35. Spin-Orbit Coupling in Enzymatic Reactions and the Role of Spin in Biochemistry

We review the general concept of nonadiabatic quantum spin transitions in biochemistry. A few important examples are highlighted to illustrate the concept: the role of spin effects in oxidases, cytochromes, in dioxygen binding to heme, in photosynthesis, and in tentative models of consciousness. The most thoroughly studied of these effects are connected with dioxygen activation by enzymes. Discussion on the mechanisms of overcoming spin prohibitions in dioxygen reactions with flavin-dependent oxygenases and with hemoglobin and myoglobin is presented in some detail. We consider spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between the starting triplet state from the entrance channel of the O₂ binding to glucose oxidase, to ferrous heme, and the final singlet open-shell state in these intermediates. Both triplet (T) and singlet (S) states in these examples are dominated by the radical-pair structures \( {\mathrm{D}}^{+}-{\mathrm{O}}_2^{-} \) induced by charge transfer; the peculiarities of their orbital configurations are essential for the SOC analysis. An account of specific SOC in the open π_g-shell of dioxygen helps to explain the probability of T-S transitions in the active site near the transition state. Simulated potential energy surface cross-sections along the reaction coordinates for these multiplets, calculated by density functional theory, agree with the notion of a relatively strong SOC induced inside the oxygen moiety by an orbital angular momentum change in the π_g-shell during the T-S transition. The SOC model explains well the efficient spin inversion during the O₂ binding with heme and glucose oxidase, which constitutes a key mechanism for understanding metabolism. Other examples of nontrivial roles of spin effects in biochemistry are briefly discussed.