2. Specific Features of Risk Management in the Industrial and Agricultural Sectors

Our informed appraisal of the influence of each audience on a typical organization within the subsector (100% = combined influence of all audiences)

Ervand Abrahamian, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern US-Iranian Relations, New Press, New York, 2013

Alexey Vasilyev, History of Saudi Arabia, 1745–1973, Trud Publishing House, Moscow, 1999, p.363

Alexey Vasilyev, History of Saudi Arabia, 1745–1973, Trud Publishing House, Moscow, 1999, p.378

Interview with Ali Al-Naimi, Saudi Arabian Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and former CEO of Saudi Aramco, from documentary “60 Minutes: Season 41, Episode 11: The Oil Kingdom”, CBS television network, December 7, 2008

Energy Security: Evaluating US Vulnerability to Oil Supply Disruptions and Options for Mitigating Their Effects, US Government Accountability Office, December 12, 1996, p.20, http://​www.​gao.​gov/​archive/​1997/​rc97006.​pdf

Alexey Vasilyev, History of Saudi Arabia, 1745–1973, Trud Publishing House, Moscow, 1999, p.383

Alexey Vasilyev, History of Saudi Arabia, 1745–1973, Trud Publishing House, Moscow, 1999, p.455

Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings: How the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2011, pp.90, 110

Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings: How the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2011, p.131

Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, Amy Myers Jaffe, Oil, Dollars, Debt, and Crises: The Global Curse of Black Gold, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.7

Peter Maass, Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil, Random House LLC, New York, 2009, p. 169

Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings: How the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2011, pp.123, 149

Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings: How the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2011, p.10

Antoine Ayoub, Oil: Economics and Politics, Energy Studies Review, vol. 6, no 1, Ontario, 1994, p. 52

Gal Luft, Anne Korin, Energy Security Challenges for the twenty-first Century: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, 2009, p.83

Peter Voser, End of the oil boom? Notenshtein Dialogue, St Gallen, December 2013, p.2

CNOOC Withdraws Unocal Bid, Xinhua News Agency August 3, 2005

David Barboza, Andrew Ross Sorkin, Chinese Oil Company Offers $18.5 Billion for Unocal, The New York Times, June 22, 2005

Gennady Shmal, Energy heart of Russia. 60 years of West-Siberian oil and gas province, Drilling and Oil Magazine, Moscow, November 2013

Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2004, p.97

Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy that Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1994, p. 27–31

Stepan Sulakshin et al., Strategies of Russia in historical and global perspectives. Directmedia, Moscow, 2009, p. 88

Oil: Crude oil prices 1861–2009, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010, June 2010

Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2004, p. 117

US Natural Gas Wellhead Price (1922–2013), US Energy Information Administration, April 2014

During our calculations we use following conversion rates of natural gas from American metrics into European one: one million British Thermal Units (MMbtu) = 1000 cubic foots (Mcf), 35,000 cubic foots (Mcf) = 1000 cubic meters (m³) of natural gas. We use factor 35 for conversation price of 1MMbtu into 1000 m³

The Future of Natural Gas, Appendix 2D: Shale Gas Economic Sensitivities, MIT Energy Initiative, 2011, p.2

First 5 years of “shale gas revolution”. What we now know for sure? Centre for Global Energy Markets of Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, November 2012, pp.25–26, 32

Euan Mearns, What is the real cost of shale gas? Energy Matters, November 28, 2013

Ivan Sandrea, US shale gas and tight oil industry performance: challenges and opportunities, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, March 21, 2014, p. 4

Mikhail Korchemkin, East European Gas Analysis, September 11, 2014, http://​www.​eegas.​com/​rep2014q1-cost_​e.​htm

Mapping militant organisations, Stanford University, August 18, 2015 (http://​web.​stanford.​edu/​group/​mappingmilitants​/​cgi-bin/​groups/​view/​21, retrieved 25 July 2018)

Dobbs, M. (2015). U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2018, http://​www.​washingtonpost.​com/​archive/​politics/​2002/​12/​30/​us-had-key-role-in-iraq-buildup/​133cec74-3816-4652-9bd8-7d118699d6f8

Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2004, p.66

Fatemeh Mohammadi, 20 things the U.S. did to help Saddam against Iran, Nov 4, 2015, http://​english.​khamenei.​ir/​news/​2168/​20-things-the-U-S-did-to-help-Saddam-against-Iran, retrieved 25 July 2018

Nowruz Oil Field, Emergency Response Division, Office of Response and Restoration, US National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://​incidentnews.​noaa.​gov/​incident/​6262

Petroleum Chronology Of Events 1970–2000, US Energy Information Administration, May 2002

Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2004, p.144

Iraq oil exports hit 16-month low despite higher production, AFP, August 8, 2013

Gal Luft, Anne Korin, Energy Security Challenges for the twenty-first Century: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 21

Al Qaeda’s North African wing says it backs Libya uprising, CNN Wire Staff, February 24, 2011

Libya is a major energy exporter, especially to Europe, US Energy Information Administration, March 21, 2011

Libyan crude oil production levels influence international crude oil markets, US Energy Information Administration, November 26, 2013

Matthew Philips, Libya’s Oil Industry Is in Trouble, Bloomberg Businessweek, August 14, 2013

Ali Shuaib, Marie-Louise Gumuchian, Libya stops gas exports to Italy after militia fight, Reuters, March 3, 2013

Libyan Berbers shut gas pipeline to Italy, cut major income source, Reuters, November 11, 2013

One year on from In Amenas attack, The Economist Intelligence Unit, January 14th 2014

Nikolay Pakhomov, Oil and gas: energy becomes a political football, The Telegraph, April 29, 2014

Press release of OJSC OC Rosneft: Drilling in the Kara Sea Started, FT Company Announcement, August 11, 2014; Putin gave a start drilling in the project of Rosneft and ExxonMobil, RIA Novosti, August 9, 2014

Jack Farchy, Ed Crook, Rosneft and ExxonMobil strike oil in Arctic well, The Financial Times, September 27, 2014

Alan Katz, Joe Carroll, Mikael Holter and Stephen Bierman Exxon Said to Halt Arctic Oil Well Drilling on Sanctions, Bloomberg, September 19, 2014

Jack Farchy, Ed Crook, Rosneft and ExxonMobil strike oil in Arctic well, The Financial Times, September 27, 2014

Russia’s Yamal LNG to get 150 bln rbls from state in Q1 – report, Reuters, December 18, 2014

W.-X. Zhou, D. Sornette, Is There a Real-Estate Bubble in the US?, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2006, 361, pp.297–308

Markus K. Brunnermeier, Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), 2009, pp.77–100

Justin Yifu Lin, Policy Responses to the Global Economic Crisis, Development Outreach, World Bank Institute, Volume 11, Issue 3, December 2009, pp.29–33

Historical Budget Data—August 2013, Revenues, Outlays, Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Held by the Public since 1973, Congressional Budget Office, August 12, 2013

The Daily History of the Debt Results: historical returns from 07/16/2007 through 12/31/2009, US Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Fiscal Service

The Annual Energy Outlook 2014, US Energy Information Administration, May 2014, p.ES-2

Peg Mackey, US to overtake Saudi as top oil producer: IEA, Reuters, November 12, 2012

US Net Imports by Country (1993–2014), US Energy Information Administration, November 2014

Gaurav Sharma, Saudis Vs Oil Markets: Who’s Playing Whom?, Forbes, October, 24, 2014

Will Kennedy and Jillian Ward, OPEC Policy Ensures US Shale Crash, Russian Tycoon Says, Bloomberg, November 27, 2014

US Shale Oil Output Growth May Stall at $60 a Barrel, Oil may fall to $50, EIA Says, Bloomberg, November 18, 2014

Saudi Arabia to keep politics out of OPEC, will let market stabilize price, RT, November 26, 2014

Anjli Raval, Prices, not Opec, to balance oil supply, FT, November 28, 2014

Factbox - OPEC oil ministers position ahead of Thursday meeting, Reuters, November 26, 2014

Andrews R., Oil Wars: Why OPEC Will Win, Oil Price. December 11, 2014, http://​oilprice.​com/​Energy/​Oil-Prices/​Oil-Wars-Why-OPEC-Will-Win.​html

Saudi Arabia to keep politics out of OPEC, will let market stabilize price, RT, November 26, 2014

