-P_{Q_{j}}(Ax) \bigr\Vert ^{2}, $$
(1.8)
$$\nabla g(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{i}(x-P_{C_{i}}x)+\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{j} A^{\ast}\bigl(Ax-P_{Q_{j}}(Ax) \bigr), $$
$$ x_{n+1}=P_{\Omega}\bigl(x_{n}-\gamma \nabla g(x_{n}) \bigr), $$
(1.9)
For solving MSCFP (1.3) of directed operators, Censor and Segal [23] introduced a parallel iterative algorithm as follows:
where \(\{\alpha_{i}\}_{i=1}^{p}\), \(\{\beta_{j}\}_{j=1}^{r}\) are nonnegative constants, \(0<\gamma<2/L\) with \(L = \sum_{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{i}+\lambda\sum_{j=1}^{r}\beta_{j}\) and λ being the largest eigenvalue of \(A^{\ast}A\). They obtained the convergence of iterative algorithm (1.6).
$$ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\gamma \Biggl[\sum _{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{i} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr)+\sum_{j=1}^{r}\beta_{j}A^{\ast}\bigl(Ax_{n}-T_{j}(Ax_{n}) \bigr) \Biggr], $$
(1.10)
Wang and Xu [24] proposed the following cyclic iterative algorithm for MSCFP (1.3) of directed operators:
where \(0<\gamma< 2/\rho(A^{\ast}A)\), \([n]_{1} := n (\operatorname {mod}p)\), and \([n]_{2} := n (\operatorname {mod}r)\). They proved the weak convergence of the sequence \(\{x_{n}\}\) generated by (1.7).
$$ x_{n+1}=U_{[n]_{1}}(x_{n}+\gamma A^{\ast}(T_{[n]_{2}}-I)Ax_{n}, $$
(1.11)
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For solving MSCFP (1.3), Tang and Liu [25] introduced inner parallel and outer cyclic iterative algorithm:
and outer parallel and inner cyclic iterative algorithm:
for directed operators \(\{U_{i}\}_{i=1}^{p}\) and \(\{T_{j}\}_{j=1}^{r}\), where \([n]_{1}=n(\operatorname {mod}p)\), \([n]_{2}=n(\operatorname {mod}r)\), \(0< a\leq \gamma_{n}\leq b< 2/\rho(A^{\ast}A)\), \(\{\eta_{j}\}_{j=1}^{r}\), \(\{\omega_{i}\}_{i=1}^{p}\subset(0,1)\) with \(\sum_{j=1}^{r}\eta_{j}=1\) and \(\sum_{i=1}^{p}\omega_{i}=1\). They obtained the weak convergence of the above two mixed iterative sequences to solve MSCFP (1.3) of directed operators.
$$ x_{n+1}=U_{[n]_{1}} \Biggl(x_{n}+ \gamma_{n}\sum_{j=1}^{r} \eta_{j}A^{*}(T_{j}-I)Ax_{n} \Biggr) $$
(1.12)
$$ x_{n+1}=\sum_{i=1}^{p} \omega_{i}U_{i} \bigl(x_{n}+\gamma_{n}A^{*}(T_{[n]_{2}}-I)Ax_{n} \bigr) $$
(1.13)
The SEP proposed by Moudafi [1] is to
which can be written as the following minimization problem:
Assume that the solution set of the SEP is nonempty. By the optimality conditions, Moudafi [1] obtained the following fixed-point formulation: \((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\) solves the SEP if and only if
where γ, \(\beta>0\). Therefore, for solving the SECP of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators, Moudafi [1] introduced the following alternating algorithm:
where a nondecreasing sequence \(\gamma_{n}\in (\varepsilon,\min(\frac{1}{\lambda_{A}},\frac{1}{\lambda_{B}})-\varepsilon)\), \(\lambda_{A}\), \(\lambda_{B}\) stand for the spectral radius of \(A^{\ast}A\) and \(B^{\ast}B\), respectively. In [26], Moudafi and Al-Shemas introduced the following simultaneous iterative method:
where \(\gamma_{n}\in(\varepsilon,\frac{2}{\lambda_{A}+\lambda_{B}}-\varepsilon)\), \(\lambda_{A}\), \(\lambda_{B}\) stand for the spectral radius of \(A^{\ast}A\) and \(B^{\ast}B\), respectively. Recently, many iterative algorithms have been developed to solve the SEP, SECFP, and MSEP. See, for example, [27‐34] and the references therein. Note that in algorithms (1.17) and (1.18), the determination of the step size \(\{\gamma_{n}\}\) depends on the operator (matrix) norms \(\Vert A \Vert \) and \(\Vert B \Vert \) (or the largest eigenvalues of \(A^{\ast}A\) and \(B^{\ast}B\)). To overcome this shortage, we introduce parallel and cyclic iterative algorithms with self-adaptive step size to solve MSECFP (1.1) governed by firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. We also propose two mixed iterative algorithms which combine the process of cyclic and parallel iterative methods and do not need the norms of bounded linear operators. As applications, we obtain several iterative algorithms to solve MSEP (1.2).
