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Spanish Economic Growth, 1850–2015

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About this book

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

This text offers a comprehensive and nuanced view of the economic development of Spain since 1850. It provides a new set of historical GDP estimates for Spain from the demand and supply sides, and presents a reconstruction of production and expenditure series for the century prior to the introduction of modern national accounts. The author splices available national accounts sets over the period 1958–2015 through interpolation, as an alternative to conventional retropolation. The resulting national accounts series are linked to the historical estimates providing yearly series for GDP and its components since 1850. On the basis of new population estimates, the author derives GDP per head, decomposed into labour productivity and the amount of work per person, and placed into international perspective.

With theoretical reasoning and historiographical implications, Prados de la Escosura provides a useful methodological reference work for anyone interested in national accounting.

‘This book stands among the classics for the Kuznetian paradigm in empirical economics. This is the definitive study of Spain's transition to a modern economy.’

—Patrick Karl O'Brien, Emeritus Fellow at St. Antony’s College, the University of Oxford, UK, and Professor Emeritus of Global Economic History at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

‘The definitive account of Spanish economic growth since 1850, based firmly on a magisterial reconstruction of that country’s national accounts and an unrivalled knowledge of both Spanish and global economic history of the period.’

—Stephen Broadberry, Professor of Economic History at Nuffield College, the University of Oxford, UK

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Main Trends

Frontmatter

Open Access

Chapter 1. GDP and Its Composition
Abstract
Aggregate economic activity multiplied fifty times between 1850 and 2015, at an average cumulative growth rate of 2.4% per year (Fig. 1.1).
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 2. GDP and GDP Per Head
Abstract
Modern economic growth is defined by the sustained improvement in GDP per head. From 1850 to 2015 while population trebled, real GDP per head in Spain experienced nearly
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 3. GDP per Head and Labour Productivity
Abstract
A breakdown of GDP per head into labour productivity and the amount of labour used per person can be made. Thus, GDP per person (GDP/N) will be expressed as GDP per hour worked (GDP/H), a measure of labour productivity, times the number of hours worked per person (H/N), a measure of effort.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 4. Spain’s Performance in Comparative Perspective
Abstract
A long-run view of Spain’s economic performance cannot be completed without placing it in comparative perspective. In Fig. 4.1, Spain’s real GDP per head is presented along estimates for other large Western European countries: Italy, France, the UK, and Germany, plus the USA, the economic leader that represents the technological frontier, all expressed in purchasing power parity-adjusted 2011 dollars to allow for countries’ differences in price levels (Fig. 4.1).
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 5. GDP, Income Distribution, and Welfare
Abstract
But how did GDP per head gains affect economic well-being? Within the existing national accounts framework, Sitglitz et al. (2009: 23–25) recommend to look at net rather than gross measures, in order to take into account the depreciation of capital goods. Net National Disposable Income (NNDI) measures income accruing to Spanish nationals, rather than production in Spain, and also accounts for capital consumption. NNDI provides, therefore, a more accurate measure of the impact of economic growth on average incomes than GDP.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Measurement

Frontmatter

Open Access

Chapter 6. Measuring GDP, 1850–1958: Supply Side
Abstract
In historical national accounts, as for most developing countries, the most reliable and easiest to estimate GDP figures are those obtained through the production approach. 1 As for most developing countries, real product has been computed from physical indicators rather than as a residual obtained from independently deflated output and inputs.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 7. Measuring GDP, 1850–1958: Demand Side
Abstract
Measuring aggregate economic activity through the expenditure side represents adding up all final products or sales to final demand. Ideally, each expenditure component should be computed with actual data from households, firms and public administration. Unfortunately, lack of direct evidence renders such a task impossible and the so-called commodity flows approach provides a second-best alternative.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 8. New GDP Series and Earlier Estimates for the Pre-national Accounts Era
Abstract
Dearth of data forced CEN to split output indices into two segments with 1929 as the link year. In each case, independent production indices for agriculture and industry were obtained, from which an aggregate index was derived to approximate national income. No regard was paid to services and was implicitly assumed that output in services evolved as a weighted average of agricultural and industrial production.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 9. Splicing National Accounts, 1958–2015
Abstract
National accounts rely on complete information on quantities and prices to compute GDP for a single benchmark year, which is, then, extrapolated forward on the basis of limited information for a sample of goods and services.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 10. Population, 1850–2015
Abstract
Spain’s Statistical Office (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE) provides yearly series of ‘resident’ population from 1971.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Open Access

Chapter 11. Employment, 1850–2015
Abstract
The latest round of national accounts (CNE10) provides data on the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) workers and hours worked and its distribution by industry from 1995 to 2015.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Spanish Economic Growth, 1850–2015
Author
Leandro Prados de la Escosura
Copyright Year
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-58042-5
Print ISBN
978-3-319-58041-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58042-5