Anjli Raval, Prices, not Opec, to balance oil supply, FT, November 28, 2014

Factbox - OPEC oil ministers positions ahead of Thursday meeting, Reuters, November 26, 2014

SAUDI OIL MINISTER: I Don’t Care If Prices Crash To $20 — We’re Not Budging, Reuters, December 22, 2014

Saudi oil chief says price drop not a conspiracy, Associated Press, December 21, 2014

Rania El Gamal, Maha El Dahan, Writing by William Maclean, UPDATE 1-Saudi’s Naimi: Non-OPEC, speculators led to oil price slide, Reuters, December 21, 2014

Rania El Gamal and Maha El Dahan, Saudi Arabia says won’t cut oil output, Reuters, December 21, 2014

Former Saudi oil boss says it can cope with low price, BBC, January 19, 2015

Matt Egan, Saudi Arabia: Don’t blame us for oil’s big plunge, CNN, March 4, 2015

Saudi Arabia to keep politics out of OPEC, will let market stabilize price, RT, November 26, 2014

SAUDI OIL MINISTER: I Don’t Care If Prices Crash To $20 — We’re Not Budging, Reuters, December 22, 2014

Bahrain to Use MEOS Conference as Platform for Sustainable Energy, Egypt Oil & Gas, March 9, 2015, http://​www.​egyptoil-gas.​com/​news/​bahrain-to-use-meos-conference-as-platform-for-sustainable-energy/​

Benoit Faucon, OPEC Chief Says Cartel Is Hurting US Shale Producers, The Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2015

US Energy Information Administration, 2016

Baker Hughes, 2016

US Energy Information Administration, 2016

Why Natural Gas Clean, America’s Natural Gas Alliance: Clean & Efficient, http://​anga.​us/​issues-and-policy/​power-generation/​clean-and-efficient#.​U4NTklPPmVE

Eli Kintisch, Plugging methane leaks in the urban maze could be key to making shale gas climate-friendly, Science, Vol 344, Issue 6191, June 27, 2014, p.1472

Energy Vision 2013. Energy transitions: Past and Future Industry Vision, The Committee of World Economic Forum in partnership with IHS CERA, January 2013, p.17

Short-Term Energy Outlook, US Energy Information Administration, February 2017

Valerie Volcovici, US coal industry braces for EPA emissions crackdown, Reuters, September 12, 2013

Energy Darwinism II, Why a Low Carbon Future Doesn’t Have to Cost the Earth, Citi, August 2015, p.82, https://​ir.​citi.​com/​hsq32Jl1m4aIzicM​qH8sBkPnbsqfnwy4​Jgb1J2kIPYWIw5eM​8yD3FY9VbGpK %2Baax

Jerome Marin, L’Europe veut financer 1.000 milliards d’euros de projets verts en dix ans, La Tribune, September 30, 2019

Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord, The White House, June 01, 2017, https://​www.​whitehouse.​gov/​the-press-office/​2017/​06/​01/​statement-president-trump-paris-climate-accord

Benjamin Franta, Trump pulled out the oil industry playbook and players for Paris, The Guardian, July 26, 2017

A. Helmstetter, D. Sornette, J.-R. Grasso, J. V. Andersen, S. Gluzman, V. Pisarenko, Slider-Block Friction Model for Landslides: Application to Vaiont and La Clapiere Landslides, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, 2004

D. Sornette, A. Helmstetter, J.V. Andersen, S. Gluzman, J.-R. Grasso, V.F. Pisarenko, Towards Landslide Predictions: Two Case Studies, Physica A, 338, 2004, pp.605–632

Kris Pankow, Jeff Moore, Mine Landslide Triggered Quakes, University of Utah Seismograph Stations, 2014

D. Sornette, A. Helmstetter, J.V. Andersen, S. Gluzman, J.-R. Grasso, V.F. Pisarenko, Towards Landslide Predictions: Two Case Studies, Physica A, 338, 2004, pp.605–632

Bradley Olson, Margaret Cronin Fisk, Worst Case’ BP Ruling to Force Billions More in Payout, Bloomberg, September 4, 2014

Steve Hargreaves, BP’s $70 billion whipping, CNN Money, June 2, 2010

PEMEX LPG Terminal, Mexico City, Mexico. 19th November 1984, UK Health and Safety Executive, http://​www.​hse.​gov.​uk/​comah/​sragtech/​casepemex84.​htm

Arturson G., The tragedy of San Juanico--the most severe LPG disaster in history, Burns, Including Thermal Injury, 1987, 13(2) pp. 87–102

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Questions and Answers, http://​www.​evostc.​state.​ak.​us/​facts/​qanda.​cfm

Final Report “SPILL: The wreck of the Exxon Valdez”, Alaska Oil Spill Commission, State of Alaska, February 1990, p.13

Final Report “SPILL: The wreck of the Exxon Valdez”, Alaska Oil Spill Commission, State of Alaska, February 1990, p.11

Minutes of session of the Supreme Court of the USSR under the chairmanship of Judge V.I. Cherkasov, December 26, 1991, pp. 8–11

The torch of death, 18 years ago there was an accident in Bashkortostan, which world did not face before, MediaKorSet (Ufa), June 3, 2007

Alexey Skripov, Asha explosion. Why the largest in the history of the country’s rail disaster occurred, Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Week – Ural, June 11, 2009

WA faces $6.7b gas bill, Sydney Morning Herald, July 10, 2008

Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, US Army War College, October 5, 2011,

The World’s Most Polluted Places, The Blacksmith Institute, 2006–2013

Bruce E. Johansen, The High Cost of Uranium in Navajoland, Akwesasne Notes New Series, 1997, Volume 2, pp. 10–12

W. L. Graf, Fluvial Dynamics of Thorium-230 in the Church Rock Event, Puerco River, New Mexico, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1990, 80, p. 327

J.I. Dibua, Citizenship and resource control in Nigeria: the case of minority communities in the Niger Delta, Afrika Spectrum, 1(40), 2005, pp. 5–28

Marino Busdachi, Environmental Situation of Ogoni, Climate Change, Bioenergy and Food Security: Challenges for the New Millennium, June 2008

National Energy Policy, Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, May 2001, pp.5–6

Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer, US Department of Energy, April 2009, p.61

Glenn Miller, Review of the Revised Draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement on the Oil, Gas and Solution Mining Regulatory Program, Toxicity and Exposure to Substances in Fracturing Fluids and in the Waste water Associated with the Hydrocarbon Bearing Shale, Consulting Environmental Toxicologist to the Natural Resources Defense Council December 29, 2009

Glenn Miller, Review of the Revised Draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement on the Oil, Gas and Solution Mining Regulatory Program Well Permit Issuance for Horizontal Drilling and High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing to Develop the Marcellus Shale and Other Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs, Prepared for Natural Resources Defense Council, January 6, 2012

Madelon Finkel, Jake Hays, and Adam Law. The Shale Gas Boom and the Need for Rational Policy. American Journal of Public Health: July 2013, Vol. 103, No. 7, pp. 1161–1163

Theo Colborna, Carol Kwiatkowskia, Kim Schultza, Mary Bachran, Natural gas operations from a public health perspective. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment, 2011, 17, pp. 1039–1056

Roxana Witter, Lisa McKenzie, Meredith Towle, Kaylan Stinson, Kenneth Scott, Lee Newman, John Adgate, Health Impact Assessment for Battlement Mesa, Garfield County Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, September 2010

Carol Linnitt, Report “Fracking the Future - How Unconventional Gas Threatens our Water, Health and Climate”, DeSmogBlog Project, 2010

Ohio: Shale drillers must report chemicals locally, Associated Press, October 1, 2013

Standing Committee on Natural Resources, number 040, third session, 40th parliament, Parliament of Canada, February 1, 2011

Erik Stokstad Will fracking put too much fizz in your water?, Science, Vol 344, Issue 6191, June 27, 2014, p.1468

Erik Stokstad Will fracking put too much fizz in your water?, Science, Vol 344, Issue 6191, June 27, 2014, p.1468

Garance Burke, Colorado’s Fracking Woes Show Fight Brewing In Oklahoma, Texas And Other Drought-Ridden Areas, Huffington Post, June 16, 2013