$$ \mbox{find}\quad x^{*} \in C,\qquad y^{*}\in Q\quad \text{such that } Ax^{*} = By^{*}, $$
(1.14)
$$ \min_{x\in C,y\in Q}\frac{1}{2} \Vert Ax-By \Vert ^{2}. $$
(1.15)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} x^{\ast}=P_{C}(x^{\ast}-\gamma A^{\ast}(Ax^{\ast}-By^{\ast})),\\ y^{\ast}=P_{Q}(y^{\ast}+\beta B^{\ast}(Ax^{\ast}-By^{\ast})), \end{cases} $$
(1.16)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} x_{n+1}=U(x_{n}-\gamma_{n}A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n})),\\ y_{n+1}=T(y_{n}+\gamma_{n}B^{\ast}(Ax_{n+1}-By_{n})), \end{cases} $$
(1.17)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} x_{n+1}=U(x_{n}-\gamma_{n}A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n})),\\ y_{n+1}=T(y_{n}+\gamma_{n}B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n})), \end{cases} $$
(1.18)
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Concepts
Throughout this paper, we always assume that H is a real Hilbert space with the inner product \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) and the norm \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \). Let I denote the identity operator on H. Denote the fixed-point set of an operator T by \(F(T)\). We denote by → the strong convergence and by ⇀ the weak convergence. We use \(\omega_{w}(x_{k})=\{x:\exists x_{k_{j}} \rightharpoonup x\}\) to stand for the weak ω-limit set of \(\{x_{k}\}\) and use Γ to stand for the solution set of MSECFP (1.1).
Definition 2.1
An operator \(T:H\rightarrow H\) is said to be
(i)
nonexpansive if \(\Vert Tx-Ty \Vert \leq \Vert x-y \Vert \) for all \(x,y\in H\);
(ii)
firmly nonexpansive if \(\Vert Tx-Ty \Vert ^{2}\leq \Vert x-y \Vert ^{2}- \Vert (x-y)-(Tx-Ty) \Vert ^{2}\) for all \(x,y\in H\);
(iii)
firmly quasi-nonexpansive (i.e., directed operator) if \(F(T)\neq\emptyset\) and
or equivalently
for all \(x\in H\) and \(q\in F(T)\).
$$\Vert Tx-q \Vert ^{2}\leq \Vert x-q \Vert ^{2}- \Vert x-Tx \Vert ^{2} $$
$$\langle x-q,x-Tx\rangle\geq \Vert x-Tx \Vert ^{2} $$
Definition 2.2
An operator \(T:H\rightarrow H\) is called demiclosed at the origin if, for any sequence \(\{x_{n}\}\) which weakly converges to x, and if the sequence \(\{Tx_{n}\}\) strongly converges to 0, then \(Tx=0\).
Recall that the metric (nearest point) projection from H onto a nonempty closed convex subset C of H, denoted by \(P_{C}\), is defined as follows: for each \(x\in H\),
It is well known that \(P_{C}x\) is characterized by the inequality
$$P_{C}(x)=\operatorname{arg}\min_{y\in C} \bigl\{ \Vert x-y \Vert \bigr\} . $$
$$P_{C}x\in C,\qquad \langle x-P_{C}x,z-P_{C}x \rangle\leq 0,\quad z\in C. $$
Remark 2.1
It is easily seen that a firmly nonexpansive operator is nonexpansive. Firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators contain firmly nonexpansive operators with a nonempty fixed-point set. A projection operator is firmly nonexpansive.
2.2 Mathematical model
Recall that the SCFP is to find \(x^{\ast}\) with the property
and the SFP is to find \(x^{\ast}\) with the property:
where \(A:\ H_{1}\rightarrow H_{2}\) is a bounded linear operator, \(U:H_{1}\rightarrow H_{1} \) and \(T:H_{2}\rightarrow H_{2} \) are nonlinear operators, C and Q are closed convex sets of Hilbert spaces \(H_{1}\) and \(H_{2}\), respectively.
$$ x^{\ast}\in F(U)\quad \text{such that } Ax^{\ast}\in F(T) $$
(2.1)
$$ x^{\ast}\in C\quad \text{such that } Ax^{\ast}\in Q, $$
(2.2)
We can formulate SFP (2.2) as an optimization. First, we consider the following proximity function:
Then the proximity function \(g(x)\) is convex and differentiable with gradient
where \(A^{\ast}\) denotes the adjoint of A. Assume that the solution set of the SFP is nonempty, then \(x^{\ast}\) is a solution of the SFP if and only if \(x^{\ast}=\operatorname{arg}\min_{x\in H_{1}} g(x)\), i.e.,
which is equivalent to
for all \(\tau>0\). For solving the SCFP of directed operators (i.e., firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators), Wang [35] proposed the following algorithm:
where the variable size step \(\tau_{n}\) was chosen:
This algorithm can be obtained by the fixed-point Eq. (2.3), where projection operators \(P_{C}\) and \(P_{Q}\) are replaced by U and T.