Kevin Grandia, How Cheney’s Loophole is Fracking Up America, Huffington Post, May 17, 2010, updated May 25, 2011, http://​www.​huffingtonpost.​com/​kevin-grandia/​how-cheneys-loophole-is-f_​b_​502924.​html

Renee Lewis Kosnik, The Oil and Gas Industry’s Exclusions and Exemptions to Major Environmental Statutes, Oil & Gas Accountability Project, a Project of Earthworks, October 2007, p.2

Fracking by the Numbers, Key Impacts of Dirty Drilling at the State and National Level, Elizabeth Ridlington, John Rumpler, Environment America Research & Policy Center, October 2013, p.4

Erik Stokstad Will fracking put too much fizz in your water?, Science, Vol 344, Issue 6191, June 27, 2014, p.1469

Russell Gold, Energy Firm Makes Costly Fracking Bet — on Water, The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2013

Jean-Philippe Nicot and Bridget R. Scanlon, Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, US, Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, March 1, 2012

Alison Sider, Russell Gold, Ben Lefebvre, Drillers Begin Reusing ‘Frack Water’ Energy Firms Explore Recycling Options for an Industry That Consumes Water on Pace With Chicago, The Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2012

Roberto Suro, Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Become Pollution Portals, The New York Times, May 3, 1992

Claudio Brufatto, Jamie Cochran, Lee Conn, David Power, Said Zaki Abd Alla El-Zeghaty, Bernard Fraboulet, Tom Griffin, Simon James, Trevor Munk, Frederico Justus, Joseph R. Levine, Dominic Murphy, Jochen Pfeiffer, Tiraputra Pornpoch, Lara Rishmani, From Mud to Cement—Building Gas Wells, Schlumberger’s Oil Field Review, August 2003, p.63

Anthony R. Ingraffea, Fluid Migration Mechanisms Due To Faulty Well Design And/Or Construction: An Overview And Recent Experiences In The Pennsylvania Marcellus Play, October 2012, Physicians, Scientists and Engineers for Healthy Energy, p.8

Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, US Government Accountability Office, September 2012, pp.45–47

Contaminated Water in Two States Linked to Faulty Shale Gas Wells, Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University, September 15, 2014

Documentary “Gasland”, 2010, Director Josh Fox

Letter to United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX about “Underground Injection Control Drinking Water Source Evaluation”, The State Water Resources Control Board of California, September 15, 2014

Stephen Stock, Liza Meak, Mark Villarreal and Scott Pham, Waste Water from Oil Fracking Injected into Clean Aquifers, NBC Bay Area, November 14, 2014

Jeff Tollefson, Methane leaks erode green credentials of natural gas. Nature, 493, 12, January 2, 2013

Methane leaks from oil and gas fields, detected from space, American Geophysical Union, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 95, No. 46, 18 November 2014, pp.427–428

Overview of Greenhouse Gases, US Environmental Protection Agency, http://​epa.​gov/​climatechange/​ghgemissions/​gases/​ch4.​html

Eli Kintisch, Plugging methane leaks in the urban maze could be key to making shale gas climate-friendly, Science, Vol 344, Issue 6191, June 27, 2014, p.1472

Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, Anthony Ingraffea, Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climatic Change, Volume 106, Issue 4, June 2011, pp.679–690

Robert Jackson, Avner Vengosh, Thomas Darrah, Nathaniel Warner, Adrian Down, Robert Poreda, Stephen Osborn, Kaiguang Zhao, Jonathan Karra, Increased stray gas abundance in a subset of drinking water wells near Marcellus shale gas extraction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, July 9, 2013, 110(28), pp. 11250–11255, https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC3710833/​

Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, US Government Accountability Office, September 2012, p.35

A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store byproducts of mining operations after separating the ore from the gangue. Tailings dams rank among the largest engineered structures on Earth.

An open letter to the International Community & Australian Parliament on the ongoing crisis in Brazil, February 18, 2016, http://​www.​aph.​gov.​au/​~/​media/​Committees/​fadt_​ctte/​estimates/​add_​1516/​Openletter.​pdf

Report on the Immediate Causes of the Failure of the Fundão Dam, Fundão Tailings Dam Review Panel (Norbert R. Morgenstern, Steven G. Vick, Cássio B. Viotti, Bryan D. Watts), August 25, 2016, http://​fundaoinvestigat​ion.​com/​wp-content/​uploads/​general/​PR/​en/​FinalReport.​pdf

Catastrophic Failure: The biggest environmental disaster in Brazil’s mining history, ABC Australia/Journeyman Pictures, 2016, https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​KF3Clm6T_​kI

BANCO SAFRA S.A. – CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, Plaintiff, v. SAMARCO MINERAÇÃO S.A. and RICARDO VESCOVI DE ARAGÃO, Defendants. United States District Court, Southern District Of New York, November 14, 2016, http://​securities.​stanford.​edu/​filings-documents/​1059/​SMS00_​01/​20161114_​f01c_​16CV08800.​pdf

Paul Kiernan, Samarco Warned of Problems at Dam, Engineer Says, The Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2016

Rob Davies, BHP Billiton employees face criminal charges on Brazil dam disaster, The Guardian, October 21, 2016

Catastrophic Failure: The biggest environmental disaster in Brazil’s mining history, ABC Australia/Journeyman Pictures, 2016, https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​KF3Clm6T_​kI

Mariaan Webb, Samarco unlikely to reopen this year, job cuts planned – BHP Billiton, Mining Weekly, July 14, 2016, http://​www.​miningweekly.​com/​article/​samarco-unlikely-to-reopen-this-year-bhp-billiton-2016-07-14

Ostrom, Elinor, Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, June 2010, 100 (3), pp. 641–672.

IRAN: Another Crisis for the Shah, The Time, November 13, 1978

Tunisia orders army to protect oil and gas fields, Al Jazeera, May 10, 2017

Jill Disis, Matt Egan, Chris Isidore, 10 refineries close as Harvey drenches Texas energy hub, CNNMoney, August 28, 2017

BSEE Tropical Storm Harvey Activity Statistics: August 27, 2017, https://​www.​bsee.​gov/​newsroom/​latest-news/​statements-and-releases/​press-releases/​bsee-tropical-storm-harvey-activity-0

Richard A. Clarke, Robert Knake, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It, Harper Collins, 2012

David E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power, Crown Publ. Group, 2012, pp. 188–209

David E. Sanger, Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran, The New York Times, June 1, 2012

Kim Zetter, The NSA Acknowledges What We All Feared: Iran Learns From US Cyberattacks, WIRED, February 10, 2015, http://​www.​wired.​com/​2015/​02/​nsa-acknowledges-feared-iran-learns-us-cyberattacks/​

Dmitry Tarakanov, Shamoon The Wiper: Further Details (Part II), Kaspersky Labs’ Global Research & Analysis Team, September 11, 2012,

Norman Johnson, Shamoon Wiper: The most damaging corporate attack - Did you miss it?, http://​www.​cyber50.​org/​blog/​shamoon-wiper

Kim Zetter, The NSA Acknowledges What We All Feared: Iran Learns From US Cyberattacks, WIRED, February 10, 2015, http://​www.​wired.​com/​2015/​02/​nsa-acknowledges-feared-iran-learns-us-cyberattacks/​

Sean Lawson, Anonymous Sources Provide No Evidence of Iran Cyber Attacks, Forbes, October 31, 2012

Saudi Arabia says cyber attack aimed to disrupt oil, gas flow, Reuters, December 9, 2012

Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Oxford University Press, 2013, p.66

Heather MacKenzie, Shamoon Malware and SCADA Security – What are the Impacts, Tofino Security, October 25, 2012, https://​www.​tofinosecurity.​com/​blog/​shamoon-malware-and-scada-security-%E2%80%93-what-are-impacts

Chris Bronk, Eneken Tikk-Ringas, Hack or Attack? Shamoon and the Evolution of Cyber Conflict, Baker Institute for Public Policy, February 1, 2013

Veblen, T. B. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class. An Economic Study of Institutions. London: Macmillan Publishers.

T. Tolin, Design of Flexible Production Systems – Methodologies and Tools. Berlin: Springer, 2009.

Our informed appraisal of the influence of each audience on a typical organization within the subsector (100% = combined influence of all audiences)

Marcel Metze, The Planta-affair, 1960, Nofota History Project, http://​www.​nofota.​info/​the-planta-affair/​

Mirjam Gulmans, Femke Veltman, De Planta-affaire, Dodelijke slachtoffers door onschuldig pakje margarine, http://​anderetijden.​nl/​aflevering/​124/​De-Planta-affaire

Peter Anthonissen, Crisis Communication: Practical PR Strategies for Reputation Management & Company Survival, Kogan Page Publishers, 2008, p.19

Dennis A. Gioia, Pinto Fires. In Trevino, L. & Nelson, K. Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk, About How To Do It Right, Wiley, 1995, pp.80–84

Peter Wyden, The unknown Iacocca, Morrow, 1987, p.238

E.S. Grush and C.S. Saundy, Fatalities Associated With Crash Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires, Ford Motor Company, Environmental and Safety Engineering, 1973

Peter Wyden, The unknown Iacocca, Morrow, 1987, p.238

Ford Transmissions Failure to Hold in Park, Center for Auto Safety, 2009, https://​www.​autosafety.​org/​ford-transmissions-failure-hold-park/​

KNKT.18.10.35.04, Aircraft Accident Investigation Report, Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi, http://​knkt.​dephub.​go.​id/​knkt/​ntsc_​aviation/​baru/​2018%20​-%20​035%20​-%20​PK-LQP%20​Final%20​Report.​pdf

Sharra L. Vostral, Rely and Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Technological Health Crisis, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 84(4), 2011, pp. 447–459

Michael Regester, Judy Larkin, Risk issues and crisis management: a casebook of best practice, 2005, third ed., p.63

Reinhard Angelmar, The rise and fall of Baycol/Lipobay, Journal of Medical Marketing, 2007, Vol. 7, pp. 77–88

Alex Berenson, Gardiner Harris, Barry Meier And Andrew Pollack, Despite Warnings, Drug Giant Took Long Path to Vioxx Recall, November 14, 2004

Marcia Angell, Your Dangerous Drugstore, New York Review of Books, 2006, 53(10), pp. 38–40

Gardiner Harris, Alex Berenson, 10 Voters on Panel Backing Pain Pills Had Industry Ties, The New York Times, February 25, 2005

Christine Lagorio, Merck Knew Vioxx Dangers In 2000, The Associated Press, June 22, 2005

David J. Graham, Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with COX-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs, FDA internal memorandum, September 30, 2004, http://​www.​fda.​gov/​downloads/​drugs/​drugsafety/​postmarketdrugsa​fetyinformationf​orpatientsandpro​viders/​ucm106880.​pdf

Questions and Answers FDA Regulatory Actions for the COX-2 Selective and Non-Selective Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), US Food and Drug Administration, April 2005

Damon Darlin, Dell Recalls Batteries Because of Fire Threat, The New York Times, August 14, 2006

Yuri Kageyama, Sony Apologizes for Battery Recall The Associated Press, October 24, 2006

Dmitry Chernov and Didier Sornette, Man-made catastrophes and risk information concealment (25 case studies of major disasters and human fallibility), Springer, 2016

Miguel Helft, Apple Acknowledges Flaw in iPhone Signal Meter, The New York Times, July 2, 2010

This case is studied in detail in chap. 2.4.2 of Dmitry Chernov and Didier Sornette, Man-made catastrophes and risk information concealment (25 case studies of major disasters and human fallibility), Springer, 2016

David Connett, Volkswagen emissions scandal: More carmakers implicated as tests reveal pollution levels of popular diesels, Independent, September 30, 2015

Damian Carrington, Wide range of cars emit more pollution in realistic driving tests, data shows, The Guardian, September 30, 2015

Kartikay Mehrotra, Dodge Truck Owners Accuse Chrysler of VW-Like Cheating, Bloomberg, November 14, 2016

Lydia Willgress, IKEA issues urgent warning over popular range of drawers after THIRD child is crushed to death by a toppling unit, Daily Mail, April 20, 2016

Ikea recalls 29 million dressers after 6 kids killed, Associated Press, June 28, 2016

Amelia Heathman, We finally know why Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7 s ‘exploded’, Wired, January 24, 2017

Samsung Electronics Estimates Mid-3 Trillion Won Negative Impact for Q4 2016 and Q1 2017 Due to Galaxy Note7 Discontinuation, Samsung, October 14, 2016, https://​news.​samsung.​com/​global/​samsung-electronics-estimates-mid-3-trillion-won-negative-impact-for-q4-2016-and-q1-2017-due-to-galaxy-note7-discontinuation

Tom Furlong, Perrier Water Scare Goes Flat in Southland, The Las Angeles Times, February 12, 1990

George James, Perrier Recalls Its Water in US After Benzene Is Found in Bottles, The New Times, February 10, 1990

Ibid

Ibid

Andrew Caesar-Gordon, Lessons to Learn from a Product Recall, PR week, October 28, 2015

This case is studied in detail in chap. 2.4.3 of Dmitry Chernov and Didier Sornette, Man-made catastrophes and risk information concealment (25 case studies of major disasters and human fallibility), Springer, 2016

Peter Anthonissen, Crisis Communication: Practical PR Strategies for Reputation Management, Kogan Page, 2008

Sydney Finkelstein, Why Smart Executives Fail: And What You Can Learn from Their Mistakes, Penguin, 2004

Matt Haig, Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time, Kogan Page Publishers, 2005, pp. 134–136

Staphylococcus food poisoning in Japan, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, 2001, 22 (8), No.258, pp. 185–186

NOAA N-PRIME Mishap Investigation. Final Report, NASA, September 13, 2004, https://​www.​nasa.​gov/​pdf/​65776main_​noaa_​np_​mishap.​pdf

Stephen Clark, Back from the brink: Broken satellite now fixed and ready, Spaceflight Now, February 1, 2009, https://​www.​spaceflightnow.​com/​delta/​d338/​090201preview.​html

Jeevan Vasagar, Chocolate may have poisoned more than 40, The Guardian, June 24, 2006

GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty & Pay $750 Million to Resolve Criminal and Civil Liability Regarding Manufacturing Deficiencies at Puerto Rico Plant, The United States Department of Justice, October 26, 2010

Ben Chapman, Lactalis baby milk could have been infected with salmonella for 13 years, CEO says, Reuters, February 2, 2018

Kim Willsher, Lactalis to withdraw 12 m boxes of baby milk in salmonella scandal, The Guardian, January 14, 2018

Gus Trompiz, Richard Lough, France’s Lactalis forced into new recall in baby milk scare, Reuters, January 12, 2018

Judith Rehak, Tylenol made a hero of Johnson & Johnson: The recall that started them all, The New York Times, March 23, 2002

Colin Doeg, Crisis Management in the Food and Drinks Industry: A Practical Approach, Springer Science & Business Media, 2006, p.180

Surge in illegal sales of drugs as gangs exploit ‘phenomenal market’ online, The Guardian, December 28, 2014

Gena Somra, Deadly fake Viagra: Online pharmacies suspected of selling counterfeit drugs, CNN, August 31, 2015

Paul Toscano, The Dangerous World of Counterfeit Prescription Drugs, CNBC, October 4, 2011

Gretel Kauffman, Scientists finally decode the Great Molasses Flood of 1919, The Christian Science Monitor, November 29, 2016

Ingrid Eckerman, The Bhopal Saga: Causes and Consequences of the World’s Largest Industrial Disaster, Universities Press, 2005

Typhoon Nina–Banqiao dam failure, Encyclopedia Britannica

David Longshore, Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p.124

Zakia Abdennebi, Morocco mattress factory fire kills 55, Reuters, April 27, 2008

Arun Devnath, Mehul Srivastava, ‘Suddenly the Floor Wasn’t There,’ Factory Survivor Says. Bloomberg, 25 April 2013

Syed Zain Al-Mahmood, Rebecca Smithers, Matalan supplier among manufacturers in Bangladesh building collapse, The Guardian, April 24, 2013

Arun Devnath, Mehul Srivastava, ‘Suddenly the Floor Wasn’t There,’ Factory Survivor Says. Bloomberg, April 25, 2013

Minamata Disease The History and Measures, Environmental health department, Ministry of the environment, Government of Japan, 2002, http://​www.​env.​go.​jp/​en/​chemi/​hs/​minamata2002/​index.​html

Yossi Sheffi, The Resilient Enterprise: Overcoming Vulnerability for Competitive Advantage, MIT Press, February 23, 2007, pp.3–12