$$g(x) = \frac{1}{2} \Vert x-P_{C}x \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \Vert Ax-P_{Q}Ax \Vert ^{2}. $$
$$\nabla g(x) =x-P_{C}x+A^{\ast}(I-P_{Q})Ax, $$
$$\nabla g \bigl(x^{\ast}\bigr)=0, $$
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] x^{\ast}&=x^{\ast}-\tau\nabla g \bigl(x^{\ast}\bigr) \\ &=x^{\ast}-\tau \bigl(x^{\ast}-P_{C}x^{\ast}+A^{\ast}(I-P_{Q})Ax^{\ast}\bigr) \end{aligned} $$
(2.3)
$$ x_{n+1}= x_{n}-\tau_{n} \bigl[(x_{n}-Ux_{n}) + A^{\ast}(I-T)Ax_{n} \bigr], $$
(2.4)
$$\tau_{n}=\frac{ \Vert x_{n}-Ux_{n} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert (I-T)Ax_{n} \Vert ^{2}}{ \Vert (x_{n}-Ux_{n})+A^{\ast}(I-T)Ax_{n} \Vert ^{2}}. $$
Setting
MSEP (1.2) can be written as the following minimization problem:
where \(\alpha_{i}>0\)
\((1\leq i\leq p)\), \(\beta_{j}>0\)
\((1\leq j\leq r)\), \(\sum_{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{i}=1\), and \(\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{j}=1\). Assume that the solution set of the MSEP is nonempty, by the optimality conditions \((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\) solves the MSEP if and only if
which is equivalent to
for γ, \(\beta>0\). These motivate us to introduce several iterative algorithms with self-adaptive step size for solving MSECFP (1.1) governed by firmly quasi-nonexpansive mappings and MSEP (1.2).
$$ h(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{i} \Vert x-P_{C_{i}}x \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2}\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{j} \Vert y-P_{Q_{j}}y \Vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \Vert Ax-By \Vert ^{2}, $$
(2.5)
$$\min_{x\in H_{1}, y\in H_{2}}h(x,y), $$
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \nabla_{x}h(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})=0,\\ \nabla_{y}h(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})=0, \end{cases} $$
(2.6)
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} x^{\ast}=x^{\ast}-\gamma\nabla_{x}h(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})=x^{\ast}-\gamma[x^{\ast}-\sum_{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{i}P_{C_{i}}(x^{\ast})+A^{\ast}(Ax^{\ast}-By^{\ast})],\\ y^{\ast}=y^{\ast}-\beta \nabla_{y}h(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})=y^{\ast}-\beta[y^{\ast}-\sum_{j=1}^{r}\beta_{j}P_{Q_{j}}(y^{\ast})-B^{\ast}(Ax^{\ast}-By^{\ast})] \end{cases} $$
(2.7)
2.3 The well-known lemmas
The following lemmas will be helpful for our main results in the next section.
Lemma 2.1
Let
H
be a real Hilbert space. Then
$$ 2\langle x,y\rangle= \Vert x \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert y \Vert ^{2}- \Vert x-y \Vert ^{2}= \Vert x+y \Vert ^{2}- \Vert x \Vert ^{2}- \Vert y \Vert ^{2},\quad \forall x,y\in H. $$
(2.8)
Lemma 2.2
([36])
Let
H
be a real Hilbert space. Then, for all
\(t\in [0,1]\)
and
\(x,y\in H\),
$$\bigl\Vert tx+(1-t)y \bigr\Vert ^{2}=t \Vert x \Vert ^{2}+(1-t) \Vert y \Vert ^{2}-t(1-t) \Vert x-y \Vert ^{2}. $$
Lemma 2.3
([37])
Let
H
be a real Hilbert space. Then
for any
\(s,t\in \{0,1,2,\ldots,r\}\)
and for
\(x_{i}\in H, i=0,1,2,\ldots,r\), with
\(\alpha_{0}+\alpha_{1}+\cdots+\alpha_{r}=1\)
and
\(0\leq\alpha_{i}\leq1\).
$$\Vert \alpha_{0}x_{0}+\alpha_{1}x_{1}+ \alpha_{2}x_{2}+\alpha_{3}x_{3}+\cdots+ \alpha_{r}x_{r} \Vert ^{2} \leq \sum_{i=0}^{r}\alpha_{i} \Vert x_{i} \Vert ^{2}-\alpha_{s}\alpha_{t} \Vert x_{s}-x_{t} \Vert ^{2} $$
Lemma 2.4
([38])
Let
E
be a uniformly convex Banach space, K
be a nonempty closed convex subset of
E, and
\(T:K\rightarrow K\)
be a nonexpansive mapping. Then
\(I-T\)
is demi-closed at origin.
3 Parallel and cyclic iterative algorithms
In this section, we introduce parallel and cyclic iterative algorithms and prove the weak convergence for solving MSECFP (1.1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. In our algorithms, the selection of the step size does not need any prior information of the operator norms \(\Vert A \Vert \) and \(\Vert B \Vert \).
In what follows, we adopt the following assumptions:
(A1)
The problem is consistent, namely its solution set Γ is nonempty;
(A2)
Both \(U_{i}\) and \(T_{j}\) are firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators, and both \(I-U_{i}\) and \(I-T_{j}\) are demiclosed at origin (\(1\leq i\leq p\), \(1\leq j\leq r\)).
(A3)
The sequences \(\{\alpha_{n}^{i}\}_{i=1}^{p}\), \(\{\beta_{n}^{j}\}_{j=1}^{r}\subset[0,1]\) such that \(\sum_{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{n}^{i}=1\) and \(\sum_{j=1}^{r}\beta_{n}^{j}=1\) for every \(n\geq0\), \(j(n)=n(\operatorname {mod}r)+1\), \(i(n)=n(\operatorname {mod}p)+1\).
Algorithm 3.1
Let \(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\) be arbitrary. For \(n\geq 0\), let
where the step size \(\tau_{n}\) is chosen as
for small enough \(\epsilon>0\), otherwise, \(\tau_{n}=\tau\in (0,1)\) (τ being any value in \((0,1)\)), the set of indexes \(\Omega=\{n\in N:Ax_{n}-By_{n}\neq0\}\).
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-(\alpha _{n}^{1}U_{1}(x_{n})+\cdots+\alpha _{n}^{p}U_{p}(x_{n}))+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-(\beta _{n}^{1}T_{1}(y_{n})+\cdots+\beta_{n}^{r}T_{r}(y_{n}))-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(3.1)
$$ \tau_{n}\in \biggl(\epsilon,\min \biggl\{ 1, \frac{ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}}{ \Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \Vert ^{2}} \biggr\} -\epsilon \biggr),\quad n\in \Omega, $$
(3.2)
Remark 3.1
Note that in (3.2) the choice of the step size \(\tau_{n}\) is independent of the norms \(\Vert A \Vert \) and \(\Vert B \Vert \). The value of τ does not influence the considered algorithm, it was introduced just for the sake of clarity.
Lemma 3.1
Proof
Taking \((x,y)\in \Gamma\), i.e., \(x\in \cap_{i=1}^{p}F(U_{i})\), \(y\in \cap_{j=1}^{r}F(T_{j})\), and \(Ax=By\), we have
and
By adding the two above equalities and by taking into account the fact that \(Ax = By\), we obtain
Consequently, for \(n\in \Omega\), that is, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert >0\), we have \(\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \Vert \neq 0\) or \(\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \Vert \neq 0\). This leads to the fact that \(\tau_{n}\) is well defined. □
$$\bigl\langle A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}), x_{n}-x \bigr\rangle =\langle Ax_{n}-By_{n}, Ax_{n}-Ax\rangle $$
$$\bigl\langle B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}), y-y_{n} \bigr\rangle =\langle Ax_{n}-By_{n}, By-By_{n}\rangle. $$
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2} \\ &\quad = \bigl\langle A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}), x_{n}-x \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}), y-y_{n} \bigr\rangle \\ &\quad \leq \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert \cdot \Vert x_{n}-x \Vert + \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert \cdot \Vert y-y_{n} \Vert . \end{aligned} $$
(3.3)
Theorem 3.1
Assume that
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\alpha_{n}^{i}>0 (1\leq i \leq p)\)
and
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\beta_{n}^{j}>0 (1\leq j \leq r)\). Then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
generated by Algorithm 3.1
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSECFP (1.1). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
Proof
From the condition on \(\{\tau_{n}\}\), we have \(\{\tau_{n}\}_{n\geq0}\) is bounded. It follows from Algorithm 3.1 and \(\sum_{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{n}^{i}=1\) that
Taking \((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\in \Gamma\), i.e., \(x^{\ast}\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{p}F(U_{i})\), \(y^{\ast}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}F(T_{j})\), and \(Ax^{\ast}=By^{\ast}\), we have
Similarly, we have
By adding the two inequalities (3.5)–(3.6) and taking into account the fact that \(Ax^{\ast}= By^{\ast}\), we obtain
From Algorithm 3.1 we also have
By Lemma 2.3 we get
and
Setting \(s_{n}(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})= \Vert x_{n}-x^{\ast} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert y_{n}-y^{\ast} \Vert ^{2}\) and using (3.7), (3.9)–(3.10), (3.8) can be written as
We see that the sequence \(\{s_{n}(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\}\) is decreasing and lower bounded by 0; consequently, it converges to some finite limit which is denoted by \(s(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\). So the sequences \(\{x_{n}\}\) and \(\{y_{n}\}\) are bounded.