Bruce Einhorn, Kanga Kong, Kyunghee Park, A Korean War Could Cut Pipeline of Vital Technologies to the World “If Korea is hit by a missile, all electronics production will stop”, Bloomberg, April 27, 2017

Jyoti Thottam, Why Mattel Apologized to China, Time, Friday, Sept. 21, 2007, http://​content.​time.​com/​time/​business/​article/​0,8599,1,664,428,00.​html

W. Timothy Coombs, Sherry J. Holladay, The Handbook of Crisis Communication, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, p. 468

Heparin Sodium Injection, Baxter, http://​www.​baxter.​com/​products-expertise/​product-safety-information/​heparin-background-information.​page

Walt Bogdanich and Jake Hooker, From China to Panama, a Trail of Poisoned Medicine, The New York Times, May 6, 2007

Tobacco, The World Health Organization, July 2013

Martinne Geller, Philip Morris looks beyond cigarettes with alternative products, Evening Standard, November 30, 2016

Mischa Aebi, Gift in Filtern der E-Zigaretten von Philip Morris, Tages-Anzeiger, April 7, 2019

Dan Charles, U.S. Soda Taxes Work, Studies Suggest — But Maybe Not As Well As Hoped, NPR, February 21, 2019

Keith Johnson, Elias Groll, The Improbable Rise of Huawei, Foreign Policy, April 3, 2019, https://​foreignpolicy.​com/​2019/​04/​03/​the-improbable-rise-of-huawei-5g-global-network-china/​

Li Tao, Huawei CEO says he did not expect such a ferocious, large-scale US attack on the Chinese telecoms giant, South China Morning Post, Jun 17, 2019

Bien Perez, Why China is set to spend US$411 billion on 5G mobile networks, South China Morning Post, June 19, 2017

Bien Perez, ZTE to pay record US$1.2 billion fine for violating Iran, North Korea sanctions, March 8, 2017

M.J. Peterson, Case Study: Bhopal Plant Disaster (with appendixes), University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 2009

Ingrid Eckerman, The Bhopal Saga: Causes and Consequences of the World’s Largest Industrial Disaster, Universities Press, 2005, p. 25

Michael Heylin, NATO bombs take out chemical complex, Chemical & Engineering News, Volume 77, Number 19, May 10, 1999

Our informed appraisal of the influence of each audience on a typical organization within the subsector (100% = combined influence of all audiences)

Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island: The Need for Change: The Legacy of TMI, October 1979, pp. 12, 90–111

Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, February 11, 2013

Three Mile Island: Report to the Commissioners and to the Public, M. Rogovin and G. Frampton, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 1980, Vol. I, pp. 3–4

14-Year Cleanup at Three Mile Island Concludes, The New York Times, August 15, 1993

NRC Issues Final Safety Evaluation Report For Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant License Renewal Application, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Press Release-09-119, June 30, 2009

Robert A. Stallings, Evacuation behavior at Three Mile Island, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, №2, 1984, p.12

Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island: The Need for Change: The Legacy of TMI, October 1979, pp. 10, 43, 93

Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island: The Need for Change: The Legacy of TMI, October 1979, pp. 29–30

Incidents That Define Process Safety, Center for Chemical Process Safety, John Wiley & Sons, 2013

VENEZUELA - Power Plant Fire, USAID, http://​pdf.​usaid.​gov/​pdf_​docs/​PBAAB295.​pdf

Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions, IAEA, http://​www.​iaea.​org/​newscenter/​features/​chernobyl-15/​cherno-faq.​shtml

Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident, World Health Organization, 2009, http://​www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​news/​releases/​2005/​pr38/​en/​

Interview with Mikhail Gorbachev, documentary “The Battle of Chernobyl”, Director: Thomas Johnson, 2006

Official exchange rate of State Bank of the USSR by the end of 1986: Soviet ruble/US dollar – 0,6783, Archive of Bank of Russia, http://​cbr.​ru/​currency_​base/​OldDataFiles/​USD.​xls

Valery Legasov, Problems of Safe Development of the Technosphere, Communist Journal, #8, 1987, pp. 92–101

The SCRAM system refers to the control rods that are inserted into a nuclear reactor core to suppress nuclear fission. A “positive SCRAM effect” is a localized increase of activity in the bottom of the core of a reactor during emergency shutdown with low power range: introducing graphite rods leads to decreased absorption of neutrons by the xenon in the core (“xenon poisoning”) and accelerates the nuclear reaction.

The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, INSAG-7, IAEA Publications, Vienna, 1992, pp.47–48

Anatoly Dyatlov, Chernobyl. How it was, Nauchtekhlitizdat, Moscow, 2003, p.153

The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, INSAG-7, IAEA Publications, Vienna, 1992, p.87

The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, INSAG-7, IAEA Publications, Vienna, 1992, p.43

Nikolaii Karpan, Vengeance of peaceful atom, Dnepropetrovsk, 2006, p. 290

Anatoly Dyatlov, Chernobyl. How it was, Nauchtekhlitizdat, Moscow, 2003, pp. 136

The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, INSAG-7, IAEA Publications, Vienna, 1992, pp.44–45

Nikolaii Karpan, Vengeance of peaceful atom, Dnepropetrovsk, 2006, pp. 294–296

Anatoly Dyachenko, Experience of liquidation of Chernobyl disaster, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Institute of Strategic Stability” of Rosatom, Moscow, 2004, http://​www.​iss-atom.​ru/​book-7/​glav-2-3.​htm

Interview with Mikhail Gorbachev, documentary “The Battle of Chernobyl”, Director: Thomas Johnson, 2006

Nikolaii Karpan, Vengeance of peaceful atom, Dnepropetrovsk, 2006, p. 401

Anatoly Dyatlov, Chernobyl. How it was, Nauchtekhlitizdat, Moscow, 2003, p.102

Unapprehended atom. Interview with Victor Bryukhanov, Profile, Moscow, № 29(477), April 24, 2006

Vladimir Shunevich, Victor Bryuhanov: I was expelled from the party directly at a meeting of the Politburo, Fakty newspaper, Kiev, July 72,012

The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, INSAG-7, IAEA Publications, Vienna, 1992, p.51

The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, IAEA Publications, Vienna, 1992, p.52

Grigori Medvedev, Chernobyl Notebook, New World Magazine, №6, 1989

Nikolaii Karpan, Vengeance of peaceful atom, Dnepropetrovsk, 2006, p. 446, 451

Anatoly Dyatlov, Chernobyl. How it was, Nauchtekhlitizdat, Moscow, 2003, p.134

Seven hours after the accident (at 10:00 a.m. on 26 April 1986), one of the engineers of Chernobyl NPP explored the reactor room and found out that the reactor was demolished, but the Director of the plant did not believe his statement. It took a helicopter ride 12 hours after the accident (around 3:00 p.m. on 26 April 1986) to establish the fact that Reactor #4 was destroyed and was throwing out radioactive material into the atmosphere (Alexandr Borovoy, Evgeny Velihov. Experience of Chernobyl, National Research Center “Kurchatovsky Institute”, Moscow, 2012, p.11).

Alexandr Borovoy, Evgeny Velihov. Experience of Chernobyl, National Research Center “Kurchatovsky Institute”, Moscow, 2012, p.11; Grigori Medvedev, Chernobyl Notebook, New World Magazine, №6, 1989

The accident occurred at 1:24 a.m. 26 April 1986, but evacuation was started only at 2:00 p.m. 27 April. Central government officials arrived in Chernobyl by the end of 26 April, and recognized that the real picture differed completely from the one in reports_.