$$ u_{n}=\alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr)+\cdots+ \alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr)+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}). $$
(3.4)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\quad =\alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl\langle x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}),x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle +\cdots+\alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl\langle x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}),x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\langle A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\quad \geq\alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \cdots+\alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\langle Ax_{n}-By_{n},Ax_{n}-Ax^{\ast} \bigr\rangle . \end{aligned} $$
(3.5)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \geq {}&\beta_{n}^{1} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{1}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \cdots+\beta_{n}^{r} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{r}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &{}- \bigl\langle Ax_{n}-By_{n},By_{n}-By^{\ast} \bigr\rangle . \end{aligned} $$
(3.6)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\quad \geq\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{n}^{i} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{n}^{j} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}. \end{aligned} $$
(3.7)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\Vert x_{n+1}-x^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n+1}-y^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\quad = \bigl\Vert x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\quad = \bigl\Vert x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}-2\tau_{n} \bigl( \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \bigr)+\tau_{n}^{2} \bigl( \Vert u_{n} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert v_{n} \Vert ^{2} \bigr). \end{aligned} $$
(3.8)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \Vert u_{n} \Vert ^{2} &= \bigl\Vert \alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr)+\cdots+ \alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr)+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\leq2 \bigl\Vert \alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr)+\cdots+ \alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+2 \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\leq2\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{n}^{i} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+2 \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \end{aligned} $$
(3.9)
$$ \Vert v_{n} \Vert ^{2}\leq2\sum _{j=1}^{r}\beta_{n}^{j} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+2 \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}. $$
(3.10)
$$\begin{aligned} &s_{n+1} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr) \\ &\quad \leq s_{n} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr) \\ &\qquad {}-2\tau_{n} \Biggl[\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{n}^{i} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{n}^{j} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2} \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}+2\tau_{n}^{2} \Biggl[\sum _{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{n}^{i} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{n}^{j} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \Biggr] \\ &\quad =s_{n} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr)-2 \tau_{n}(1-\tau_{n}) \Biggl[\sum _{i=1}^{p}\alpha_{n}^{i} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+\sum_{j=1}^{r} \beta_{n}^{j} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \Biggr] \\ &\qquad {}-2\tau_{n} \bigl[ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}-\tau_{n} \bigl( \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \bigr) \bigr]. \end{aligned}$$
(3.11)
By the conditions on \(\{\tau_{n}\}\), \(\{\alpha_{n}^{i}\}\) (\(1\leq i\leq p\)) and \(\{\beta_{n}^{j}\}\) (\(1\leq j\leq r\)), from (3.11) we obtain, for all i (\(1\leq i\leq p\)) and j (\(1\leq j\leq r\)),
and
It follows from (3.3) and (3.13) that
Since
we get
which infers that \(\{x_{n}\}\) is asymptotically regular. Similarly, we also have that \(\{y_{n}\}\) is asymptotically regular, namely \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert =0\).
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert =\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert =0 $$
(3.12)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert =\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert =0. $$
(3.13)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert =0. $$
(3.14)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \\ &\quad = \Vert x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n}-x_{n} \Vert \\ &\quad =\tau_{n} \bigl\Vert \alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr)+\cdots+ \alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl(x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr)+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert \\ &\quad \leq\tau_{n} \bigl(\alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert +\cdots+ \alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert + \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert \bigr), \end{aligned} $$
(3.15)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert =0, $$
(3.16)
Take \((\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\in \omega_{\omega}(x_{n},y_{n})\), i.e., there exists a subsequence \(\{(x_{n_{k}},y_{n_{k}})\}\) of \(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\) such that \((x_{n_{k}},y_{n_{k}})\rightharpoonup(\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\) as \(k\rightarrow\infty\). Combined with the demiclosedness of \(U_{i}-I\) and \(T_{j}-I\) at 0, it follows from (3.12) that \(U_{i}(\tilde{x})=\tilde{x}\) and \(T_{j}(\tilde{y})=\tilde{y}\) for \(1\leq i\leq p\) and \(1\leq j\leq r\). So, \(\tilde{x}\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{p}F(U_{i})\) and \(\tilde{y}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}F(T_{j})\). On the other hand, \(A\tilde{x}-B\tilde{y}\in\omega_{w}(Ax_{n}-By_{n})\) and weakly lower semicontinuity of the norm imply that
hence \((\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\in \Gamma\). So \(\omega_{w}(x_{n},y_{n})\subseteq \Gamma\).
$$\Vert A\tilde{x}-B\tilde{y} \Vert \leq\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert =0, $$
Next, we will show the uniqueness of the weak cluster point \(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\). Indeed, let \((\bar{x},\bar{y})\) be another weak cluster point of \(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\), then \((\bar{x},\bar{y})\in \Gamma\). From the definition of \(s_{n}(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\), we have
Without loss of generality, we may assume that \(x_{n}\rightharpoonup \bar{x}\) and \(y_{n}\rightharpoonup \bar{y}\). By passing to the limit in relation (3.17), we obtain
Reversing the role of \((\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\) and \((\bar{x},\bar{y})\), we also have
By adding the two last equalities, we obtain \(\tilde{x}=\bar{x}\) and \(\tilde{y}=\bar{y}\), which implies that \(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\) weakly converges to the solution of (1.1). This completes the proof. □
$$\begin{aligned} s_{n}(\tilde{x},\tilde{y}) = &\Vert x_{n}-\bar{x} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \bar{x}-\tilde{x} \Vert ^{2}+2\langle x_{n}-\bar{x}, \bar{x}-\tilde{x} \rangle+ \Vert y_{n}-\bar{y} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \bar{y}- \tilde{y} \Vert ^{2}+2\langle y_{n}- \bar{y},\bar{y}- \tilde{y}\rangle \\ =&s_{n}(\bar{x},\bar{y})+ \Vert \bar{x}-\tilde{x} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \bar{y}-\tilde{y} \Vert ^{2}+2\langle x_{n}-\bar{x},\bar{x}-\tilde{x}\rangle+2\langle y_{n}- \bar{y},\bar{y}-\tilde{y}\rangle. \end{aligned}$$
(3.17)
$$s(\tilde{x},\tilde{y})=s(\bar{x},\bar{y})+ \Vert \bar{x}-\tilde{x} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \bar{y}-\tilde{y} \Vert ^{2}. $$
$$s(\bar{x},\bar{y})=s(\tilde{x},\tilde{y})+ \Vert \tilde{x}-\bar{x} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert \tilde{y}-\bar{y} \Vert ^{2}. $$
Next, we propose the cyclic iterative algorithm for solving MSECFP (1.1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators.
Algorithm 3.2
Let \(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\) be arbitrary. For \(n\geq 0\), let
where the step size \(\tau_{n}\) is chosen as in Algorithm 3.1.
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n})+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n})-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(3.18)
Theorem 3.2
The sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
generated by Algorithm 3.2
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSECFP (1.1). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n}-x_{n+1} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n}-y_{n+1} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
Proof
Let \((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\in\Gamma\), we have
and
By adding the two inequalities (3.19)–(3.20) and taking into account the fact that \(Ax^{\ast}= By^{\ast}\), we obtain
Similar to (3.8), we have
We also have
and
Setting \(s_{n}(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})= \Vert x_{n}-x^{\ast} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert y_{n}-y^{\ast} \Vert ^{2}\) and using (3.21), (3.23)–(3.24), (3.22) can be written as
Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we have
and
Since
we get
which infers that \(\{x_{n}\}\) is asymptotically regular. Similarly, we also have that \(\{y_{n}\}\) is asymptotically regular, namely \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert =0\).
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle &= \bigl\langle x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}),x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\geq \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\langle Ax_{n}-By_{n},Ax_{n}-Ax^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \end{aligned} $$
(3.19)
$$ \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \geq \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}- \bigl\langle Ax_{n}-By_{n},By_{n}-By^{\ast} \bigr\rangle . $$
(3.20)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\quad \geq \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}. \end{aligned} $$
(3.21)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\Vert x_{n+1}-x^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n+1}-y^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\quad = \bigl\Vert x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\Vert ^{2}-2 \tau_{n} \bigl( \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \bigr) \\ &\qquad {}+\tau_{n}^{2} \bigl( \Vert u_{n} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert v_{n} \Vert ^{2} \bigr). \end{aligned} $$
(3.22)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \Vert u_{n} \Vert ^{2}&= \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n})+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\leq2 \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+2 \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \end{aligned} $$
(3.23)
$$ \Vert v_{n} \Vert ^{2} \leq2 \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+2 \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}. $$
(3.24)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] &s_{n+1} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr) \\ &\quad \leq s_{n} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr)-2 \tau_{n} \bigl[ \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2} \bigr] \\ &\qquad {}+2\tau_{n}^{2} \bigl[ \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \bigr] \\ &\quad =s_{n} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr)-2 \tau_{n}(1-\tau_{n}) \bigl[ \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \bigr] \\ &\qquad {}-2\tau_{n} \bigl[ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}-\tau_{n} \bigl( \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \bigr) \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$
(3.25)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert =\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert =0 $$
(3.26)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert =0. $$
(3.27)
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert &=\tau_{n} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n})+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert \\ &\leq \tau_{n} \bigl( \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert + \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert \bigr), \end{aligned} $$
(3.28)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert =0, $$
(3.29)
Take \((\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\in \omega_{\omega}(x_{n},y_{n})\), i.e., there exists a subsequence \(\{(x_{n_{k}},y_{n_{k}})\}\) of \(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\) such that \((x_{n_{k}},y_{n_{k}})\rightharpoonup(\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\) as \(k\rightarrow\infty\). Noting that the pool of indexes is finite and \(\{x_{n}\}\) is asymptotically regular, for any \(i\in \{1,2,\ldots,p\}\), we can choose a subsequence \(\{n_{i_{l}}\}\subset\{n\}\) such that \(x_{n_{i_{l}}}\rightharpoonup \tilde{x}\) as \(l\rightarrow\infty\) and \(i(n_{i_{l}})=i\) for all l. It turns out that
By the same reason, for any \(j\in \{1,2,\ldots,r\}\), we can choose a subsequence \(\{n_{j_{m}}\}\subset\{n\}\) such that \(y_{n_{j_{m}}}\rightharpoonup \tilde{y}\) as \(m\rightarrow\infty\) and \(j(n_{j_{m}})=j\) for all m. So,
Combined with the demiclosedness of \(U_{i}-I\) and \(T_{j}-I\) at 0, it follows from (3.30) and (3.31) that \(U_{i}(\tilde{x})=\tilde{x}\) and \(T_{j}(\tilde{y})=\tilde{y}\) for \(1\leq i\leq p\) and \(1\leq j\leq r\). So, \(\tilde{x}\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{p}F(U_{i})\) and \(\tilde{y}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}F(T_{j})\). Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we can complete the proof. □
$$ \lim_{l\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert x_{n_{i_{l}}}-U_{i}(x_{n_{i_{l}}}) \bigr\Vert =\lim_{l\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert x_{n_{i_{l}}}-U_{i(n_{i_{l}})}(x_{n_{i_{l}}}) \bigr\Vert =0. $$
(3.30)
$$ \lim_{m\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert y_{n_{j_{m}}}-U_{j}(y_{n_{j_{m}}}) \bigr\Vert =0. $$
(3.31)
Now, we give applications of Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2 to solve MSEP (1.2). Assume that the solution set S of MSEP (1.2) is nonempty. Since the orthogonal projection operator is firmly nonexpansive, by Lemma 2.4 we have the following results for solving MSEP (1.2).