Documentary “Chernobyl. Chronicle of silence”, Director: Irina Larina, 2006

Mikhail Gorbachev, Turning Point at Chernobyl, Project Syndicate, April 14, 2006, http://​www.​project-syndicate.​org/​commentary/​turning-point-at-chernobyl

Occupational Radiation Protection in Severe Accident Management. Interim Report, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Nuclear Energy Agency, January 7, 2014, pp. 65–66

Mu Xuequan, Chernobyl’s New Safe Confinement goes into operation, Xinhua, July 11, 2019, http://​www.​xinhuanet.​com/​english/​2019-07/​11/​c_​138215894.​htm

Dissenting opinion of R.M. Haziahmetov (member of investigation commission of Rostechnadzor) regarding the Act of technical investigation of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Destruction of Tubine 2 of Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station: causes and lessons, Volume III, Hydrotechnical Construction, Moscow, 2013, p.276

N. Baykov, Analysis of the circumstances of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Destruction of Tubine 2 of Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station: causes and lessons, Volume I, Hydrotechnical Construction, Moscow, 2013, p.158

Valentine Bryzgalov, Monograph “From the experience of establishment and development of Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya HPSs”, Krasnoyarsk, Surikov Publisher, 1999, p. 541

Vladimir Demchenko, Andrew Krassikov, Sergey Teplyakov, Irina Tumakova. Was Turbine #2 on SSHPS shaking during 10 years? Izvestia, September 14, 2009

F. Kogan, Abnormal operating conditions and reliability of modern hydro turbines, Destruction of Tubine 2 of Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station: causes and lessons, Volume I, Hydrotechnical Construction, Moscow, 2013, p.49

N. Baykov, Analysis of the circumstances of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Destruction of Tubine 2 of Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station: causes and lessons, Volume I, Hydrotechnical Construction, Moscow, 2013, p.153

Rostehnadzor: the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP is not unique, in 1983 was a similar situation at Nurek HPP, Interfax, October 3, 2009 and review about accidents and other disturbances on power stations and electric networks of USSR energy system for 1983, Soyuztechenergo, Moscow, 1984

B. Skorobogatykh, N.Shepilov, S.Kunavin, V.Ushakov, Investigation of the metal and the nature of damage studs of turbine cover of Turbine 2 of Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station, Destruction of Tubine 2 of Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station: causes and lessons, Volume I, Hydrotechnical Construction, Moscow, 2013, p.373

Joe P. Hasler, Investigating Russia’s Biggest Dam Explosion: What Went Wrong, Popular Mechanics, February 2, 2010

Peter Kihss, Power Failure Snarls Northeast; 800,000 Are Caught in Subways Here; Autos Tied Up; City Gropes In Dark, The New York Times, November 9, 1965

Lyndon B. Johnson, Memorandum Concerning the Power Failure in the Northeastern United States, November 9, 1965. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://​www.​presidency.​ucsb.​edu/​ws/​?​pid=​27361

The Economic Impacts of the August 2003 Blackout, Electric Consumer Research Council (ELCON), February 2, 2004

Inside Walkerton: Canada’s worst-ever E. coli contamination, CBC News, May 10, 2010

Stian Reklev, Kathy Chen, Ben Blanchard, Michael Martina, Geert De Clercq, Andrew Roche, Chinese rush for bottled drinks after benzene pollutes tapwater, Reuters, April 11, 2014

Catherine Wong Tsoi-lai, Nation wages war on water contamination, Global Times, April 17, 2015

Maggie Fox, Flint Water Crisis: Feds Expand Programs to Help Kids Affected by Lead, NBC News, March 2, 2016

David Fleshler, Dana Williams, Sewage overflow incidents on rise as aging pipes break, Sun Sentinel, February 18, 2012

Katherine Butler, When waste attacks: 5 big sewage disasters, Mother Nature Network, January 9, 2013

Guadalajara Mexico, Ministry in charge of the environment of France, December 2007, https://​www.​aria.​developpement-durable.​gouv.​fr/​wp-content/​files_​mf/​FD_​3543_​guadalajara_​1992_​ang.​pdf

Chao Zhai, Hehong Zhang, Gaoxi Xiao and Tso-Chien Pan, Modeling and Identification of Worst-Case Cascading Failures in Power Systems, arXiv:1703.05232v1, March 15, 2017

F. Guzzetti, G. Lollino, Book Review of “The Story of Vaiont Told by the Geologist Who Discovered the Landslide”, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 2011, pp.485–486

Mountain Tsunami, documentary of “Seconds from Disaster” serious, National Geographic Channel, 2012

Mountain Tsunami, documentary of “Seconds from Disaster” serious, National Geographic Channel, 2012

Rinaldo Genevois, Monica Ghirotti, The 1963 Vaiont Landslide, Giornale di Geologia Applicata 1, 2005, pp. 41–52

D. Sornette, A. Helmstetter, J.V. Andersen, S. Gluzman, J.-R. Grasso and V.F. Pisarenko, Towards Landslide Predictions: Two Case Studies. Physica A 338, 2004, pp.605–632

Typhoon Nina–Banqiao dam failure, Encyclopædia Britannica

David Longshore, Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p.124

Lu Zongshu, Shen Nianzu, Dams gone wrong: Is danger lurking in China’s dams? Probe International, August 24, 2011, https://​journal.​probeinternation​al.​org/​2011/​08/​24/​dams-gone-wrong-is-danger-lurking-in-china’s-dams/​

Utpal Sandesara, Tom Wooten, Paul Farmer, No One Had a Tongue to Speak: The Untold Story of One of History’s Deadliest Floods, Prometheus Books, 2011

Sobeom Jin, Sungjin Hong and Fumihiko Imamura, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Madras Nuclear Power Plant, India, Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Spring Meeting, Chuncheon, Korea, May 25–26, 2006

James M. Acton, Mark Hibbs, Why Fukushima Was Preventable, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 2012, pp. 11, 22–23

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Chap. 1. Was the accident preventable?, July 5, 2012, p.26

Christina Nyquist, The March 11 Tohoku Earthquake, One Year Later. What Have We Learned? March 9, 2012, US Geological Survey

Wolfgang Kröger, Fukushima: Need for Reappraisal of Nuclear Risks? ETH Zürich, Keynote SRA-Europe 21st Annual Conference, Zurich, June 18–20, 2012

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, pp.17, 30

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, p.13

Fact Finding Expert Mission of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi NPP Accident Following the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, IAEA mission report, 24 May – 2 June 2011, p.11

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, p.14

Akira Izumo, Facts, Lessons Learned and Nuclear Power Policy of Japan after the Accident, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, January 24, 2012

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, p.13

Overview of facility of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, TEPCO, http://​www.​tepco.​co.​jp/​en/​nu/​fukushima-np/​outline_​f1/​index-e.​html

The Status of Nuclear Fuel Stored at the Fukushima Daiichi and Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plants, Citizens’ Nuclear Information Center (Japan), Jan. 31, 2013, http://​www.​cnic.​jp/​english/​newsletter/​nit154/​nit154articles/​03_​nf.​html

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, p.39

Fukushima Accident, World Nuclear Association, updated 13 January 2014

The evacuation map in the following official government site (http://​www.​meti.​go.​jp/​english/​earthquake/​nuclear/​roadmap/​pdf/​141001MapOfAreas​.​pdf) shows the most dangerous area called Area3, which is defined as follows: “Area3: Areas where it is expected that the residents have difficulties in returning for a long time”.

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, p.38

The Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Crisis Management — Lessons for Japan-US Alliance Cooperation, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation, Sep. 2012, p.38

Mari Yamaguchi, IAEA: Japan nuke cleanup may take more than 40 yrs., Associated Press, April 22, 2013

The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, The National Diet of Japan, Executive summary, July 5, 2012, p.21

Dmitry Chernov and Didier Sornette, Man-made catastrophes and risk information concealment (25 case studies of major disasters and human fallibility), Springer, 2016

North Anna Nuclear Plant Earthquake Risk: 1977 Memo Details Cover-Up Of Seismic Knowledge, The Huffington Post, January 06, 2012

North Anna Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation, Response to Earthquake, US Nuclear Regulator Commission, https://​www.​nrc.​gov/​docs/​ML1200/​ML12005A011.​pdf

Alex Kane, Nuclear Trouble: 16 Reactors in the Path of Hurricane Sandy, AlterNet, October 29, 2012

Four Nuclear Power Plants Jolted by Hurricane Sandy, Environment News Service, October 30, 2012

Alyson Kenward, Daniel Yawitz, Urooj Raja, Sewage Overflows from Hurricane Sandy, Climate Central, April 30, 2013

Nicole Rodriguez, FPL nuclear facilities weathered Irma without sustaining damage, TCPalm, September 11, 2017

Nicole Homeier and Lisa Wei, Solar storm Risk to the north American electric grid, Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER), Lloyd’s, 2013