Corollary 3.1
For any given
\(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\), define a sequence
\(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\)
by the following procedure:
where the step size
\(\tau_{n}\)
is chosen as in Algorithm 3.1. If
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\alpha_{n}^{i}>0\) (\(1\leq i \leq p\)) and
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\beta_{n}^{j}>0\) (\(1\leq j \leq r\)), then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSEP (1.2). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-(\alpha _{n}^{1}P_{C_{1}}(x_{n})+\cdots+\alpha _{n}^{p}P_{C_{p}}(x_{n}))+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-(\beta _{n}^{1}P_{Q_{1}}(y_{n})+\cdots+\beta_{n}^{r}P_{Q_{r}}(y_{n}))-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(3.32)
Corollary 3.2
For any given
\(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\), define a sequence
\(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\)
by the following procedure:
where the step size
\(\tau_{n}\)
is chosen as in Algorithm 3.1. Then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSEP (1.2). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-P_{C_{i(n)}}(x_{n})+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-P_{Q_{j(n)}}(y_{n})-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(3.33)
4 Mixed cyclic and parallel iterative algorithms
Now, for solving MSECFP (1.1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators, we introduce two mixed iterative algorithms which combine the process of cyclic and simultaneous iterative methods. In our algorithms, the selection of the step size does not need any prior information of the operator norms \(\Vert A \Vert \) and \(\Vert B \Vert \), and the weak convergence is proved. We go on making use of assumptions (A1)–(A3).
Algorithm 4.1
Let \(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\) be arbitrary. For \(n\geq 0\), let
where the step size \(\tau_{n}\) is chosen in the same way as in Algorithm 3.1.
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-(\alpha _{n}^{1}U_{1}(x_{n})+\cdots+\alpha _{n}^{p}U_{p}(x_{n}))+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n})-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(4.1)
Theorem 4.1
Assume that
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\alpha_{n}^{i}>0\) (\(1\leq i \leq p\)). Then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
generated by Algorithm 4.1
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSECFP (1.1). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
Proof
Let \((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\in \Gamma\). We can get (3.5) and (3.20), so
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\langle u_{n},x_{n}-x^{\ast} \bigr\rangle + \bigl\langle v_{n},y_{n}-y^{\ast} \bigr\rangle \\ &\quad \geq\sum_{i=1}^{p} \alpha_{n}^{i} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}. \end{aligned} $$
(4.2)
It follows from Algorithm 4.1 that (3.8)–(3.9) and (3.24) are true. Setting \(s_{n}(x^{\ast},y^{\ast})= \Vert x_{n}-x^{\ast} \Vert ^{2}+ \Vert y_{n}-y^{\ast} \Vert ^{2}\), we have
By the same reason as in Theorem 3.1, we obtain that, for all i
\((1\leq i\leq p)\),
and
So
which infers that \(\{x_{n}\}\) and \(\{y_{n}\}\) are asymptotically regular.
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] &s_{n+1} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr) \\ &\quad \leq s_{n} \bigl(x^{\ast},y^{\ast} \bigr)-2 \tau_{n}(1-\tau_{n}) \bigl[\alpha_{n}^{1} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{1}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}+\cdots+\alpha_{n}^{p} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{p}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \bigr] -2\tau_{n} \bigl[ \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert ^{2}-\tau_{n} \bigl( \bigl\Vert A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}) \bigr\Vert ^{2} \bigr) \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$
(4.3)
$$\begin{aligned} &\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert x_{n}-U_{i}(x_{n}) \bigr\Vert =0, \end{aligned}$$
(4.4)
$$\begin{aligned} &\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert y_{n}-T_{j(n)}(y_{n}) \bigr\Vert =0 \end{aligned}$$
(4.5)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert =0. $$
(4.6)
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert =\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert =0, $$
(4.7)
Take \((\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\in \omega_{\omega}(x_{n},y_{n})\), i.e., there exists a subsequence \(\{(x_{n_{k}},y_{n_{k}})\}\) of \(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\) such that \((x_{n_{k}},y_{n_{k}})\rightharpoonup(\tilde{x},\tilde{y})\) as \(k\rightarrow\infty\). Noting that the pool of indexes is finite and \(\{y_{n}\}\) is asymptotically regular, for any \(j\in \{1,2,\ldots,r\}\), we can choose a subsequence \(\{n_{j_{l}}\}\subset\{n\}\) such that \(y_{n_{j_{l}}}\rightharpoonup \tilde{y}\) as \(l\rightarrow\infty\) and \(j(n_{j_{l}})=j\) for all l. It turns out that
Combined with the demiclosedness of \(U_{i}-I\) and \(T_{j}-I\) at 0, it follows from (4.4) and (4.7) that \(U_{i}(\tilde{x})=\tilde{x}\) and \(T_{j}(\tilde{y})=\tilde{y}\) for \(1\leq i\leq p\) and \(1\leq j\leq r\). So, \(\tilde{x}\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{p}F(U_{i})\) and \(\tilde{y}\in \bigcap_{j=1}^{r}F(T_{j})\). Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we can complete the proof. □
$$ \lim_{l\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert y_{n_{j_{l}}}-T_{j}(y_{n_{j_{l}}}) \bigr\Vert =\lim_{l\rightarrow\infty} \bigl\Vert y_{n_{j_{l}}}-T_{j(n_{j_{l}})}(y_{n_{j_{l}}}) \bigr\Vert =0. $$
(4.8)
Next, we propose another mixed cyclic and parallel iterative algorithm for solving MSECFP (1.1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators.
Algorithm 4.2
Let \(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\) be arbitrary. For \(n\geq 0\), let
where the step size \(\tau_{n}\) is chosen as in Algorithm 3.1.
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-U_{i(n)}(x_{n})+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-(\beta_{n}^{1}T_{1}(y_{n})+\cdots+\beta_{n}^{r}T_{r}(y_{n}))-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(4.9)
Similar to the proof of Theorem 4.1, we can get the following result.
Theorem 4.2
Assume that
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\beta_{n}^{j}>0\) (\(1\leq j \leq r\)). Then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
generated by Algorithm 4.2
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSECFP (1.1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n}-x_{n+1} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
and
\(\Vert y_{n}-y_{n+1} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
Finally, we obtain two mixed iterative algorithms to solve MSEP (1.2). Assume that the solution set S of MSEP (1.2) is nonempty.
Corollary 4.1
For any given
\(x_{0}\in H_{1}, y_{0}\in H_{2}\), define a sequence
\(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\)
by the following procedure:
where the step size
\(\tau_{n}\)
is chosen as in Algorithm 3.1. If
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\alpha_{n}^{i}>0\) (\(1\leq i \leq p\)), then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSEP (1.2). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{n}=x_{n}-(\alpha _{n}^{1}P_{C_{1}}(x_{n})+\cdots+\alpha _{n}^{p}P_{C_{p}}(x_{n}))+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-P_{Q_{j(n)}}(y_{n})-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(4.10)
Corollary 4.2
For any given
\(x_{0}\in H_{1}\), \(y_{0}\in H_{2}\), define a sequence
\(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}\)
by the following procedure:
where the step size
\(\tau_{n}\)
is chosen as in Algorithm 3.1. If
\(\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}\beta_{n}^{j}>0 (1\leq j \leq r)\), then the sequence
\(\{(x_{n}, y_{n})\}\)
weakly converges to a solution
\((x^{\ast},y^{\ast})\)
of MSEP (1.2). Moreover, \(\Vert Ax_{n}-By_{n} \Vert \rightarrow 0\), \(\Vert x_{n+1}-x_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\), and
\(\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \Vert \rightarrow0\)
as
\(n\rightarrow\infty\).
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} _{n}=x_{n}-P_{C_{i(n)}}(x_{n})+A^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ x_{n+1}=x_{n}-\tau_{n}u_{n},\\ v_{n}=y_{n}-(\beta_{n}^{1}P_{Q_{1}}(y_{n})+\cdots+\beta_{n}^{r}P_{Q_{r}}(y_{n}))-B^{\ast}(Ax_{n}-By_{n}),\\ y_{n+1}=y_{n}-\tau_{n}v_{n}, \end{cases} $$
(4.11)
5 Results and discussion
To avoid computing the norms of the bounded linear operators, we introduce parallel and cyclic iterative algorithms with self-adaptive step size to solve MSECFP (1.1) governed by firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. We also propose two mixed iterative algorithms and do not need the norms of bounded linear operators. As applications, we obtain several iterative algorithms to solve MSEP (1.2).
6 Conclusion
In this paper, we have considered MSECFP (1.1) of firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. Inspired by the methods for solving SCFP (2.1) and MSCFP (1.3), we introduce parallel and cyclic iterative algorithms for solving MSECFP (1.1). We also present two mixed iterative algorithms which combine the process of parallel and cyclic iterative methods. In our several iterative algorithms, the step size is chosen in a self-adaptive way and the weak convergence is proved.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the present manuscript.
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