Jorge Miguel Ordacgi Filho, Brazilian Blackout 2009, Blackout Watch, ONS, Brazil, PAC, 36–37, March 2010, https://​www.​pacw.​org/​fileadmin/​doc/​MarchIssue2010/​Brazilian_​Blackout_​march_​2010.​pdf

https://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​2003_​Italy_​blackout

Rainer Bacher and Urs Näf, Report on the blackout in Italy on 28 September 2003, Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), November 2003

Final report of the Investigation Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy, UCTE Report April 2004 (https://​www.​entsoe.​eu/​fileadmin/​user_​upload/​_​library/​publications/​ce/​otherreports/​20040427_​UCTE_​IC_​Final_​report.​pdf, accessed 21 Aug. 2017)

Wolfgang Kröger, Securing the operation of socially critical systems from an engineering perspective: new challenges, enhanced tools and novel concepts, Eur. J. Secur. Res. 2, 39–55 (2017)

Wolfgang Kröger and Enrico Zio, eds., Vulnerable systems, Springer (2011)

Sergey V. Buldyrev, Roni Parshani, Gerald Paul, H. Eugene Stanley and Shlomo Havlin, Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025–1028 (2010)

UCTE (union for the co-ordination of transmission of electricity), Final Report System Disturbance on 4 November 2006 (https://​www.​entsoe.​eu/​fileadmin/​user_​upload/​_​library/​publications/​ce/​otherreports/​Final-Report-20070130.​pdf)

Hurricane Irma & Hurricane Harvey Event Report (Update #22), US Department of Energy, September 7, 2017, https://​energy.​gov/​sites/​prod/​files/​2017/​09/​f36/​Hurricane%20​Harvey%20​Event%20​Summary%20​22.​pdf

Leslie Josephs, Hurricane Irma could leave areas of Puerto Rico without power for up to six months, CNBC, September 6, 2017

Hurricane Maria ‘killed 4600 in Puerto Rico, BBC, May 29, 2018

Study Estimates Prolonged Increase in Puerto Rican Death Rate After Hurricane Maria, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, May 29, 2018, https://​fxb.​harvard.​edu/​2018/​05/​29/​study-estimates-prolonged-increase-in-puerto-rican-death-rate-after-hurricane-maria/​

Pierre Razoux, The Iran-Iraq War, Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press, November 3, 2015

Stritar, A., Mavko, B., Susnik, J. and Sarler, B., Some aspects of nuclear power plant safety under war conditions, Nuclear Technology, 1993, 101 (2), pp.193–201

Emily Burchfield, Under Pressure: The Effect of Conflict on the Euphrates Dam, Atlantic Council, April 18, 2017

Salman Masood, Rebels Tied to Blackout Across Most of Pakistan, The New York Times, January 25, 2015

Patrick Wintour, UN warns of war crimes over disruption to water supply north of Damascus, The Guardian January 5, 2017

Gero Rueter, EU needs to shut all coal plants by 2030 to meet climate goals, DW, February 22, 2017, https://​www.​dw.​com/​en/​eu-needs-to-shut-all-coal-plants-by-2030-to-meet-climate-goals/​a-37665345

A recent report by the Council of European Energy Regulators shows that the weighted average subsidy paid to renewable generators in EU 26 in 2015 was €110 / MWh. The maximum was €184 / MWh in the Czech Republic and the minimum €16.2 / MWh in Norway. This should be compared with the wholesale price of electricity in Europe, which lies in the range from €40 to €60 / MWh, Thus, renewables are costing on average about 3 times as much as conventional power (wholesale≈50, subsidy≈110, total≈160). In fact, this estimation is a lower bound as it ignores the “system costs” to expand the grid itself and to provide a portfolio of balancing and backup services for these very intermittent energy sources. In particular, there is need for an almost 100% backup from conventional energy sources, which face a dwindling market share and thus rising costs. Status review of renewable support schemes in Europe, Council of European Energy Regulators, Ref: C16-SDE TF-56-03, 11-04-2017.

Katharine Murphy, Christopher Knaus, South Australian blackout blamed on thermal and wind generator failures, plus high demand, The Guardian, February 15, 2017

Rebekah Ison, PM blames states for gas shortage ‘crisis’, Australian Associated Press, March 9, 2017

Fukushima Four Years Later—A Tale of Three Countries, Nuclear Energy Institute, https://​www.​nei.​org/​News-Media/​News/​News-Archives/​Fukushima-Four-Years-Later—A-Tale-of-Three-Countri

Europe’s dark cloud (how coal-buring countries are making their neighbours sick), WWF European Policy Office, Sandbag, CAN Europe and HEAL in Brussels, Belgium, June 2016

South Korea’s President Moon says plans to exit nuclear power, Reuters, June 19, 2017

The Database on Nuclear Power Reactors, International Atomic Energy Agency, https://​www.​iaea.​org/​pris/​

Nuclear Power in the World Today, World Nuclear Association, January 2017

International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006, http://​www.​iaea.​org/​Publications/​Factsheets/​English/​manradwa.​html

Ibid

D. Sornette, A civil super-Apollo project in nuclear R&D for a safer and prosperous world, Energy Research & Social Science, 2015, 8, pp. 60–65

D. Sornette, W. Kröger and S. Wheatley, New Ways & Needs for Exploiting Nuclear Energy, Springer, 2018

Thousands being moved from China’s Three Gorges – again, Reuters, August 22, 2012

Thomas Peele, Power interrupted: State regulators tackle rules to guide when PG&E and other utilities should cut electricity to avoid sparking fires, Bay Area News Group, December 13, 2018

Why bitcoin uses so much energy, The Economist, July 9, 2018

Zheping Huang, China, home to the world’s biggest cryptocurrency mining farms, now wants to ban them completely, South China Morning Post, April 9, 2019

Our informed appraisal of the influence of each audience on a typical organization within the subsector (100% = combined influence of all audiences)

Bourdaire J.M., R.J. Byramjee, R.Pattinson, Reserve assessment under uncertainty -a new approach”, Oil & Gas Journal, June 10, 1985, pp. 135–140

Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos, Intuitive prediction: biases and corrective procedures, TIMS Studies in Management Science, 1979, 12, pp. 313–327

The following simple quantitative model illustrates the planning fallacy. Consider a project that is made of N tasks, requiring respectively a time t₁, t₂, .., t_N. Thus, the total time to complete the project is T = t₁ + t₂+ … + t_N. For simplicity, let us assume that the random time t_i are i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) according to a generic probability distribution function (pdf) taking the form of a power law f(t) = m t₀^m / t^1 + m for t₀ < t. In other words, t₀ is the minimum time to complete any of the N tasks, but there is the possibility for large fluctuations in the task completion time. Since each to the N tasks has a random duration, the total duration T to complete the project is also random and its pdf is easily shown to be given by g(T) = m N^m t₀^m / T^1 + m for Nt₀ < T. From this, the probability G(T) that the time to complete the project be larger than or equal to T is simply given by G(T) = (Nt₀/T)^m. Now, most planners will optimistically allocate a time k t₀, with k > 1, for each task, where k-1 is a safety margin assumed to be sufficient to address unforeseen issues or difficulties. Then, the estimated time for completion is T_p = N(kt₀). The probability that the project takes more time than the prediction T_p is thus G(T_p) = (Nt₀/ T_p)^m = 1/k^m. Ambitious planners would put a 20% over time flexibility (k = 1.2), leading to the following estimates> For m = 1.2, 80% of the projects take longer than planned; for m = 1.5, 76% of the projects take longer than planned; for m = 2, 69% of the projects take longer than planned; for m = 3, 58% of the projects take longer than planned. Typical values for the exponent m are usually around 1 to 2, which rationalise the ubiquitous planning fallacy.

D. Sornette and P. Cauwels, 1980–2008: The Illusion of the Perpetual Money Machine and what it bodes for the future, 2014, Risks 2, pp. 103–131, http://​ssrn.​com/​abstract=​2191509

Markus K. Brunnermeier, Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2009, 23(1), pp. 77–100

Lessons and questions emerge from Armenian quake, Science News, January 21, 1989

“Buildings-killers” of the Spitak earthquake, Sputnik, April 12, 2016

2010–2011 World Disaster Reduction Campaign, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, November 8, 2010, https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​PqrUJXgwrnU

Michael Pollan, Farmer in Chief, The New York Times, Oct. 9, 2008

Christopher Leonard, How the Meat Industry Keeps Chicken Prices High, Slate, March 3, 2014

Mega-Mergers in the Global Agricultural Inputs Sector: Threats to Food Security & Climate Resilience, ETC Group, September 2015, http://​www.​etcgroup.​org/​sites/​www.​etcgroup.​org/​files/​files/​etcgroup_​agmergers_​22oct2015.​pptx_​.​pdf

Our informed appraisal of the influence of each audience on a typical organization within the subsector (100% = combined influence of all audiences)

FAO plants new efforts to protect bananas under disease threat, FAO, October 3, 2019, https://​news.​un.​org/​en/​story/​2019/​10/​1048532

Steve Marquardt, “Green Havoc”: Panama Disease, Environmental Change, and Labor Process in the Central American Banana Industry, The American Historical Review, Feb., 2001, Volume 106, No. 1, pp. 49–50

Marty McCarthy, Banana fungus TR4 fought by Australian scientists with ‘mutant’ plants, ABC, Oct 14, 2016, https://​www.​abc.​net.​au/​news/​2016-10-15/​scientists-battle-to-beat-banana-fungus-before-it-spreads/​7929772

Richard Lacey, Mad Cow Disease: The History of BSE in Britain, Cypsela, 1994, p. xx

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, The World Health Organization, Febrary 2012

Disgraced egg industry titan charged over 2010 salmonella outbreak, The Associated Press, May 21, 2014

Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to Ground Turkey, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 10, 2011

Outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 Infections Associated with Sprout Consumption — Europe and North America, May–July 2011, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 20, 2013

Francisco Diez-Gonzalez, Todd R. Callaway, Menas G. Kizoulis, James B. Russell, Grain Feeding and the Dissemination of Acid-Resistant Escherichia coli from Cattle, Science, 1998, 281 (5383), pp. 1666–1668

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2014. The European Union Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2012. EFSA Journal, 2014, 12(3)

Catherine Rampell, Why a Big Mac Costs Less Than a Salad, The New York Times, March 9, 2010, https://​economix.​blogs.​nytimes.​com/​2010/​03/​09/​why-a-big-mac-costs-less-than-a-salad/​

Barbara A. Laraia, Tashara M. Leak, June M. Tester and Cindy W. Leung, Biobehavioral Factors That Shape Nutrition in Low-Income Populations - A Narrative Review, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2017, 52 (2), Suppl. 2, pp. S118-S126

Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Deborah Cohen, Gerald Hunter, Shannon N. Zenk, Christina Huang, Robin Beckman and Tamara Dubowitz, Distance to Store, Food Prices, and Obesity in Urban Food Deserts, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2014, 47 (5), pp. 587–595

David Pimentel and Marcia Pimentel, Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003, 78 (suppl), pp. 660S–663S

conversion ratio of grain to beef based on Allen Baker, Feed Situation and Outlook staff, ERS, USDA (see http://​www.​earth-policy.​org/​books/​pb2/​pb2ch9_​ss4)

Tim Worstall, It Does Not Take 7 kg Of Grain To Make 1 kg Of Beef: Be Very Careful With Your Statistics, Bloomberg, September 3, 2012

Obesity Update 2017 report, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, http://​www.​oecd.​org/​health/​health-systems/​Obesity-Update-2017.​pdf

The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years, The New England Journal of Medicine, 2017, 377 (1), pp. 13–27

Andrea Rock, How Safe Is Your Ground Beef? Consumer Reports, December 21, 2015, https://​www.​consumerreports.​org/​cro/​food/​how-safe-is-your-ground-beef

Jim Long, China pig herd continues massive decline, August 21, 2019, https://​thepigsite.​com/​news/​2019/​08/​jim-long-pork-commentary-china-pig-herd-continues-massive-decline

Sun Liangzi, Tang Ziyi, Deadly Pig Disease Has Cost China More Than $140 Billion: Professor, Caixin, September 25, 2019, https://​www.​caixinglobal.​com/​2019-09-25/​deadly-pig-disease-has-cost-china-more-than-140-billion-professor-101466143.​html

Aporkalypse now, The Economist, May 25, 2019

20 questions on genetically modified foods, World Health Organization, 2002

John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, second ed., pp. 22–23

Phil Angell (Monsanto) cited in Michael Pollan, Playing God in the Garden, The New York Times Magazine, October 25, 1998

GMO Myths and Truths, Earth Open Source, May 19, 2014, http://​earthopensource.​org/​index.​php/​reports/​gmo-myths-and-truths

Documentary “Food Inc.”, Director: Robert Kenner, 2008 (1:16:10–1:17:40) and Documentary “Seeds of Death: Unveiling The Lies of GMO’s”, Directors: Gary Null, Richard Polonetsky, 2012 (0:05:15–0:08:30)

John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, second ed., pp. 58–59

EU Commission shortlists ex-Monsanto employee for EFSA Management Board, Munich Corporate Europe Observatory and Testbiotech, March 8, 2012

Frederick William Engdahl, The Toxic Impacts of GMO Maize: Scientific Journal Bows to Monsanto, Retracts anti-Monsanto Study, Global Research, December 6, 2013

Christophe Noisette, Roumanie – OGM: un ex de Monsanto, ministre de l’Agriculture, Inf’OGM, Febrary 2012

John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, second ed., p. 56

Ibid, p. 59

Ibid, p. 61

Andrew Pollack, Crop Scientists Say Biotechnology Seed Companies Are Thwarting Research, The New York Times, Feb. 19, 2009

Frederick William Engdahl, The Toxic Impacts of GMO Maize: Scientific Journal Bows to Monsanto, Retracts anti-Monsanto Study, Global Research, Dec. 6, 2013

Safety Assessment of Roundup Ready Corn Event NK603, Monsanto, September 2002, pp.3–17

Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois, RETRACTED: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012, 50(11), pp. 4221–4231

Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois, Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize, Environmental Sciences Europe, 2014, 26:14

The impact of natural hazards and disasters on agriculture and food security and nutrition, FAO, May 2015

Neil Frank, S. A. Husain, The deadliest tropical cyclone in history? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, June 1971, pp.438–439

Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s, Oxford University Press, p. 49

US Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2017, https://​www.​ncdc.​noaa.​gov/​billions/​

Natural catastrophes 2010. Analyses, assessments, positions, Munich Re, February 2011, p.27

A. Shapovalov, D. Butrin, $15 billion lost in Russian fires, Kommersant, August 10, 2010

Ian Sample, Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land, The Guardian, August 31, 2007

Make #Not Wasting, FAO, http://​www.​fao.​org/​3/​a-c0088e.​pdf

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015, FAO, Second edition, 2016, pp.3,17

Mukhisa Kituyi, Peter Thomson, 90% of fish stocks are used up – fisheries subsidies must stop emptying the ocean, WEF, July 13, 2018, https://​www.​weforum.​org/​agenda/​2018/​07/​fish-stocks-are-used-up-fisheries-subsidies-must-stop/​

United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Ocean, United Nations

Biomass, European Commission, https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​energy/​en/​topics/​renewable-energy/​biomass

Lagi, M., K.Z. Bertrand and Y. Bar-Yam, The food crises and political instability in North Africa and the Middle East, 2011, https://​arxiv.​org/​abs/​1108.​2455

Biofuels: Fueling Hunger?, ActionAid International USA, https://​www.​actionaid.​org.​uk/​sites/​default/​files/​publications/​biofuels_​fuelling_​hunger.​pdf

Biomass, European Commission, https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​energy/​en/​topics/​renewable-energy/​biomass

F. Stuart Chapin III, Erika S. Zavaleta, Valerie T. Eviner, Rosamond L. Naylor, Peter M. Vitousek, Heather L. Reynolds, David U. Hoope, Sandra Lavorel, Osvaldo E. Sala, Sarah E. Hobbie, Michelle C. Mack and Sandra Díaz, review article: Consequences of changing biodiversity, Nature, 2000, 405, pp. 234–242

Walsh, B., Even Advanced Biofuels May Not Be So Green, Time, 2014, http://​time.​com/​70110/​biofuels-advanced-environment-energy; Steer, A. and C. Hanson, Biofuels are not a green alternative to fossil fuels, The Guardian, July 29, 2015

Balanced “primordial” forests take however several centuries to recover, see e.g. Peter Wohlleben, The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate (Discoveries from a Secret World), Greystone Books, 2016